Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Anchoring Depth Research of Anti-Slide Piles of Anchor Bar in Soil

The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.The part of the max pressure and the earth pressure was mainly focused under the slip line

Study of the seismic performance of hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE (mechanically stabilized earth) wall

The Hybrid A-Frame Micropile/MSE （mechanically stabilized earth） Wall suitable for mountain roadways is put forward in this study： a pair of vertical and inclined micropiles goes through the backfill region of a highway MSE Wall from the road surface and are then anchored into the foundation. The pile cap and grade beam are placed on the pile tops, and then a road barrier is connected to the grade beam by connecting pieces. The MSE wall＇s global stability, local stability and impact resistance of the road barrier can be enhanced simultaneously by this design. In order to validate the serviceability of the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall and the reliability of the numerical method, scale model tests and a corresponding numerical simulation were conducted. Then, the seismic performance of the MSE walls before and after reinforcement with micropiles was studied comparatively through numerical methods. The results indicate that the hybrid A-frame micropile/ MSE wall can effectively control earthquake-induced deformation, differential settlement at the road surface, bearing pressure on the bottom and acceleration by means of a rigid-soft combination of micropiles and MSE. The accumulated displacement under earthquakes with amplitude of 0.1-0.5 g is reduced by 36.3%-46.5%, and the acceleration amplification factor on the top of the wall is reduced by 13.4%, 15.7% and 19.3% based on 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g input earthquake loading, respectively, In addition, the earthquake-induced failure mode of the MSE wall in steep terrain is the sliding of the MSE region along the backslope, while the micropiles effectively control the sliding trend. The maximum earthquake-induced pile bending moment is in the interface between MSE and slope foundation, so it is necessary to strengthen the reinforcement of the pile body in the interface. Hence, it is proven that the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall system has good seismic performance.

Interval finite element method and its application on anti-slide stability analysis

The problem of interval correlation results in interval extension is discussed by the relationship of interval-valued functions and real-valued functions. The methods of reducing interval extension are given. Based on the ideas of the paper, the formulas of sub-interval perturbed finite element method based on the elements are given. The sub-interval amount is discussed and the approximate computation formula is given. At the same time, the computational precision is discussed and some measures of improving computational efficiency are given. Finally, based on sub-interval perturbed finite element method and anti-slide stability analysis method, the formula for computing the bounds of stability factor is given. It provides a basis for estimating and evaluating reasonably anti-slide stability of structures.

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

Behaviour of Batter Micropiles Subjected to Vertical and Lateral Loading Conditions

Micropiles are drilled and grouted piles having diameter between 100 to 250 mm. Due to its small diameter, it is suitable for low headroom and limited work area conditions. It can be installed without noise nuisance, without vibrations to surrounding soils and structures and without disruption to the production operations in industries which makes micropiles suitable for underpinning and seismic retrofitting of structures. It is necessary to therefore understand the behaviour of micropiles under different loading conditions. This work is on vertical and battered micropiles with different length/diameter ratio (L/D) subjected to vertical and lateral loading conditions. Batter angles had a significant influence on both the vertical and lateral load carrying capacity. The ultimate vertical load was found to increase upto a 30°batter. The ultimate lateral load was found to increase significantly with increasing L/D ratios upto an L/D ratio of 30 for vertical and 48 for battered piles, beyond which the increase was found to be not significant. In general, negative battered micropiles offered more lateral resistance than positive battered micropiles. The results of the study indicated that the ultimate load capacity and mode of failure of the micropiles are a function of the angle of batter, direction of batter and the L/D ratio for vertically and laterally loaded micropiles.

