Antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of nilavembu kudineer choornam:a classical preparation used in the treatment of chikungunya fever

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of nilavembu kudineer choornam (EENKC) in inflammation,pain and fever using animal models to support its actions.Methods: Acute toxicity study of EENKC was performed in mice to fix the effective dose.The antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EENKC was evaluated in brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats,carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and acetic-acid induced writhing in mice model.Results:Acute toxicity revealed that EENKC didn’t show death and toxic signs up to 2 000 mg/kg.In brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced inflammation EENKC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg inhibited fever and inflammation significantly(P【0.01 and【0.05) compared to control animals.In mice,the number of writhing induced by acetic-acid was significantly(P【0.01) reduced after treatment with both the dose of EENKC than control animals. EENKC 200 mg/kg inhibits inflammation higher level in carrageenan-induced paw edema,but there is no significant difference when compared to indomethacin 10 mg/kg.Conclusions:The present findings revealed that EENKC possesses antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity which supports nilavembu kudineer choornam efficacy in chikungunya fever.

Biomaterials-based anti-inflammatory treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease

The current therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease only improve symptoms,they do not delay disease progression.Therefo re,there is an urgent need for new effective drugs.The underlying pathogenic factors of Alzheimer's disease are not clear,but neuroinflammation can link various hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease;hence,targeting neuroinflammation may be a new hope for Alzheimer's disease treatment.Inhibiting inflammation can restore neuronal function,promote neuro regeneration,reduce the pathological burden of Alzheimer's disease,and improve or even reverse symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.This review focuses on the relationship between inflammation and various pathological hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease;reports the mechanisms and characteristics of small-molecule drugs(e.g.,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,neurosteroids,and plant extracts);macromolecule drugs(e.g.,peptides,proteins,and gene therapeutics);and nanocarriers(e.g.,lipid-based nanoparticles,polymeric nanoparticles,nanoemulsions,and inorganic nanoparticles)in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.The review also makes recommendations for the prospective development of anti-inflammatory strategies based on nanocarriers for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of Kang 601 heji,a traditional Chinese oral liquid dosage form

Objective: To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Kang 601 heji(K-601) as an anti-in flammatory and antipyretic agent using appropriate animal models.Methods: Carrageenan-induced rat paw and xylene-induced ear oedemas were models used to investigate anti-in flammatory actions of K-601. Lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia model was used to evaluate antipyretic activity in Wistar rats. The antiin flammatory and antipyretic mechanisms were evaluated by detecting prostaglandins E2, nitric oxide, interleukin-1b and tumour necrosis factora levels using appropriate reagents and ELISA kits.Results: The results revealed that K-601 reduced the level of in flammations in both antiin flammatory models in a dose-dependent manner. The same was true for the antipyretic model. The possible mechanisms of actions were through the inhibition of prostaglandins E2, interleukin-1b, tumour necrosis factora and nitric oxide.Conclusions: K-601 has proven anti-in flammatory and antipyretic actions. The findings provide a scientific basis for the use of K-601 as anti-in flammatory and antipyretic agent in traditional Chinese medicinal practice.

Anti-inflammatory,analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic Tecomaria capensis leaves extract

Objective:To evaluate the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of methanolic Tecomaria capensis(T.capensis) leaves extract using different models in rats.Methods: Methanolic T.capenssis leaves extract(100,300,1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight) was given to rats orally to observe acute toxicity,and observed for 14 days.Analgesic activity was evaluated using tail immersion and formalin induced paw licking models in rats.Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats.Antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model in rats.Methanolic T.capensis leaves extract were given at dose of 100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.Results:Results demonstrated that the no mortality was reported even after 14 days.This indicated that the methanol extract was safe up to a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight Methanolic 71 capensis leaves extract(100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) significantly increased the latency period in the tail immersion test,reduced the licking time in both the neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin test.Methanolic T.capensis leaves extract(100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) significantly prevented increase in volume of paw edema. Methanolic 7.capensis leaves extract at the doses of(100,200 and 500 mg/kg p.o.) significantly decreased the rectal temperature of the rats.Conclusions:This study exhibites that methanolic T. capensis leaves extract possesses analgesic,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity which may be mediated by the central and peripheral mechanisms.

