Mechanism of protective film formation during CO_2 corrosion of X65 pipeline steel

Electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were applied to study the corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in static solution with carbon dioxide （CO2） at 65℃. The results show that iron carbonate （FeCO3） deposits on the steel surface as a corrosion product scale. This iron carbonate scale acts as a barrier to CO2 corrosion, and can reduce the general corrosion rate. The protection ability of the scale is closely related to the scale morphological characteristics.

Protective Properties of High Temperature Oxide Films on Ni-based Superalloys in 3.5% NaCl Solution

The electrochemical behaviors of high temperature oxide film formed on the sputtered microcrystalline coating of M38 alloy （mc-M38） were investigated by potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. Mott-Schottky analysis was used to study the semi-conductive properties of the surface oxide. The results of the capacitance measurements showed that the oxide films on both the coating and the cast alloy were p-type semiconducting characteristics. Both the carrier density （Na）and the flat band potential （Efb） were obviously frequency-dependent, and the optimal frequency range was from 1000 to 1500 Hz. The oxidized coating exhibited higher protectivity than the oxidized cast alloy due to the lower carrier density compared with that of the oxidized cast alloy. The EIS data of the long-term immersing tests suggested that the oxide film served as an inner-barrier layer against chloride ions. The penetration of the aggressive ions into the surface oxide resulted in the decreased polarization resistance as a function of the immersion time.

Introduction to Enhanced Protective Film Systems

An explosive blast mitigation alternative has increased the safety of structures by using " catcher" systems. These systems " catch" or repel the failure of the window or in-fill wall pro-tecting life and property from ballistic shards or fragments. They can be designed to be stand-alone in new construction and structural retrofits or used to augment structural hardening tech-niques. Cables, fabrics, and thin gauge sheet steel are examples of catcher systems used in the past. A new and evolving category of catcher systems are based on polymeric materials that can be used for both wall and window upgrades. These products are a proven blast mitigation concept and K&C Protective Technologies Pte Ltd (KCPT) together with Sherwin-Williams(SW) use KCPT′s blast engineering capacity and SW′s material engineering principles to create engineered systems for even greater in-use performance.

An Analysis of the Influence of Protective Films on the Inner Surfaces of CCPP Headers and Steam Pipelines on Their Thermal Stress State

At present, the main attention of researchers is paid to the deterioration of heat transfer when heating the outer surface of the pipe with the liquid or steam, flowing inside it, in the presence of films or deposits on its inner surface. However, when pipe is heating by heat carrier medium, flowing inside it, film on the inner pipe surface serve a dual protective function, protecting the pipe from corrosion and reducing its thermal stress. The article represents the results of the computational analysis of protective films influence on the thermal stressed state of headers and steam pipelines of combined-cycle power plants (CCPP) heat-recovery steam generators at different transient operating conditions particularly at startups from different initial temperature states and thermal shock. It is shown that protective films have a significant influence on the stresses magnitude and damage accumulation mainly for great temperature disturbances (for thermal shock). Calculations were carried out at various thicknesses of films and assuming that their thermal conductivity less than thermal conductivity of the steam pipelines metal.

Microstructure Analysis and Properties of Anti-Reflection Thin Films for Spherical Silicon Solar Cells

Structure and properties of anti-reflection thin films of spherical silicon solar cells were investigated and discussed. Conversion efficiencies of spherical Si solar cells coated with F-doped SnO2 anti-reflection films were improved by annealing. Optical absorption and fluorescence of the solar cells increased after annealing. Lattice constants of F-doped SnO2 anti-reflection layers, which were investigated by X-ray diffraction, decreased after annealing. A mechanism of atomic diffusion of F in SnO2 was discussed. The present work indicated a guideline for spherical silicon solar cells with higher efficiencies.

Review and Application Prospect of Agricultural Film for Protected Horticulture

The development of Chinese agriculture is now facing the grim situation of decreasing farmland area, increasing population and social demands, so the devel- opment of protected horticulture becomes necessary to solve the issue. This paper reviewed the characteristics of traditional horticulture films and application prospects of new functional films.