Design of micropiles to increase earth slopes stability

A methodology was proposed for the design of micropiles to increase earth slopes stability. An analytic model based on beam-column equation and an existing P y curve method was set up and used to find the shear capacity of the micropile. Then, a step-by-step design procedure for stabilization of earth slope with micropiles was introduced, involving six main steps: 1) Choosing a location for the micropiles within the existing slope; 2) Selecting micropile cross section; 3) Estimating length of micropile; 4) Evaluating shear capacity of micropiles; 5) Calculating spacing required to provide force to stabilize the slope; 6) Designing the concrete cap beam. The application of the method to an embankment landslide in Qinghai Province was described in detail. In the final design, three rows of micropiles were adopted as a group and a total of 126 micropiles with 0.23 m in diameter were used. The micropile length ranged between 15 and 18 m, with the spacing 1.5 m at in-row direction. The monitoring data indicate that slope movement has been effectively controlled as a result of the slope stabilization measure, which verifies the reasonability of the design method.

Study on the performance of the micropile-mechanically stabilized earth wall

The Micropile-Mechanically Stabilized Earth(MSE) wall, specially designed for mountain roads, is proposed to improve the MSE wall local stability, global stability and impact resistance of roadside barriers. Model tests and the corresponding numerical modeling were conducted to validate the serviceability of the Micropile-MSE wall and the reliability of the numerical method. Then, a parametric study of the stress and deformation of Micropile-MSE wall based on the backfill strength and interfacial friction angle between backfill and backslope is conducted to evaluate its performance.The test results indicate that the surcharge-induced horizontal earth pressure, base pressure and lateral displacement of the wall panel of Micropile-MSE wall decrease. The corresponding numerical results are nearly equal to the measured values. The basic failure mode of MSE wall in steep terrain is the sliding of backfill along the backslope, while A-frame style micropiles are capable of preventing the sliding trend.The maximum resultant displacement can be decreased by 6.25% to 46.9% based on different interfacial friction angles, and the displacement canbe reduced by 6% ~ 56.1% based on different backfill strengths. Furthermore, the reduction increases when the interfacial friction angle and internal friction angle of backfill decrease. In addition, the lateral displacement of wall panel, the deformation of backfill decrease and the tension strain of geogrid obviously, which guarantees the MSE wall functions and provides good conditions for mountain roads.

Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along a foundation surface using Sobol method

The anti-sliding stability of a gravity dam along its foundation surface is a key problem in the design of gravity dams.In this study,a sensitivity analysis framework was proposed for investigating the factors affecting gravity dam anti-sliding stability along the foundation surface.According to the design specifications,the loads and factors affecting the stability of a gravity dam were comprehensively selected.Afterwards,the sensitivity of the factors was preliminarily analyzed using the Sobol method with Latin hypercube sampling.Then,the results of the sensitivity analysis were verified with those obtained using the Garson method.Finally,the effects of different sampling methods,probability distribution types of factor samples,and ranges of factor values on the analysis results were evaluated.A case study of a typical gravity dam in Yunnan Province of China showed that the dominant factors affecting the gravity dam anti-sliding stability were the anti-shear cohesion,upstream and downstream water levels,anti-shear friction coefficient,uplift pressure reduction coefficient,concrete density,and silt height.Choice of sampling methods showed no significant effect,but the probability distribution type and the range of factor values greatly affected the analysis results.Therefore,these two elements should be sufficiently considered to improve the reliability of the dam anti-sliding stability analysis.

甘露消毒丹加减治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征的临床效果

目的探讨甘露消毒丹加减治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征(ICP)的临床效果。方法选取2021年10月至2022年6月在江西省妇幼保健院就诊的60例ICP患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,每组各30例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,研究组给予甘露消毒丹加减治疗。比较两组患者的瘙痒程度评分,胆红素[总胆红素(TBil)、间接胆红素(IBil)、结合胆红素(DBil)],肝功能[丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)],并对两组患者不良妊娠结局进行观察。结果研究组治疗后的皮肤瘙痒评分及TBil、IBil、DBil水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组的ALT、AST水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组的不良妊娠结局总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论甘露消毒丹加减治疗ICP患者能改善患者临床症状及肝功能,缓解皮肤瘙痒程度,减少不良妊娠结局的发生。

