Materials,preparation,performances and mechanism of polyurethane modified asphalt and its mixture:A systematic review

With the rapid development of asphalt pavement technology,it has attracted considerable attention to improving the durability of asphalt pavement.An effective action is to use modified asphalt with high performance and durability.Polyurethane(PU)has been used in asphalt pavement engineering to enhance the durability and service life of asphalt pavement because of its excellent high-temperature performance,toughness,wear resistance,aging resistance and oil resistance.However,PU modified asphalt technology is still in the exploratory stage.The preparation,modification mechanism and working performances of PU modified asphalt need to be further clarified.Therefore,this paper summarized the research progress of PU modified asphalt and its mixture.The composition of PU modified asphalt was introduced.The addition methods of PU materials and preparation process parameters of the PU modified asphalt were determined.The modification mechanism of PU on asphalt was discussed.The effects of polyurethane on asphalt were analyzed and the road performances of its mixture were evaluated.Finally,the development tendency towards PU modified asphalt and its mixture were forecasted.

Local resonance phononic band gaps in modifiedtwo-dimensional lattice materials

In this paper, modified two-dimensional peri- odic lattice materials with local resonance phononic band gaps are designed and investigated. The design concept is to introduce some auxiliary structures into conventional pe- riodic lattice materials. Elastic wave propagation in this kind of modified two-dimensional lattice materials is studied us- ing a combination of Bloch＇s theorem with finite element method. The calculated frequency band structures of illus- trative modified square lattice materials reveal the existence of frequency band gaps in the low frequency region due to the introduction of the auxiliary structures. The mechanism underlying the occurrence of these frequency band gaps is thoroughly discussed and natural resonances of the auxiliary structures are validated to be the origin. The effect of geo- metric parameters of the auxiliary structures on the width of the local resonance phononic band gaps is explored. Finally, a conceptual broadband vibration-insulating structure based on the modified lattice materials is designed and its capabil- ity is demonstrated. The present work is anticipated to be useful in designing structures which can insulate mechanical vibrations within desired frequency ranges.

Effects of an AMPS-Modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer on the Performance of Cement-based Materials

A self-made AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer and two others of the same type but with different molecular structures, which are commercially available, are used in this study to investigate the effect of a 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propylene sulfonic （AMPS）-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of cement-based materials. In the experiments, initial fluidity, 1 and 2 h fluidity over time after admixtion, bleeding rate of the net cement mortar, and adsorption capacity and rate of cement particles are determined by adding different dosages of the three superplasticizers into the cement paste to characterize the dispersivity and the dispersion retention capability of each superplasticizer. Water-reducing rates of three kinds of mortars are simultaneously determined to characterize the water-reducing capacity of each superplasticizer, as well as the 3 and 28 d compressive strengths to characterize the compression resistance. Results show that water-reducing effect and fluidity better maintain the capability of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer than the two commercially available polyacrylic acid superplasticizers, and the compressive strengths after 3 and 28 d show significant growth. In conclusion, the effects of water reduction and strengthening of the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer are evidently better than those of the two commercially available polyacrylic acid superplasticizers.

Direct Synthesis of Al_2O_3-modified Li(Ni_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3))O_2 Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

To improve the cyclic stability at high temperature and thermal stability, the spherical Al2O3-modified Li（Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3）O2 was synthesized by a modified co-precipitation method, and the physical and electrochemical properties were studied. The TEM images showed that Li（Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3）O2 was modified successfully with nano-Al2O3. The discharge capacity retention of Al2O3-modified Li（Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3）O2 maintained about 99% after 200 cycles at high temperature（55 ℃）, while that of the bare one was only 86%. Also, unlike bare Li（Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3）O2, the Al2O3-modified material cathode exhibited good thermal stability.

Effects of an AMPS-modified Polyacrylic Acid Superplasticizer on the Performance of Concrete Materials

A self-made 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propylene sulfonic （AMPS）-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer and two other commercially available superplasticizers with different molecular structures are used in this study to investigate the effect of an AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer on the properties of concrete materials. In the experiments, initial and 1.5 h slumps over time after admixtion are determined by adding different dosages of three superplasticizers into the premixed concrete to characterize the slump loss resistance of the premixed concrete. The water-reducing rates of three different types of concrete are determined to characterize the water-reducing capacity of the concrete with each superplasticizer. The 3, 7 and 28 d compressive strength is determined to characterize the mechanical properties of the concrete with each superplasticizer. In the meanwhile, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 h slump loss rates over time after admixtion are determined by adding different dosages of the three superplasticizers into the high-performance concrete （HPC） to characterize the slump loss resistance of HPC. The 7, 28, 60 and 90 d compressive strength is determined to characterize the compressive properties of HPC with each superplasticizer. The dry shrinkage rates of three different types of HPC are determined with each superplasticizer. Electric flux after standard curing for 56 d and chloride ion diffusion coefficient after curing for 28 d of I-IPC are determined to characterize the impermeability of HPC with each superplasticizer. The cross-section was examined using a scanning electron microscopy （SEM） system. Results demonstrate that the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer has better water-reducing effect and slump than the two commercially available polyacrylie acid superplasticizers. The AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplasticizer also shows significant improvement of the compressive strength, especially in comprehensive performance of HPC. In conclusion, the AMPS-modified polyacrylic acid superplastieizer is particularly suitable for the preparation of HPC.