Estimation of the novel antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects of silymarin in Albino rats and mice

Objective: To evaluate the other pharmacological actions of silymarin in Albino rats and mice such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects. Methods: Rats were injected intramuscularly with pyrogenic dose of brewer's yeast for the antipyretic test of silymarin. Another group of rats injected with 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan solution in saline at the subplanter area of the right hind paw for the anti-inflammatory test of silymarin. Another group of mice tested by hot plate method for determination of antinociceptive effect of silymarin. Hyperlipidemia was induced using high fat diet for 2 months to estimate the antihyperlipidemic activity of silymarin. Results: Silymarin showed a significant antipyretic effect of both doses(50 and 100 mg/kg) compared with control untreated group. Moreover, silymarin elucidated a significant anti-inflammatory effect of both doses reflected on the decrease of the rat paw edema every hour interval for 4 h after administration in comparison with control positive group. By the same taken, both doses of silymarine revealed a significant antinociceptive action in hot plate method at 30 and 60 min post administration. Besides, it lowered significantly the serum levels of prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta after 2 h of silymarin administration in carrageenan induced rat paw edema besides the significant decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and significantly elevated high density lipoprotein after 2 weeks of silymarin administration. Conclusions: These outcomes delivered a new vision into the possible pharmacological mechanisms by which silymarin advances antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antihyperlipidemic effects.

Isolation and bioactivity screening of soy isoflavones from soybean glycolipids identifies daidzin as a promising anti-inflammatory agent

Background:Soybean has long been utilized in the realm of traditional Chinese medicine.One of its extracts,soybean glycolipids,serves as a vital by-product of soybean oil refining,but its chemical composition and pharmacological potential have yet to be fully elucidated.Methods:In this study,the chemical components were isolated,and the inhibitory effects of these isolates were explored in different zebrafish inflammatory models by survival rate,Histological examination assay and quantitative Real-time PCR assay.The cytotoxicity of daidzin in RAW264.7 cells was evaluated by cell viability assay,and the effect of daidzin on the release of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Western blotting,immunofluorescence assay and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors siRNA transfection assay were used to further explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of daidzin.Results:Four compounds(verticilloside,soya-cerebroside I,soya-cerebroside II and daidzin)were firstly isolated from the soybean glycolipids,among which verticilloside and daidzin inhibited the lipopolysaccharide,CuSO4-and tail cut-stimulated zebrafish inflammation.Noticeably,daidzin exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by increasing the survival rate,alleviating the inflammatory cells infiltration,and down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha,and signal transducer and activator of transcription3 in zebrafish.Moreover,daidzin decreased the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α,inhibited the nuclear translocations of nuclear factor kappa-B p65 and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription3 as well as the NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha phosphorylation at Ser32 in RAW 264.7 cells.More importantly,it elevated the expression level of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both zebrafish and RAW 264.7 cells,and the inhibitory effect of daidzin was attenuated after the addition of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors siRNA.Conclusion:Our study revealed that daidzin inhibited inflammation by activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and further inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B and signal transducer and activator of transcription3 signaling.At the same time,it also promotes the recycling of crude soybean glycolipids and supports the potential use of daidzin as a functional food or natural dietary anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Yao Medicine Laggerae Alatae Herba

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effect of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract and its mechanism.[Methods]Inflammation models of xylene-induced ear edema in mice,acetic acid-induced increased permeability of abdominal capillaries in mice,and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice were established;xylene-induced ear swelling model in bilateral adrenalectomized mice was established.The levels of MDA,NO and SOD in inflammatory tissues of paw were measured.[Results]Compared with the model group,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract had significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced ear edema in mice,except for the low dose group(P>0.05);Laggerae Alatae Herba extract inhibited the increase of celiac capillary permeability induced by acetic acid and paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice.Compared with the model group,in the mice model with bilateral adrenal glands removed,the high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly inhibit the xylene induced ear swelling of the mice.The high and medium dose groups of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract could significantly decrease the levels of MDA and NO,and significantly increase the level of SOD in the paw tissue.[Conclusions]The Laggerae Alatae Herba extracts have anti-inflammatory activity,and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts does not depend on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.In addition,the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Laggerae Alatae Herba extract is related to the decrease of MDA and NO and the increase of SOD.

Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential of Arbutus andrachne L.methanolic leaf extract in rats

Objective:To explore the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of methanolic leaf extract from Arbutus andrachne and its mechanism of action.Methods:Paw edema was induced by intraplantar(i.pl.)injection ofλ-carrageenan(1%w/v,100μL/paw)while pyrexia was evoked by intraperitoneal(i.p.)injection of 20% baker’s yeast(20 mL/kg body wt)in male Wistar rats.The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Arbutus andrachne methanolic leaf extract were explored by injecting rats with different doses of the plant extract(150,300,and 600 mg/kg body wt,i.p.).Selective antagonists for transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1),cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1),and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor(α2-AR)were used to unravel the extracts’mechanism of action.Blood samples were collected from the heart of rats to measure the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6)and prostaglandin E2(PGE2)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The extract exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing paw thickness and IL-6 levels.In addition,yeast-evoked pyrexia was attenuated by the extract treatment via TRPV1 and CB1 receptors and a reduction in PGE2 levels.No significant effects were found for α2-AR.Moreover,the rats that received the plant extract demonstrated similar responses to the positive control group.Conclusions:Arbutus andrachne can be a good candidate for treating inflammation and pyrexia and should be further investigated.

