Simple and Rapid Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Drug-protein Binding

A method was established using hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction（HF-LPME） followed by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） to determine the concentration of the free（unbound） drug in the solution of the drug and protein. Measurements of drug-protein binding ratios and free drug concentrations were then analyzed with the Klotz equation to determine the equilibrium binding constant and number of binding sites for drug-protein interaction. The optimized method allows one to perform the efficient extraction and separation of free drug from protein-bound drug, protein, and other interfering substances. This approach was used to characterize the binding of the anticholinergic drugs atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide to proteins in human plasma and bovine serum albumin（BSA）. The results demonstrate the utility of HF-LPME method for measuring free drug concentrations in protein-drug mixtures and determining the protein binding parameters of a pharmacologically important class of drugs.

The advantages of penehyclidine hydrochloride over atropine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning:A meta-analysis

Background:Penehyclidine hydrochloride(PHC)has been used for many years as an anticholinergic drug for the treatment of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning(AOPP).The purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore whether PHC has advantages over atropine in the use of anticholinergic drugs in AOPP.Methods:We searched Scopus,Embase,Cochrane,PubMed,ProQuest,Ovid,Web of Science,China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP),Duxiu,Chinese Biomedical literature(CBM),WanFang,and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),from inception to March 2022.After all qualified randomized controlled trials(RCTs)were included,we conducted quality evaluation,data extraction,and statistical analysis.Statistics using risk ratios(RR),weighted mean difference(WMD),and standard mean difference(SMD).Results:Our meta-analysis included 20,797 subjects from 240 studies across 242 different hospitals in China.Compared with the atropine group,the PHC group showed decreased mortality rate(RR=0.20,95%confidence intervals[CI]:0.16–0.25,P<0.001),hospitalization time(WMD=-3.89,95%CI:-4.37 to-3.41,P<0.001),overall incidence rate of complications(RR=0.35,95%CI:0.28–0.43,P<0.001),overall incidence of adverse reactions(RR=0.19,95%CI:0.17–0.22,P<0.001),total symptom disappearance time(SMD=-2.13,95%CI:-2.35 to-1.90,P<0.001),time for cholinesterase activity to return to normal value 50–60%(SMD=-1.87,95%CI:-2.03 to-1.70,P<0.001),coma time(WMD=-5.57,95%CI:-7.20 to-3.95,P<0.001),and mechanical ventilation time(WMD=-2.16,95%CI:-2.79 to-1.53,P<0.001).Conclusion:PHC has several advantages over atropine as an anticholinergic drug in AOPP.

Sleep-based therapy:A new treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a worldwide problem with no effective treatment.Patients usually die of respiratory failure.The basic pathological process of ALS is the degeneration and necrosis of motor neurons.Neuroglial cell dysfunction is considered closely related to the development of ALS.Sleep plays an important role in repairing the nervous system,and sleep disorders can worsen ALS.Herein,we review the pathogenesis of ALS and the neuroprotective mechanism of sleep-based therapy.Sleep-based therapy could be a potential strategy to treat ALS.