Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Anchoring Depth Research of Anti-Slide Piles of Anchor Bar in Soil

The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.The part of the max pressure and the earth pressure was mainly focused under the slip line

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

New method of designing anti-slide piles——the strength reduction FEM

At present,the thrust of an anti-slide pile can be worked out with some calculation methods. However,the resistance in front of the pile,the distributions of resistance and thrust,and appropriate pile length cannot be easily obtained. In this paper,the authors applied the strength-reduction finite element method (FEM) to several design cases of anti-slide piles. Using this method,it is possible to take the pile-soil interactions into consideration,obtain reasonable resistance in front of pile and the distributions of thrust and resistance,and reasonable lengths of anti-slide piles. In particular,the thrust and resistance imposed on embedded anti-slide piles can be calculated and composite anti-slide pile structures such as anchored piles and braced piles can be optimized. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reliable and economical in the design of anti-slide pile.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Pre-Stressed Rope Reinforced Anti-Sliding Pile

Pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile is a composite anti-sliding structure. It is made up of pre-stressed rope and general anti-sliding pile. It can bring traditional anti-sliding pile＇s retaining performance into full play, and to treat with landslide fast and economically. The difference between them is that the pre-stressed rope will transfix the whole anti- sliding pile through a prearranged pipe in this structure. The working mechanics, the design method and economic benefit are studied. The results show that the pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile can treat with the small and middle landslides or high slopes well and possess the notable advantage of technology and economic.

Study on distribution rule of sliding pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force acting on anti-sliding pile

Anti-slide pile is one of the important methods to administer landslide geological disaster because of its advantages.It plays important role in administering landslide.It is a premise of reasonable economy and technological advance to know the distribution rule and feature of the force between anti-sliding pile and surrounding rock.To determine the sliding force and remnant resistant sliding force,according to need of study,this paper sets up the geological model and mechanics model in term of a typical landslide,and analyzes the effect rule of sliding body distortion,strength and gravity to the pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force by use of the numerical model.The distribution rule of pushing force and remnant resistant sliding force of the type of landslide is given.

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.

Shaking Table Tests on Bridge Foundation Reinforced by Antislide Piles on Slope

Based on the requirement of seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on slope in the Chengdu-Lanzhou railway project,a shaking table model test of anti-slide pile protecting bridge foundation in landslide section is designed and completed. By applying Wenchuan seismic waves with different acceleration peaks,the stress and deformation characteristics of bridge pile foundation and anti-slide pile are analyzed,and the failure mode is discussed. Results show that the dynamic response of bridge pile and anti-slide pile are affected by the peak value of seismic acceleration of earthquake,with which the stress and deformation of the structure increase. The maximum dynamic earth pressure and the moment of anti-slide piles are located near the sliding surface,while that of bridge piles are located at the top of the pile. Based on the dynamic response of structure,local reinforcement needs to be carried out to meet the requirement of the seismic design. The PGA amplification factor of the surface is greater than the inside,and it decreases with the increase of the input seismic acceleration peak. When the slope failure occurs,the tension cracks are mainly produced in the shallow sliding zone and the coarse particles at the foot of the slope are accumulated.

3-D Simulation Study on Seismic Response of Bridge Piles in Landslide

The anti-slide support structure is widely used in the anti-seismic reinforcement of bridge foundations,but related experimental research was processing slowly. Based on the prototype of the Jiuzhaigou bridge at the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway,a 3-D simulation model was established on the basis of the shaking table model test,and the rationality of the dynamic analysis model was verified by indicators such as the bending moment of the bridge piles,peak soil pressure,and PGA amplification factors. The results show that the inertia force of the bridge pier has an important influence on the deformation of the pile foundation. The bending moment and shearing force are larger in lateral bridge piles,and the maximum value is near the pile top. The PGA amplification factor is stronger in the back of the rear anti-slide piles and so is it in front of the bridge pier,and the soil is prone to slip and damage. The bedrock is rigid and the dynamic response is maintained at a low level. The anti-slide piles in the rear row play a major role in the anti-seismic reinforcement design,and the anti-slide piles in the front row can be used as an auxiliary support structure.