基于群桩基础改进的变径微型桩承载特征研究

为改善输电杆塔微型桩基础的承载特性、降低用料成本,提出基于微型群桩改进的变径微型桩基础型式。通过高原山区等截面微型群桩原型试验与数值反演模型相互验证,对3种变径微型单桩进行模拟,并与微型群桩承载效果进行对比分析,揭示变径微型桩的承载特征与变形机理。结果表明:微型群桩基础(2×2单桩)由于承台和群桩效应的影响,其抗压和抗拔承载力分别大于和小于对应的单桩承载力总和;双扩径微型桩(扩径部分直径=2×等截面桩身直径)的极限抗拔和抗压承载力约为等截面微型桩的3.8倍和2.7倍,土体变形集中于扩径部位,且变形量较大,表现为多支点摩擦-端承桩特性;于桩顶增设承台可有效改善双扩径单桩的下压及水平承载性能,与未增设承台相比,承载力分别提高了2.1倍和2.2倍。研究表明,通过扩展部分桩径并增设承台使微型单桩性能提升至等截面群桩水平的方法可行,对送变电建设具有工程意义。

施工顺序对微型钢管桩加固既有基础变形的影响试验研究

微型钢管桩由于具有施工效率高、对周围环境友好等技术优点,被广泛应用于既有建筑物的增层改造、加固及纠偏工程中。施工顺序会影响加固或纠偏效果,甚至影响建筑物的安全,然而围绕施工顺序对微型钢管桩加固既有基础的变形特性影响的研究仍相对不足。基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)处理技术,开展不同沉桩顺序(逆时针、顺逆时针结合、Z字形及对称形)下既有基础微型桩加固的可视化模型试验,分析加固过程引起的桩周土体位移场变化,以及不同沉桩加固顺序对既有承台的影响规律,并确定最优的加固方案。结果表明,在试验条件下,承台面下方的桩对桩周的土体有挤密作用,在承台周边压桩时,承台面下方的桩周围土体位移较小,相对于无承台情况影响范围缩小42%,最大位移缩小36%;对称加固顺序相对最优,施工过程中对既有基础的抬升位移仅为最不利加固顺序时的56%。

微型桩顶刚性板连接治理堆积层滑坡模型试验研究

为了探究微型桩在刚性板连接下加固堆积层滑坡效果,本文基于室内物理模拟试验,研究微型桩受刚性板连接后及在桩顶不同荷载作用下桩身的受力特征。研究表明:微型桩通过刚性板连接后相较于独立微型桩群,滑坡体同一监测点处水平位移明显减小,在此基础上增加桩顶荷载则位移进一步减小;在刚性板作用下,第1至第3排桩身土压力依次减小,桩身抗力比为1∶0.77∶0.71;桩身弯矩呈现“S”型分布,反弯点存在于滑面附近;相较于独立微型桩,刚性板连接微型桩后及桩顶荷载作用下桩身弯矩最大值变化明显降低。

Experimental study on seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on silty clay landslide with inclined interlayer

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced by anti-slide piles on a silty clay landslide model with an inclined interlayer was performed.The deformation characteristics of the bridge foundation piles and anti-slide piles were analyzed in different loading conditions.The dynamic response law of a silty clay landslide with an inclined interlayer was summarized.The spacing between the rear anti-slide piles and bridge foundation should be reasonably controlled according to the seismic fortification requirements,to avoid the two peaks in the forced deformation of the bridge foundation piles.The“blocking effect”of the bridge foundation piles reduced the deformation of the forward anti-slide piles.The stress-strain response of silty clay was intensified as the vibration wave field appeared on the slope.Since the vibration intensified,the thrust distribution of the landslide underwent a process of shifting from triangle to inverted trapezoid,the difference in the acceleration response between the bearing platform and silty clay landslide tended to decrease,and the spectrum amplitude near the natural vibration frequency increased.The rear anti-slide piles were able to slow down the shear deformation of the soil in front of the piles and avoid excessive acceleration response of the bridge foundation piles.