Antioxidant and antipyretic properties of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus leaves

Objective:Methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus（A.spinosus） leaves was screened for antioxidant and antipyretic activities.Methods:Antioxidant activity was measured by l,l-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile（DPPH） free radical scavenging,superoxide anion radical scavenging,hydroxyl free radical scavenging,nitric oxide radical scavenging,2,2 -azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid（ABTS） radical scavenging assays and total phenolic content was also determined.Antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of A.spinosus was measured by yeast induced pyrexia method at concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg using paracetamol as standard drug.Results:Methanolic extract of A.spinosus showed potent antioxidant activity.The IC50 value was（87.50±3.52）μg/mL,（98.80±1.40）μg/mL,（106.25±0.20）μg/mL,（88.70±0.62）μg/mL and（147.50±2.61）μg/mL for DPPH,superoxide,hydroxyl,nitric oxide and ABTS radical scavenging activities.Methanolic extract of A spinosus showed significant（P【0.01） antipyretic activity.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel analogues of mangiferin as potent antipyretic

Objective:To screen different analogues of mangiferin pharmacologically for antipyretic activity. Methods:The naturally occurring xanthone glycoside mangiferin was isolated by column chromatography from the elhanolic extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica.Mangiferin was further converted to 5-(N-phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin.5-(N-p-chlorophenylamino methyleno) mangiferin,5-(N-2-methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin.5-(N-p-methoxy phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin.5-(N,N-diphenylamino methyleno) mangiferin,5-(N-α-napthylamino methyleno) mangiferin and 5-(N-4-methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin analogues.The synthesized compounds were further screened for antipyretic activity along with mangiferin at a dose level of 100 and 200 tng/kg.Mangiferin and its analogues were characterized by melting point and R_f value determination and through spectral technique like UV,IR,and NMR spectral analysis.Results:The antipyretic activity of mangiferin as well as all analogues was found to be more significant in at higher dose ie.200 mg/kg which was depicted thmugh a decrease in rectal temperature up to 3 h.Conclusions:The antipyretic activity of mangiferin and its analogues may be attributed to inhibition in synthesis of TNF-αand anti-oxidant activity associated with amelioration of inflammatory actions of cytokines.

In vivo screening of essential oils of Skimmia laureola leaves for antinociceptive and antipyretic activity

Objective:To study the screening of essential oils of Skimmia laureola leaves(SLO)for acute toxicity,antinociceptive,antipyretic and anticonvulsant activities in various animal models.Methods:SLO were extracted using modified Clevenger type apparatus.Acute toxicity test was used in mice to observe its safety level.Antinociceptive activity of SLO was evaluated in acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate tests.Yeast induced hyperthermic mice and pentylenetetrazole induced convulsive mice were used for the assessment of its antipyretic and anticonvulsant profile respectively.Results:Substantial safety was observed for SLO in acute toxicity test.SLO showed a high significant activity in acetic acid induced writhing test in a dose dependent manner with maximum pain attenuation of 68.48%at 200 mg/kg i.p.However,it did not produce any relief in thermal induced pain at test doses.When challenged against pyrexia evoked by yeast,SLO manifested marked amelioration in hyperthermic mice,dose dependently.Maximum anti-hyperthermic activity(75%)was observed at 200 mg/kg i.p.after 4 h of drug administration.Nevertheless,SLO had no effect on seizures control and mortality caused by pentylenetetrazole.Conclusions:In vivo studies of SLO showed prominent antinociceptive and antipyretic activities with ample safety profile and thus provided pharmacological base for the traditional uses of the plant in various painful conditions and pyrexia.Additional detail studies are required to ascertain its clinical application.