Limit analysis on seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes with anti-slide piles

This study employs the limit analysis method to evaluate the seismic stability of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous slopes stabilized with anti-slide piles. The pseudo-static approach is used to simplify the earthquake load. The yield seismic acceleration factor is obtained from the optimization procedure and the results are verified with the published data. Then, the seismically-unstable slope is reinforced with anti-slide piles, and the seismic stability of the reinforced slope is explored. The results show that the anisotropy and nonhomogeneity of soils have significant effects on the stabilizing force required from the anti-slide piles and the optimal location of the pile is near the toe of the slope.

Experimental study on seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on silty clay landslide with inclined interlayer

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced by anti-slide piles on a silty clay landslide model with an inclined interlayer was performed.The deformation characteristics of the bridge foundation piles and anti-slide piles were analyzed in different loading conditions.The dynamic response law of a silty clay landslide with an inclined interlayer was summarized.The spacing between the rear anti-slide piles and bridge foundation should be reasonably controlled according to the seismic fortification requirements,to avoid the two peaks in the forced deformation of the bridge foundation piles.The“blocking effect”of the bridge foundation piles reduced the deformation of the forward anti-slide piles.The stress-strain response of silty clay was intensified as the vibration wave field appeared on the slope.Since the vibration intensified,the thrust distribution of the landslide underwent a process of shifting from triangle to inverted trapezoid,the difference in the acceleration response between the bearing platform and silty clay landslide tended to decrease,and the spectrum amplitude near the natural vibration frequency increased.The rear anti-slide piles were able to slow down the shear deformation of the soil in front of the piles and avoid excessive acceleration response of the bridge foundation piles.

Deformation Mechanism and Design Countermeasures of Tunnel Portal in Volcanic Deposit Clay Stratum

Shortly after tunneling,problems such as primary-support through cracks and clearance infringement are found in the shallow-buried section of tunnel No.4 of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Railway(Jakarta-Bandung HSR),and orthogonal cracks can be found on the earth surface in front of the working face,which brings great challenges to the tunnel construction.In view of the above engineering problems,the sliding surface is speculated according to the geological and field conditions,and the impact of landslides is applied in the model in the form of external load.The paper uses the numerical simulation method to analyze and compare the impact of landslides on the tunnel structure and deformation,and puts forward the reinforcement measures.The conclusions of the studies are:(1)under the influence of heavy rainfall,the strength index of volcanic deposit clay stratum drops sharply,and meanwhile the multiple factors including tunnel excavation are liable to cause sliding of the front slope;(2)parallel landslide in front of the tunnel has a great impact on the tunnel,so setting-up of pre-reinforcement measures to control landslide shall be the focus of similar projects during design;(3)the deformation and stress of the tunnel structure can be significantly controlled for safe construction by strengthening the shallow-buried tunnel with pile foundation and longitudinal and transverse beam frames during landslide.

抗滑桩宽度与桩间距对桩间土拱效应的影响研究

抗滑桩宽度对桩间土拱效应的影响直接关系到桩截面尺寸及桩间距设计的合理性。通过离心模型试验,观察到抗滑桩宽度越大,桩间土拱稳定性越高。基于离心试验模型,采用数值模拟方法分析桩间土拱承载能力随桩宽度的变化规律。试验表明在桩间净距保持不变的情况下,桩间土拱承载能力随桩宽度增加而逐渐增大,但增长斜率逐渐变缓,说明随着桩宽度的变大,桩宽度的增加对桩间土拱承载能力的影响越来越小;而在桩间净距与桩宽度比值不变的情况下,桩间土拱承载能力随桩宽度和桩间净距的增加反而降低,且下降斜率逐渐增大,说明桩间净距对桩间土拱承载能力起着控制作用,增加桩宽度对土拱承载能力的贡献远不及增加桩间净距对土拱承载能力的削弱作用。本文研究表明,桩间土拱承载能力与桩宽度之间存在非线性的关系,在建立抗滑桩合理桩间距计算模型时应对此予以考虑。