微型桩组合抗滑结构在滑坡治理工程设计中的应用

由于滑坡地质灾害的突发性、复杂性和不确定性,在该类治理工程中,工程环境往往成为方案选型的首要限制因素;常会遇到施工场地狭窄,施工作业面受限,大型机械无法到达、常规施工工艺无法施工等特殊问题,需要因地制宜地选择最优治理方案。微型桩组合抗滑结构因其具有桩径小、施工快捷、施工人员安全保障高、经济性好等优点[1],可用于滑坡地质灾害治理工程中,尤其是快速抢险工程。结合数值模拟分析及工程设计实例,结果表明:连系梁对微型桩的变形起到一定的限制作用,对其受力则影响较大;变形最大值出现在临边坡侧后排桩的上部,且后排桩锚索对整体变形的限制作用明显;组合抗滑结构稳定性验算应重点包括剩余下滑力、结构整体抗力、微型桩沿滑面抗剪承载力、桩内力、桩嵌固长度等内容。

高原山区微型群桩基础承载特征及竖向-水平联合荷载研究

为探究高原山区微型群桩基础的承载特性以及水平、竖向荷载耦合作用(V-H联合荷载)的影响,揭示联合荷载相互作用规律,在高原山区微型群桩基础现场试验的基础上,采用FLAC 3D对三种单一荷载情况进行数值反演,并对不同荷载比例下微型群桩基础的V-H联合加载进行模拟。结果表明:①抗压和抗水平试验中,承台效应明显,荷载-位移曲线为“缓变型”;抗拔试验中,曲线为“陡变型”。②联合荷载下,施加水平荷载会削弱桩基竖向承载能力,水平荷载比例较大时,桩身抵抗力矩和桩侧极限摩阻力增大,荷载-上拔位移曲线突变点消失;在竖向荷载的影响下,存在临界荷载比n,下压-水平联合荷载中n 1=3.9,上拔-水平联合荷载中n 2=0.76,荷载比>n时,桩基水平承载力被削弱,<n时,桩基水平承载力提高。③联合荷载下,水平承载力与荷载比的倒数呈四次函数关系,竖向承载力与荷载比的倒数呈二次函数关系;联合荷载下的屈服包络线与单向极限荷载垂线所围空间分为“破坏区”与“安全区”,有别于单向加载的桩基承载特征,且桩基存在一个最优解,使各方向承载力均能得到充分发挥。

注浆微型钢管桩加固地基承载性能试验研究

为探究注浆微型钢管桩加固地基的承载性能,并用于指导现场施工,通过开展注浆微型钢管桩现场试验,探究荷载和深度对桩身轴力、桩身相对位移、桩侧摩阻力的影响规律以及不同桩间距的桩体承载性能差异。结果表明:土体分层会导致相应深度的桩周土体发生变形而出现桩侧负摩阻力;在相同地质条件下,1.5m桩间距的单桩承载力和极限沉降位移分别是2m桩间距的1.25和1.13倍;相同条件下,1.5m桩间距能实现经济成本和加固效果的更优组合。

微型桩轻型挡墙在边坡滑塌治理中的应用

针对边坡滑塌治理工程中存在的周边环境复杂、支护空间受限且工期紧迫的特殊工况,提出了一种新型挡土结构-微型桩轻型挡墙。结合具体工程实例,详细介绍了其结构设计参数、主要施工方法;基于有限元数值计算方法,研究了土体中位移分布、微型桩位移、内力分布、桩侧土压力分布等规律,并探讨了其工作机理及可能的破坏模式。结果表明:微型桩刚度和锚杆排数对支护结构悬臂段水平位移影响较大,但一味增大微型桩刚度值及锚杆排数,并不会显著改变位移分布规律及位移大小。