Quasi-in-situ Observation and SKPFM Studies on Phosphate Protective Film and Surface Micro-Galvanic Corrosion in Biological Mg-3Zn-xNd Alloys

The phosphate protective film and micro-galvanic corrosion of biological Mg-3Zn-xNd (x = 0, 0.6, 1.2) alloys were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, quasi-in-situ observation, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) and electrochemical tests. The results revealed the Mg-Zn-Nd phases formed in Mg-3Zn alloy contained with Nd. Adding Nd resulted in a significant decline in the cracks of the phosphate protective film and micro-galvanic corrosion of alloys, which were recorded by quasi-in-situ observation. In addition, the Volta potential difference of Mg-Zn-Nd/α-Mg (~ 188 mV) was lower than MgZn/α-Mg (~ 419 mV) and Zn-rich/α-Mg (~ 260 mV), and the corrosion rates of alloys markedly decreased after the addition of 0.6 wt% Nd. The improvement in corrosion resistance of Nd-containing alloys was mainly attributed to the following: (i) the addition of Nd reduced the Volta potential difference (second phases/α-Mg);(ii) the phosphate protective film containing Nd_(2)O_(3) deposited on the surface of the alloys, effectively preventing the penetration of harmful anions.

Corrosion protection properties of vanadium films formed on zinc surfaces

Vanadium films were prepared on zinc surfaces by using a solution containing vanadate. Corrosion protection properties of vanadium-treated （V-treated）, chromium-treated （Cr-treated）, and untreated zinc surfaces in contact with a 3.5 wt.% NaC1 solution were studied using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS）, and neutral salt spray （NSS） tests. According to these results, the V-treated layer significantly improved the corrosion resistance of zinc surfaces. In comparison with the Cr-treated layer, the V-treated layer exhibited a better corrosion resistance. The composition of the V-treated layer was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. XPS measurements indicated that the vanadium layer formed on zinc surfaces and the vanadium-rich coating was a hydrated oxide with a composition of V2O5, VO2, and its hydrates such as V2O5.nH2O and VO（OH）2.

Laser Protection with VO_2 Film

This paper presents the principle,properties,advantage and disadvantage,associated problems and trend of laser protection with VO 2 film for infrared detectors in the range of 3～5μm and 8～12μm regions and suggests VO 2 film is a potential protection material for infrared detectors.

Preparation of Scratch-Resistant Nano-Porous Silica Films Derived by Sol-Gel Process and Their Anti-reflective Properties

Structural strengthening of the nano porous silica films has been reported. The films were prepared with a base/acid two-step catalyzed TEOS-based sol-gel processing and dip-coating, and then baked in the mixed gas of ammonia and water vapor. The silica films were characterized with TEM, AFM, FTIR, spectrophotometer, ellipsometer, and abrasion test, respectively. The experimental results have shown that the films have a nanostructure with a low refractive index and can form an excellent scratch-resistant broadband anti-reflectance. The two-step catalysis noticeably strengthens the films, and the mixed gas treatment further improves mechanical strength of the silica network. Finally the strengthening mechanism has been discussed.

Multi-layer structures including zigzag sculptured thin films for corrosion protection of AISI 304 stainless steel

To increase corrosion resistance of the sample,its electrical impedance must be increased.Due to the fact that electrical impedance depends on elements such as electrical resistance,capacitance,and inductance,by increasing the electrical resistance,reducing the capacitance and inductance,electrical impedance and corrosion resistance can be increased.Based on the fact that these elements depend on the type of material and the geometry of the material,multilayer structures with different geometries are proposed.For this purpose,conventional multilayer thin films,multilayer thin film including zigzag structure(zigzag 1)and multilayer thin film including double zigzag structure(zigzag 2)of manganese nitride are considered to protect AISI 304 stainless steel against corrosion in salt solution.These multilayer coatings including zigzag structures are prepared by alternately using the conventional deposition of thin film and glancing angle deposition method.After deposition,the samples are placed in a furnace under nitrogen flux for nitriding.The cross sections of the structures are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).Atomic force microscope(AFM)is used to make surface analyses of the samples.The results show that the multilayer thin films including zigzag structures have smaller grains than conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag 2 structure has the smaller grain than the other two samples,which is attributed to the effect of shadowing and porosity on the oblique angle deposition method.Crystallography structures of the samples are studied by using x-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern and the results show that nitride phase formation in zigzag 2 structure is better than that in zigzag 1 structure and conventional multilayer thin film.To investigate the corrosion resistances of the structures,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and potentiodynamic polarization tests are performed.The results reveal that the multilayer thin films with zigzag structures have better corrosion protection than the conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag structure 2 has the smallest corrosion current and the highest corrosion resistance.The electrical impedances of the samples are investigated by simulating equivalent circuits.The high corrosion resistance of zigzag 2 structure as compared with conventional multilayer structure and zigzag 1 structure,is attributed to the high electrical impedance of the structure due to its small capacitance and high electrical resistance.Finally,the surfaces of corroded samples are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Protective behavior of an SO_2/CO_2 gas mixture for molten AZ91D alloy