基于抗滑桩计算宽度的水平推力试验研究

针对岩土体边坡和岩体边坡2种主要形式,将抗滑桩分别嵌入岩土混合体和岩体中,分别进行了3根抗滑桩实体原位水平推力试验,通过岩土混合体和岩体的水平位移、应力测量,研究抗滑桩在水平荷载作用下抗力岩土体的破坏形态,根据应力与水平位移沿着桩截面宽度的变化规律和实际破坏裂隙的分布,得到了抗滑桩的有效计算宽度的新公式,为重庆市地方标准《地质灾害防治技术设计规范》编制提供了重要依据。

土岩复合地层吊脚桩支护结构力学分析与优化设计

为了更加安全经济地进行土岩复合地层中基坑工程设计,针对上土下岩复合地层中吊脚桩基坑支护结构的受力及变形特性进行研究。采用二维数值分析方法,建立土岩复合地层条件下吊脚桩支护基坑开挖模型,分别分析基坑开挖过程中吊脚桩支护结构内力、变形的发展过程,以及土岩弹性模量比RE、吊脚桩嵌岩深度t、岩肩宽度b与桩体受力、变形之间的相关关系。结果表明:1)随着基坑开挖深度逐渐增大,桩身侧移增大且桩身最大侧移发生位置逐渐下移,最大下移幅度为土层厚度的17.5%; 2)当基坑开挖至土岩交界面时,吊脚桩桩身内力达到最大值,下部岩层的开挖使得桩身最大负弯矩减小27.5%; 3)当岩层弹性模量介于600MPa和4 800 MPa之间时,最优设计嵌岩深度为1.5 m,最优设计岩肩宽度为1.5～2.0 m。

钢筋混凝土圆形截面偏心受压构件的抗裂度及裂缝宽度试验研究

本文介绍一组钢筋混凝土圆形截面偏心受压短柱的抗裂度及裂缝宽度的试验研究。分析了构件抗裂度与裂缝宽度的主要影响因素。在多元统计回归的基础上，建立了钢筋混凝土圆形截面偏心受压构件抗裂度及裂缝宽度的计算公式。该公式形式简捷，与试验结果吻合良好，且具有一定的精度保证，可用于桥梁基础工程设计。

水平静荷载作用下翼板对基桩工作性状影响的有限元研究

海上风机桩基础主要承受水平荷载和弯矩,通过设置翼板增大桩-土有效接触是提高大直径基桩水平承载能力的有益尝试。文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件结合Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性土体本构模型,计算分析了翼板面积和长宽比对基桩水平承载能力的影响。研究表明:基桩在泥面处设置翼板可显著降低桩身水平位移和弯矩,而且水平位移降低效果优于弯矩;对于正方形翼板,当边长大于1.6D时提升效果不明显,边长建议取值不超过1.6D;对于矩形翼板,扁长形翼板效果明显优于竖长形。

堆载作用下桥梁被动桩偏移受力分析及处理措施

为研究堆载对桥梁被动桩的影响,以某桥为背景,采用有限差分法进行被动桩偏移受力分析,判断基桩能否继续使用并提出处理措施。采用有限差分法建立下部结构模型,计算堆载作用下桥墩偏移并与实测值对比,分析基桩内力及偏移,按圆形截面钢筋混凝土偏心受压构件计算最大裂缝宽度并评估基桩状态,根据评估结果提出处理措施。结果表明:堆载导致桥墩偏移,墩顶横向偏移计算值与实测值比较吻合;堆载作用下,基桩产生了较大偏移和弯矩,桩顶轴力和桩身轴力分布不均,并产生不同程度的负摩阻力(距堆载越近负摩阻力越大);最大裂缝宽度为0.08mm,小于规范限值,判断基桩可以继续使用,提出堆载反压和应力释放孔联合纠偏,开挖卸载、水平顶推结合应力释放孔纠偏等处理措施。

路肩桩板墙受力特性的室内模型试验研究

在高陡峡谷区,路肩桩板墙作为一种普遍使用的支挡结构,具有施工方便、造价较低、外形美观的特点。但由于板挡墙结构的复杂性以及高陡边坡的支档难度,该结构的受力特性尚不完全明确。以相似比1∶25建立了路基边坡模型,通过室内模型试验,模拟并研究了不同工况下桩板墙的受力状态和位移大小以及土体压力随试验步骤的变化,根据试验结果对高陡边坡的变形与破坏机理进行了分析。