Effect of Organophilic Montmorillonite on Thermal-oxidative Aging Behavior of SBS Modified Bitumen Crack Filling Material

Styrene-butadiene-styrene （SBS） modified bitumen crack filling material with organophilic montmorillonite （OCFM） was prepared by melt blending. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the interlayer spacing of organophilic montmorillonite （OMMT） in OCFM is widened and an exfoliated structure may be formed. Thermal-oxidative aging behavior of OCFM and SBS modified bitumen crack filling material （SCFM） was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the rate of thermal-oxidative aging of OCFM is much slower than that of SCFM, which can be attributed to barrier of exfoliated structure of OCFM to oxygen.

Effect of Modified Vermiculite on the Interface of a Capric Acid-expanded Vermiculite Composite Phase Change Material with Phase Transition Kinetics

A new type of capric acid(CA)-acid expanded vermiculite(AEV) composite phase change material(PCM) with improved adsorption ability and interface adhesive strength was developed. Through the analysis of non-isothermal phase transition kinetics, modified vermiculite was observed to change and affect the phase transformation mechanism of the composite. AEV was treated with hydrochloric acid to improve the specific surface area and micro-pore structure. The surface area measured by BET increased from 81.94 m^2/g for expanded vermiculite(EV) to 544.13 m^2/g for AEV. CA-EV and CA-AEV composite PCMs were prepared by direct impregnation. The non-isothermal phase transition isotherms of CA-EV and CA-AEV were recorded by DSC at different heating rates(1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ℃/min), which indicated that the phase transition rate increased with the heating rate and the phase transition process changed. Kinetics parameters were analyzed by a double extrapolation method. The activation energy(E) under the original state(E_(α→0)) of CA-AEV and CA-EV was 1 117 kJ/mol and 937 kJ/mol, respectively, and 1 205 kJ/mol and 1 016 kJ/mol under the thermal equilibrium state(E_(β→0)). The most probabilistic mechanism function of CA-AEV satisfied G(α)=α^(2/3), which followed the Mample special rule, and the function of CA-EV satisfied G(α)=[(1+α)^(1/3)-1]~2, which followed the anti-Jander function.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methaerylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.

STUDY ON THE MODIFICATION OF POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) TRANSPARENT MATERIAL

A kind of transparent plastic material has been prepared with bulk copolymer of MMA-MA containing MA 20 vol% as matrix modified by introducing EtOH during bulk copolymerization to increase the transparency and by copolymerizing together with metallic salts of MA forming ionomer polymer to improve the heat-tolerance and hardness. The effect of the contents of the additives on the heat stability, hardness and transparency of the copolymer has been studied. The optical homogeneity of the copolymer material has also been examined. It has been found that the specific property of transparent material of this kind may be obtained by controlling the amounts of EtOH and metallic salt of MA.

Analysis of Highway Asphalt Modified with Recycled Rubber and Waste Plastics

In this study,it is shown how recycled rubber and waste plastics can modify the softening point and penetration of asphalt traditionally used for highways.It is shown that the modified asphalt can meet the performance index requirements when the components are present with a certain proportion or relative ratio(1:3.5).The dispersion process of the masterbatch in base asphalt can effectively be implemented,with good results and a smaller mixing time.The proposed approach may be regarded as a good strategy to achieve energy savings and protection of the environment.

Lowest Temperature Miniature Fuel Cell with Modified PS PEM Membrane and Fueled with Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Fuels

Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFC） are objects of the current engineering technology and these are versatile generators for electrical energy. There are various kinds from them, but all of them are going on work at highest temperature. There isn＇t a PEMFC which can run at room temperature, like 20 ℃. In this study there is a aim for constructing such one for alternative fuels utilisation. PS and many electroconducting polymer formulations were proved by different researchers for PEM benefications, but here PS was synthesized without containing metalic contaminants and after converted to the PEM membrane.