The protective behavior for a molten AZ91D alloy in an open melting furnace was investigated under a protective gas mixture containing 3% SO2 and 97% CO2, and the protection mechanism was discussed. Experimental results show that the gas mixture provides effective protection for AZ91D melt in the temperature range from 680 ℃ to 730 ℃. The microstructure, chemical composition and phase composition of the surface film formed on the molten AZ91D alloy were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The SEM results demonstrate that the surface films with an average thickness between 0.5 pm and 2 pm are dense and coherent in the protected temperature range. The EDS results reveal that the surface film mainly contains elements S, C, O, AI and Mg. The XRD results show that the surface film consists of MgO, MgS and a small amount of C phase.

基于电沉积水热法的钢表面Mg-Al-NO_(3)-LDH膜原位生长制备及沉积电位优化

为提升建筑用钢的耐久性,通过电沉积法在钢表面形成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)晶核,再通过水热反应让LDH晶核生长成形成致密的Mg-Al-NO_(3)-LDH膜,分析了电沉积电位对钢基底表面LDH膜生长的影响,讨论了LDH膜的形成机理.结果表明,当电沉积电位为-1.4 V(相对于Ag/AgCl电极)时,LDH纳米片聚集堆叠致密,形成的LDH膜结构最为密实,实现了对钢基底良好的锈蚀防护.

单宁酸-铜改性聚丙烯酸酯文物保护材料的制备及其性能研究

以单宁酸和硫酸铜为原料,采用水热法成功地合成了单宁酸-铜(CuTA)纳米片,同时通过简单共混法将CuTA添加到B72中,制备出单宁酸-铜/聚丙烯酸酯文物保护用复合材料.采用XRD、SEM等测试方法对CuTA纳米片的物相及表面形貌进行分析,利用X-Rite测色配色系统、静态视频光学接触角测试仪、紫外-可见分光光度计等对单宁酸-铜/聚丙烯酸酯复合材料的色差、接触角以及透光率进行测试.结果表明:当单宁酸与硫酸铜的物质的量比为1∶3时,可以生成稳定的CuTA纳米片,其对大肠杆菌和金色葡萄球菌的抗菌率分别为93.5%和98.7%;添加2 wt%CuTA纳米片所制备的复合材料对细菌生长有明显抑制作用,其抗菌率可达97.64%,同时复合材料的疏水性也明显提高,接触角可达87.7°;CuTA纳米片的加入可提高复合材料的紫外屏蔽作用,对复合材料的色差及可见光的透过率无明显影响.

NiCr薄膜换能组件静电放电响应分析与防护

目的 针对NiCr薄膜换能组件易受到人体静电干扰的问题,提出一种分析其静电放电响应特性的方法,并设计一种基于瞬态电压抑制(TVS)二极管的静电防护方案,提高其抗静电干扰的能力。方法 基于理论分析和COMSOL多物理场仿真软件,构建NiCr薄膜换能组件的静电放电模型,研究其在人体静电环境下的响应特性,并设计TVS二极管作为防护措施。结果 通过研究NiCr薄膜换能组件的静电响应特性,得到了其桥区温度及温度分布。结果显示,采用TVS二极管的静电防护设计能显著降低静电干扰,并表现出优异的防护效果。结论 在人体静电放电环境下,NiCr薄膜换能组件的桥区长度对温度无显著影响,但桥区温度随宽度和厚度的增加而降低。仿真和实验结果的峰值电流误差在2.5%以内,且峰值电流降低了40%,验证了TVS二极管在静电防护中的有效性,有助于提升NiCr薄膜换能组件的可靠性与安全性。

VO_(2)薄膜材料的变温光学性质及1550 nm激光防护性能研究

具有半导体-金属态相变性质的二氧化钒材料可用于光电探测器的激光致盲防护。本文报道了基于磁控溅射法制备二氧化钒薄膜材料的结构、形貌特性,以及在不同温度下的光学性质。使用椭偏光谱法测量了20~100℃下可见-近红外波段二氧化钒材料的椭偏参数,利用Gaussian、Lorentz模型获取了薄膜在相变前的光学性质,结合Drude模型拟合获取了材料在相变后的光学特性,获取了材料在300~1700 nm之间的变温折射率和消光系数等参数。变功率下1550 nm红外激光透射率的实验测试研究表明,VO_(2)薄膜样品的相变阈值功率为12 W/cm^(2),相变前后透射率由51%减小到15%~17%,开关率为69%。