Characteristics of fever and response to antipyretic therapy in military personnel with adenovirus-positive community acquired pneumonia

Background:In 2014,an outbreak of adenoviral pneumonia occurred in the Korean military training center.However,there are limited data on the characteristics of the fever and its response to antipyretic therapy in immunocompetent adults with adenovirus-positive community-acquired pneumonia(CAP).Methods:The medical records of the patients who were admitted to the Armed Forces Chuncheon Hospital for the treatment of CAP between January 2014 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into three groups,namely,the adenovirus-positive(Adv)group,the adenovirus-negative(Non-Adv)group and the unknown pathogen group,according to the results of a polymerase chain reaction(PCR)test and sputum culture used to measure adenovirus and other bacteria or viruses in respiratory specimens.We evaluated and compared the demographics,clinicolaboratory findings and radiological findings upon admission between the two groups.Results:Out of the 251 military personnel with CAP during the study periods,67 were classified into the Adv group,while 134 were classified into the Non-Adv group and 50 were classified into the unknown pathogen group.The patients in the Adv group had a longer duration of fever after admission((3.2±1.6)d vs.(1.9±1.2)d vs.(2.2±1.5)d,P=0.018)and symptom onset((5.8±2.2)d vs.(3.9±2.5)d vs.(3.7±2.0)d,P=0.006)than patients in the Non-Adv and unknown pathogen groups,respectively.The patients in the Adv group had a higher mean temperature at admission(37.8±0.3 vs.37.3±0.3 vs.37.3±0.3,P=0.005),and more patients were observed over 40 and 39 to 40(14.9%vs.2.2%vs.4.0%,35.8%vs.3.7%vs.6.0%,P<0.001)than those in the Non-Adv and unknown pathogen groups,respectively.The Adv group more commonly had no response or exhibited adverse events after antipyretic treatment compared to the Non-Adv group(17.9%vs.1.5%,35.0%vs.4.3%,P<0.001,P=0.05,respectively).In addition,the time from admission to overall clinical stabilization was significantly longer in the patients in the Adv group than in those in the Non-Adv group((4.3±2.8)d vs.(2.9±1.8)d,P=0.034,respectively).Furthermore,no significant difference in the length of hospital stay was observed between the two groups,and no patient died in either group.Conclusions:In this study,Adv-positive CAP in immunocompetent military personnel patients had distinct fever characteristics and responses to antipyretic treatment.

Pharmacognostical,phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation for the antipyretic effect of the seeds of Saraca asoca Roxb.

Objective:To conduct a systemic evaluation of the medicinal value of seeds which include macroscopic and microscopic characterization,physiochomical evaluation,preliminary phylochemical screening and experimental antipyretic activity.Methods:Saraca asoca seed was studied for pharmacognostical,phytochemical and other recommended methods for standardizations.Also,the acetone extract of the seeds was evaluated for acute toxicity study and antipyretic activity using Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in Wislar rats at oral doses of 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg.Results:After phytochemical screening,the acetone extract showed the presence of saponin,tannins and flavonoids which inhibit pyrexia.The therapeutic efficacy achieved at both the dose levels of the research drug and standard drug aspirin(100 mg/kg)showed significant(P<0.01)antipyretic activity when compared to the control group.The highly significant antipyretic effect exhibited at the dose of 500 mg/kg was also found to be sustainable in nature.Conclusions:The antipyretic effect of the acetone extract showed significant results in rats at the dose of 500 mg/kg after following the standard pharmacognostical and phylochemieal met hods.

Diabetic retinopathy:Role of inflammation and potential therapies for anti-inflammation

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among working-age adults.Despite many years of research,treatment options for diabetic retinopathy remain limited and with adverse effects.Discovery of new molecular entities with adequate clinical activity for diabetic retinopathy remains one of the key research priorities in ophthalmology.This review is focused on the therapeutic effects of cannabidiol(CBD),a nonpsychoactive native cannabinoid,as an emerging and novel therapeutic modality in ophthalmology based on systematic studies in animal models of inflammatory retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy-a retinal disease associated with vascular-neuroinflammation.Special emphasis is placed on novel mechanisms which may shed light on the pharmacological activity asso c iated with CBD preclinically.These include a selfdefence system against inflammation and neurodegeneration mediated by inhibition of equilibrat ive nucleoside transporter and activation of adenosine receptor by treatment with CBD.

Neuroprotective mechanisms of rutin for spinal cord injury through anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation and inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway

Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） pathway is the most important member of the MAPK family that controls inflammation. We assumed that the mechanism of rutin in the repair of spinal cord injury is associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Allen’s method was used to establish a rat model of spinal cord injury. The rat model was intraperitoneally injected with rutin （30 mg/kg） for 3 days. After treatment with rutin, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor function scores increased. Water content, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels, p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 and -9 activities in T8–9 spinal cord decreased. Oxidative stress related markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased in peripheral blood. Rutin exerts neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway.

Anti-inflammation Activities of Essential Oil and Anti-microbial Activities Of Ethanol Extraction from China's Rosemary

Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.

