A Travelling Wave Group II: Antiparticles in a Force Field

The travelling wave group is a solution to the wave equation. With a Gaussian envelope, this stable wave does not spread as it propagates. The group is derived for electromagnetic waves and converted with Planck’s law to quantized photons. The resulting wave is a probability amplitude, and this is adapted to particles subject to special relativity. By including mass and by inverting the wave group, a description for antiparticles is derived. The consequent explanation is consistent with Dirac’s relativistic equation and with his theory of the electron;while being more specific than his idea of the wave packet, and more stable. The travelling wave group is extended to describe the positron, either free or in an external field.

Elliptic Flow Splitting between Particles and their Antiparticles in Au＋Au Collisions from a Multiphase Transport Model

The elliptic flow v2, for π±, K±, p and p in Au＋Au collisions at center-of-mass energies √sNN=7.7, 11.5, 14.5 and 19.6 GeV, is analyzed using a multiphase transport model. A significant difference in the v2 values for p and p is observed, and the values of v2 splitting are larger compared with π＋ and π-, K＋ and K-. The difference increases with decreasing the center-of-mass energy. The effect of the quark coalescence mechanism in a multi-phase transport model to the value of elliptic difference △v2 between p and p- has been discussed. The simulation of Au＋Au collisions at 14.5 GeV shows that the effect of hadron cascade to △v2 is not obvious, and a larger patton-scattering cross section can lead to a larger △v2.

Discrete Symmetry in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

EPR experiment on system in 1998 [1] strongly hints that one should use operators and for the wavefunction (WF) of antiparticle. Further analysis on Klein-Gordon (KG) equation reveals that there is a discrete symmetry hiding in relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) that PT=C. Here PT means the (newly defined) combined space-time inversion (with x→-x,t→-t), while C the transformation of WF Ψ between particle and its antiparticle whose definition is just residing in the above symmetry. After combining with Feshbach-Villars (FV) dissociation of KG equation (Ψ=φ+x) [2], this discrete symmetry can be rigorously reformulated by the invariance of coupling equation of φ and x under either the combined space-time inversion PT or the mass inversion (m→-m), which makes the KG equation a self-consistent theory. Dirac equation is also discussed accordingly. Various applications of this discrete symmetry are discussed, including the prediction of antigravity between matter and antimatter as well as the reason why we believe neutrinos are likely the tachyons.

On the Relationship between Quarks and Electrons

In this study, the relationship between the elementary masses and elementary charges of quarks and electrons is considered in connection to the strong nuclear force and the color charge. The relationship is further considered in connection with the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, and the decay times for different particles. The results strongly suggest that the quarks can be expressed as charge equalization of the electron, and that the coincidence of the charges has no alternative way to be unified with the elementary masses. To solve these problems, a new standard model with a second group of antiparticles is proposed, and the strong nuclear force is considered as an interaction between equalized electric charges instead of being a fundamental force, which also explains its short-ranged high strength. A new periodic table of elements is proposed to unfold the overall number of elementary charges that make up the atomic nucleus of different elements.

A Travelling Wave Group III—Consistent with QED

The travelling wave group is a stable wave packet. Many surprising results are derived from it. The group is easily quantized for photons and applied, as a solution to the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation, to free particles. Further solutions to the resulting algebraic equation provide a stable wave function for free antiparticles. Consistency with the superstructure of quantum electrodynamics is obtained by an assignment to the electron antiparticle of negative mass and negative charge. Then in 5-dimensional space-time-mass, CPT invariance transforms to M’PT conservation in either charged or neutral particles, while many other consequences are also evident.

Voids in the Hall Effect;Excitons in HiT_c

The outstanding difference between high temperature superconductors and low temperature superconductors is the sign of the Hall coefficient, properly understood. Since the Lorentz force acts on particles, not voids nor immobile ions, we propose that the experimental positive coefficient is due to dispersion dynamics in valence bands, i.e. on electrons with positive charge/mass ratio, but with negative charge and negative effective mass. In HiT ccompounds, anionic and cationic doping creates holes that substitute for the lattice distortions that bind Cooper pairs in metallic superconductors such as Nb. In both types of superconductor, the conventional notion of antiparallel spins S = 0, with paired wave vectors k and -k, is maintained;but in the ceramics “holes” h, produced by chemical doping and measured in the normal state, are available to bond super-conducting Boson pairs via h−or h02?excitons.

Worlds and Antiworlds

In the framework of the theory of the gravitational field, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles, it is shown that even in the Early Universe its disintegration occurred into areas consisting of baryons (worlds), and areas consisting of antibaryons (antiworlds). It is hypothesized that astronomers have observed worlds and antiworlds for fifteen years. They are, according to the authors, objects that can be seen as relatively bright spots against the almost uniform background of cosmic microwave radiation, having a characteristic angular size of quarter degree.

Gravitationally-Neutral Universe

In the present article, we give a variant of the theory of gravity, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles. In this theory that called two-signed gravity, in contrast to Einstein’s gravity, contributions from particles and antiparticles in the tensor, which are the source of the gravitational field are taken with different signs. In two-sign gravity, antiattraction exists between particles and antiparticles. In the framework of two-signed gravitation, it is naturally assume that Universe is not only electroneutral, but also gravitationally neutral too. In present paper, we suggest model of homogeneous, isotropic, uniformly expanding Universe. It is shown, what within framework of that model, which does not contain any free parameters, well explained observed dynamics of the Universe.