温度对B_(4)C涂层氧化防护性能和防护机制的影响

目的研究温度对B_(4)C涂层氧化防护性能和防护机制的影响,得出B_(4)C涂层最佳氧化防护温度范围,以及B_(4)C涂层在不同温度的氧化防护机制演变。方法以石墨为基体,采用放电等离子烧结法在石墨表面制备B_(4)C涂层,通过不同恒温氧化试验(800、1000、1200、1400℃)和室温至1400℃宽温域动态氧化试验来测试其氧化防护性能,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对B_(4)C涂层石墨试样氧化前后的物相组成、微观形貌、氧扩散等进行分析。结果B_(4)C涂层氧化后可生成B2O3玻璃膜,在800、1000、1200、1400℃恒温氧化的防护效率分别为98.43%、98.61%、94.4%和92.8%,在室温至1400℃宽温域动态氧化的防护效率为93.1%。B_(4)C涂层在800℃以下主要依赖结构阻氧,800至900℃由结构阻氧向惰化阻氧转变,900℃以上主要依赖惰化阻氧。1100℃以上,随温度升高B2O3玻璃膜的挥发加剧,B_(4)C涂层惰化阻氧能力减弱。结论B_(4)C涂层的氧化防护效率随温度上升先增大后减小,结构阻氧机制逐渐降低,惰化阻氧机制先升高后降低。B_(4)C涂层在800至1100℃具有良好的氧化防护性能。

有机污染与缺陷耦合损伤的抑制技术研究

在真空和空间环境下,光学薄膜的抗激光损伤能力会极大地降低,主要是由于真空环境中放气有机污染与薄膜内部缺陷的耦合效应导致薄膜光场增强。而保护膜技术是一项能够提高光学薄膜抗激光损伤能力的有效措施。基于时域有限差分算法,分析了保护层技术对有机污染液滴与缺陷耦合诱导薄膜光场增强的抑制作用。分析结果显示TiO_(2)薄膜光场的峰值随着保护层厚度增加而下降。保护层折射率为有机污染液滴和膜层折射率的中间值时,光场增强的抑制作用最大。实验结果也对理论分析进行了验证。该研究加深了对真空中光学薄膜抗激光诱导损伤降级机制的理解,对提高真空环境中光学薄膜的抗激光损伤能力有一定参考价值。

反应性气膜对喷管附面层损失的影响

针对二维轴对称喷管,数值模拟研究了氢气和正癸烷两种反应性气膜对喷管附面层损失的影响,分析对比了喷注比为0%、0.47%、1.07%、1.42%以及氢气、正癸烷两种不同喷注物质下喷管附面层损失变化规律。结果表明,与无喷注的情况相比,壁面喷注形成的反应性气膜显著降低了喷管壁面温度;当喷注比从0%增加到1.42%时,氢气反应性气膜使得喷管扩张段壁面平均温度降低了2648.3 K,而正癸烷反应性气膜使得喷管扩张段壁面平均温度降低了1875.9 K;喷注物质为正癸烷不利于降低喷管附面层损失,正癸烷反应性气膜使得喷管附面层损失增加了504.3%;而喷注物质为氢气更有利于降低喷管附面层损失,反应性气膜使得喷管附面层损失降低了38.8%。研究表明,氢气反应性气膜对喷管的热防护和附面层减阻综合性能提升更有利。

高等级化学防护服用多层膜面料的阻燃性能和热防护性能

以芳纶织物、聚酯织物和腈纶织物为骨架层,聚烯烃膜为成型层,聚卤代烯烃膜为阻隔层,试制高等级化学防护服用多层膜面料。采用电子织物强力机、极限氧指数仪、锥形量热仪和热防护性能测试仪,研究织物种类及聚烯烃母粒和阻燃剂种类对多层膜面料力学性能、阻燃性能、燃烧行为和热防护性能的影响。结果表明:以芳纶织物和聚酯织物为骨架层的多层膜面料具有更好的力学性能;以B/C型聚烯烃母粒和Y型阻燃剂为原料的多层膜面料具有更高的阻燃性能;以腈纶织物为骨架层的多层膜面料具有更低的热释放和较高的残炭含量,但是由于在测试过程中会出现严重熔融现象,其热防护性能较差。综上,以芳纶织物为骨架层,C型母粒和Y型阻燃剂制备的聚烯烃膜为成型层,试制的多层膜面料综合性能最佳。