Ti-modified Mesoporous Molecular Sieves Containing both Selective Oxidation and Photocatalysis Centers

Mesoporous molecular sieves possessing high mesopore volumes and large specific surface areas were prepared and characterized by means of XRD, low temperature N_2 adsorption-desorption measurements, FT IR, Raman, UV-visible diffuse reflectance and XPS spectroscopy. The materials contain both framework and extra-framework Ti centers which exhibit selective oxidation catalytic activity and photocatalytic activity respectively. The catalysis of selective oxidation was studied with the hydroxylation of benzene with hydrogen peroxide and photochemical activity was studied by the yields of ·OH and H_2O_2, respectively.

石蜡/碱改性硅藻土/膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

通过碱处理,优化了硅藻土(DIA)的孔隙结构,提高了孔隙率,增加了石蜡(paraffin)负载量。通过直接浸渍法制备了新型性状稳定的石蜡/碱改性DIA/膨胀石墨(EG-alDIAP)复合材料,并研究了其结构与性能的关系。结果表明,复合相变材料的石蜡负载量从47.4%提高到了61.1%,进而提高了复合材料的储热性能;向改性DIA中添加膨胀石墨(EG)提高了复合材料的传热能力,添加质量分数10%EG时导热系数提高了113%(从0.276 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)提高到了0.589 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1))。随着EG含量的升高,复合相变材料的相变潜热有所增加,但化学相容性、稳定性等无明显变化。含10%EG的石蜡/碱改性DIA复合材料具有可靠的储能性能、良好的温度调节性能和蓄放热能力。

掺油泥改性生土材料动态荷载下的损伤及裂缝分形特征

为研究改性生土材料在动态荷载作用下内部损伤演化过程,提取掺入水泥、油泥的绿色改性生土材料配方,制作6个100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的生土试件,借助CT扫描技术对单轴压缩下的立方体试件进行扫描,获取灰度图像和CT值,分析了图像中裂缝、孔隙随应力的变化形态,研究了CT数和材料破坏的关系,建立了CT均值与应力之间的联系;采用图像处理技术对CT图像进行阈值划分,利用盒维数法估算出图像的分形维数值,在此基础上获得了不同应力和分形维数、材料损伤之间的关系。结果表明:CT技术能够清晰地诠释试件从受力直至破坏的全过程,CT图像可从细观层面表现材料的损伤演化规律。CT值随应力的增加而变小,CT值随材料孔隙、裂缝的增大而显著减小。材料从受力直至破坏,低应力状态下分形维数增长缓慢,高应力状态下分形维数增长迅速,数值的波动随应力的增大而增大。分形维数可以定量地描述生土材料在动荷载作用下的损伤状态和演化过程。

废纸制浆造纸废水好氧生物强化增效处理研究

以竹炭为载体制备氮铈掺杂改性且固定化微生物及微量元素的生物增效材料,采用生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆造纸废水的好氧处理进行优化,通过降低生化处理出水浓度来降低深度处理的难度和成本。利用SEM和16S rRNA测序等手段对活性污泥表面形貌及结构和微生物菌落结构进行分析,综合评价了生物强化增效技术对废纸制浆废水好氧生物处理性能的影响。研究结果表明:该技术可以提高污染物生物降解能力,提高生物处理效果。普通生化处理出水COD平均值140 mg/L、氨氮平均值2.3 mg/L,色度平均值260倍,平均COD去除率86.47%、平均氨氮去除率88.83%、平均色度去除率33.33%;同等条件下,生物增效处理出水COD平均值72.2 mg/L、氨氮平均值0.95 mg/L、色度平均值50倍,平均COD去除率93.02%、平均氨氮去除率达到了95.39%、平均色度去除率87.18%,处理效果明显优于普通生化处理。生物增效处理出水采用传统PAC或PFS处理均可达到排放标准,且PFS的处理成本低至0.63元/m^(3);而普通生化处理只能采用芬顿处理才能达到排放标准,且处理成本达3.27元/m^(3)。SEM分析结果显示:生物增效处理的活性污泥絮体结构紧凑,具有更高的生物量;与普通生化处理的污泥相比,生物增效处理的污泥中脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度增加了3.07和2.29个百分点,unclassified_o_PB19属增加了2.96个百分点,说明生物增效材料的投加能帮助一些具备特殊降解功能的微生物创造有利生存环境并激活其生长,提高了反应体系的定向降解能力。

轴压下掺铁尾矿砂和水泥的生土材料细观损伤演化研究

为研究铁尾矿砂改性生土基材料在轴压下的损伤演化性能,采用CT技术,对不同应力状态下材料内部二值化图像进行分析.通过阈值分割,从细观上数值化各应力状态断面图像.研究材料分形维数、孔隙率和应力-应变(ε-σ)曲线演化规律,并阐明材料从受荷直至破坏的细观机理.结果表明:分形维数随受荷增大显著增加,σ=2.38 MPa时,分形维数最大.分形维数的变化趋势可间接表征试件受压时各扫描断面的不规则程度、粗糙度、裂缝与孔隙的发展情况.材料孔隙率随应力增大明显增加.以孔隙率为指标的材料损伤因子变化趋势与孔隙率变化规律相同,可有效反映材料在轴压下的破坏发展规律,也可作为研究改性生土试件损伤演化的定量参数.

弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动分析

旨在研究热-力-电载荷下弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳的自由振动。首先,建立弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳动力学模型;然后,应用三阶剪切变形壳体理论和修正的偶应力理论,推出弹性支撑功能梯度压电多孔微圆柱壳模态频率的解析解;最后,通过数值算例分析了微圆柱壳模态频率的影响因素。结果表明:Pasternak弹性支撑比Winkler弹性支撑更有利于提高微圆柱壳的模态频率;改变弹性支撑的刚度系数、轴向力、外加电压、孔隙分布、材料体积分数指数和结构尺寸可调节微圆柱壳的模态频率;孔隙体积分数越大,温度或轴向力对模态频率的影响越大,而电压对模态频率的影响则越小;不同材料指数下,增大孔隙体积分数对模态频率的影响趋势不同;弹性支撑会减弱温度、轴向力和电压对模态频率的影响,对薄圆柱壳或短圆柱壳模态频率的影响较为显著。

两种添加剂对石蜡-硬脂酸蜡料性能的影响

为探究改性松香和聚乙烯对中温模料组织性能的影响,本研究以石蜡-硬脂酸二元系模料为基体,在此基础上逐步添加改性松香和聚乙烯,探究二元基体配比、改性松香及聚乙烯含量对模料熔点、抗弯强度、针入度和融合均匀性等物理特性的影响,在此基础上研制出一种针入度达1.06 mm、强度达6.02 MPa、熔点在58℃附近的综合性能良好的中温模料,为中温模料改良优化提供理论支持。

卤氧化铋在光催化降解有机废水中的应用及其改性研究

【目的】卤氧化铋BiOX(X=Cl、Br、I)因其独特的层状结构和禁带宽度在光催化反应中表现出优异的活性与稳定性,已成为光催化材料领域极具前景的材料。因此,对卤氧化铋进行改性,使其拥有更高的光催化性能成为近年来研究的热点。【方法】概述了有机废水的污染现状及主要处理方式,特别是光催化降解技术的研究现状。综述了BiOX(X=Cl、Br、I)光催化材料在有机污染物降解方面的应用及改性措施,改性措施主要包括金属掺杂、异质结构筑和碳材料复合改性。【结果】关于金属掺杂改性和异质结构筑改性的方法研究得最多,光催化降解污染物的效率高,但存在掺杂的金属离子难回收,会对环境造成二次污染,构建异质结中存在逆反应、光屏蔽、副反应等问题。相较于以上两种改性方法,采用碳材料复合改性的方法通过吸附与光催化耦合提高光催化降解效率,可以降低催化剂的成本。【结论】通过对三种改性方法的比较,为卤氧化铋BiOX(X=Cl、Br、I)材料进行改性提供了参考与借鉴。生物碳是一种低成本、环境友好且可持续的含碳材料,采用生物碳对催化剂进行改性,可为解决目前迫在眉睫的环境有机染料污染和抗生素污染问题提供新方案。

铸造过滤网用无机-有机耐热复合涂层材料研究

利用生产热塑性酚醛树脂产生的废水和六羟甲基三聚氰胺(HMM),生产铸造过滤网用耐热涂层材料HMM改性酚醛树脂,并与液体铝溶胶复合,制备过滤网用无机-有机耐热涂层复合材料。借助残炭率的测定、热重分析和差示扫描量法手段,分析了HMM改性酚醛树脂的组成对改性酚醛树脂的耐热性能影响,同时还分析了无机-有机耐热复合涂层材料降低过滤网发烟量与阻止着火机理,以及讨论了影响过滤网性能的因素;从而得出HMM改性酚醛树脂最佳组成为HMM改性酚醛树的固体物中氮含量约在5%左右,无机-有机复合涂层材料的最佳组成为HMM改性酚醛树脂与液体铝溶胶质量比为4∶1,铝溶胶有利于提高过滤网复合涂层材料耐热性能和降低过滤网发烟量、阻止着火有一定作用。