Antipyretic and anticonvulsant activity of n-hexane fraction of viola betonicifolia

Objective:To investigate the antipyretic and anticonvulsant activities of n-hexane fraction of Viola betonicifolia(V.betonicifolia).Methods:The antipyretic effect was scrutinized using brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and anticonvlsion effect was tested using pentylenetetrazol and strychnine induced convulsion in mice.Results:N-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia demonstrated highly significant antipyretic activity during various assessment times(1-5 h)when challenged in yeast induced pyrexia test.The effect was in a dose dependent manner with maximum attenuation(82.50%)observed at 300 mg/kg i.p.When tested in pentylenetetrazol induced convulsion test,the 1st stage(Ear and facial twitching)and 2nd stage(Convulsive wave through the body)was 100%protected during 24 h at all the test doses(300,400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.),while the latency time of remaining stages was significantly increased.The maximum effect was observed by n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia at 400 and 500 mg/kg i.p.,as the latency time for generalized clonic-tonic seizure(5th stage)was increased up to 25.34 min.However,n-hexane fraction of V.betonicifolia had no protection in strychnine induced convulsion test.Conclusions:In conclusion,phytopharmacological studies provide scientific foundation to the folk uses of the plant in the treatment of pyrexia and neurological disorders.

Experimental studies on antipyretic,analgesic and antibacterial effects of GK 001,a poly-prescription of traditional chinese medicine

Objective To study the anti-inflammatory effect of a poly-prescription of traditional Chinese medicine GK001.Methods 1.Inhibitory effect on pain in mice:The pain was induced by i.p.0.2 ml of 0.6% HAc per mouse 1 h post dosing GK001.The writhing numbers of mice were recorded in 10 minutes and the inhibitory rate of pain was calculated compared with the control group.2.Antipyretic effect In single dose experiment 15 healthy rabbits weighing 1.7-2.8 kg with body temperature(BT)measured in the experiment day meeting to the requirements were selected for the experiment and divided into 5 groups(3 in each group),which were dosed orally with GK001 and 1 h later followed by i.p.injection of 40 EU bacterial endotoxin standard·kg-1.Then,the BT of rabbits was measured every 30 min during 1-3 h after administration.The difference between the highest BT post-dose and the average BT pre-dose was calculated.In multi-dose experiment rabbits were selected and grouped as well as received i.p.endotoxin in the same way as above,but were administered with GK001 for consecutive 5 day.3.Bacteriostatic effect.The antibacterial activities of GK001 on Bacillus Pumilus,Bacillus Subtilis and Micrococcus Luteus were measured in vitro at concentrations of 0.125-1.0 g·mL-1.Results 1.The GK001 showed a significant and dose-dependent pain-suppressant effect,with inhibitory rate being 45.2%,31.2% and 20.8% at high,medium and low dose,respectively(P<0.05).2.Both single and multiple administration of GK001 had no effect on rabbit pyrogen response caused by endotoxin.3.GK001 had bacteriostatic effects on the aforementioned 3 bacteria significantly and in dose-dependent fashion.Conclusions GK001 has analgesic and in vitro antibacterial but no antipyretic effects.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of the Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae)

C. ambrosioides is a Congolese medicinal plant used in the treatment of several pathologies. This work was initiated to evaluate the analgesic and antipyretic effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of C. ambrosioides. Analgesic effect was evaluated by using the acetic acid-induced writhing, the Tilk Flick test as well as the pain induced by formaldehyde. The results obtained showed that the aqueous extract significantly reduces the number of abdominal writhes (p C. ambrosioides (400 and 600 mg/kg) compared to control group (saline water). This result suggests an antipyretic effect. Chemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavones and mucilage. The presence of alkaloids and flavones could explain the analgesic and antipyretic effects attributed to this aqueous extract.

Study on Quality Standards of Children Antipyretic Lotion

[Objectives]To establish suitable quality standards of children antipyretic lotion.[Methods]Qualitative identification was performed for Paederia scandens and Artemisia carvifolia in Children Antipyretic Lotion by thin-layer chromatography(TLC),and the content of paederosidic acid in children antipyretic lotion was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Besides,chromatographic column Feinigen XPeonyx C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),mobile phase was used,gradient elution was carried out with acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid aqueous solution,the detection wavelength was 236 nm,the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,the column temperature was 30℃,and the injection volume was 10μL.[Results]The thin-layer chromatography of P.scandens and A.carvifolia reference materials showed clear spots,good separation effect,strong specificity,and no interference in the limit control;paederosidic acid showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0.65-9.75μg(R2=0.9996),the average sample recovery rate was 99.72%(RSD=2.52%).[Conclusions]The qualitative and quantitative methods established in this experiment are simple,reproducible,and the results are accurate and reliable,and can be applied as a quality control method for children antipyretic lotions.