Recent progress on fabrication, spectroscopy properties, and device applications in Sn-doped CdS micro-nano structures

One-dimensional semiconductor materials possess excellent photoelectric properties and potential for the construction of integrated nanodevices. Among them, Sn-doped CdS has different micro-nano structures, including nanoribbons,nanowires, comb-like structures, and superlattices, with rich optical microcavity modes, excellent optical properties, and a wide range of application fields. This article reviews the research progress of various micrometer structures of Sn-doped CdS, systematically elaborates the effects of different growth conditions on the preparation of Sn-doped CdS micro-nano structures, as well as the spectral characteristics of these structures and their potential applications in certain fields. With the continuous progress of nanotechnology, it is expected that Sn-doped CdS micro-nano structures will achieve more breakthroughs in the field of optoelectronics and form cross-integration with other fields, jointly promoting scientific, technological, and social development.

Superamphiphobic, light-trapping FeSe2 particles with a micro-nano hierarchical structure obtained by an improved solvothermal method

Wettability and the light-trapping effect of FeSe2 particles with a micro-nano hierarchical structure have been inves- tigated. Particles are synthesized by an improved solvothermal method, wherein hexadecyl trimetbyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） is employed as a surfactant. After modifying the particles with heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxy-silane （HTMS）, we find that the water contact angle （WCA） of the FeSe2 particles increases by 6.1~ and the water sliding angle （WSA） decreases by 2.5~ respectively, and the diffuse reflectivity decreases 29.4% compared with similar FeSe2 particles synthe- sized by the conventional method. The growth process of the particles is analyzed and a growth scenario is given. Upon altering the PH values of the water, we observe that the superhydrophobic property is maintained quite consistently across a wide PH range of 1-14. Moreover, the modified particles were also found to be superoleophobic. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic research on the wettability of FeSe2 particles, so our research provides a reference for other researchers.

Investigation on Surface Plasmon Polaritons and Localized Surface Plasmon Production Mechanism in Micro-Nano Structures

The simulation mechanism of surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs)and localized surface plasmon(LSP)in different structures was studied,including the Au reflection grating(Au grating),Au substrate with dielectric ribbons grating(Au substrate grating),and pure electric conductor(PEC)substrate with Au ribbons grating(Au ribbons grating).And the characteristics of the Smith-Purcell radiation in these structures were presented.Simulation results show that SPPs are excited on the bottom surface of Au substrate grating grooves and LSP is stimulated on the upper surface both of Au ribbons grating grooves and Au grating grooves.Owing to the irreconcilable contradiction between optimizing the grating diffraction radiation efficiency and optimizing the SPPs excitation efficiency in the Au substrate grating,only 40-times enhancement of the radiation intensity was obtained by excited SPPs.However,the LSP enhanced structure overcomes the above problem and gains much better radiation enhancement ability,with about 200-times enhancement obtained in the Au ribbons grating and more than 500-times enhancement obtained in the Au grating.The results presented here provide a way of developing miniature,integratable,tunable,high-power-density radiation sources from visible light to ultraviolet rays at room temperature.

Potential application of functional micro-nano structures in petroleum

This paper takes micro-nano motors and metamaterials as examples to introduce the basic concept and development of functional micro nano structures, and analyzes the application potential of the micro-nano structure design and manufacturing technology in the petroleum industry. The functional micro-nano structure is the structure and device with special functions prepared to achieve a specific goal. New functional micro-nano structures are classified into mobile type(e.g. micro-nano motors) and fixed type(e.g. metamaterials), and 3 D printing technology is a developed method of manufacturing. Combining the demand for exploration and development in oil and gas fields and the research status of intelligent micro-nano structures, we believe that there are 3 potential application directions:(1) The intelligent micro-nano structures represented by metamaterials and smart coatings can be applied to the oil recovery engineering technology and equipment to improve the stability and reliability of petroleum equipment.(2) The smart micro-nano robots represented by micro-motors and smart microspheres can be applied to the development of new materials for enhanced oil recovery, effectively improving the development efficiency of heavy oil, shale oil and other resources.(3) The intelligent structure manufacturing technology represented by 3 D printing technology can be applied to the field of microfluidics in reservoir fluids to guide the selection of mine flooding agents and improve the efficiency of mining.

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of micro-nano structured Li Fe1-xMnxPO4/C(0≤x≤0.05)cathode for lithium-ion batteries

Micro-nano structured Li Fe（1-x）MnxPO4/C（0≤x≤0.05）cathodes were prepared by spray drying,followed by calcination at 700°C.The spherical Li Fe（1-x）MnxPO4/C（0≤x≤0.05）particles with the size of 0.5 to5.0μm are composed of lots of nanoparticles of 20 to 30 nm,and have the well-developed interconnected pore structure.In contrast,when Mn doping content is 3 mol%（x=0.03）,the Li Fe（0.97）Mn（0.03）PO4/C demonstrates maximum specific surface area of 31.30 m^2/g,more uniform pore size and relatively better electrochemical performance.The initial discharge capacities are 161.59,157.04 and 153.13 m Ah/g at a discharge rate of 0.2,0.5 and 1 C,respectively.Meanwhile,the discharge capacity retentions are～100%after 120 cycles.The improved electrochemical performance should be attributed to higher specific surface,smaller polarization voltage,and a high Li~＋diffusion rate due to the micro-nano porous structure and lattice expansion produced by Mn doping.

Micro-nanostructural designs of bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries

Water-based rechargeable metal-air batteries play an important role in the storage and conversion of renewable electric energy.However,the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)have limited the practical application of rechargeable metal-air batteries.Most of reviews were focused on single functional electrocatalysts while few on bifunctional electrocatalysts.It is indispensable but challenging to design a bifunctional electrocatalyst that is active and stable to the two reactions.Recently,attempts to develop high active bifunctional electrocatalysts for both ORR and OER increase rapidly.Much work is focused on the micro-nano design of advanced structures to improve the performance of bifunctional electrocatalyst.Transition-metal materials,carbon materials and composite materials,and the methods developed to prepare micro-nano structures,such as electrochemical methods,chemical vapor deposition,hydrothermal methods and template methods are reported in literatures.Additionally,many strategies,such as adjustments of electronic structures,oxygen defects,metal-oxygen bonds,interfacial strain,nano composites,heteroatom doping etc.,have been used extensively to design bifunctional electrocatalysts.To well understand the achievements in the recent literatures,this review focuses on the micro-nano structural design of materials,and the related methods and strategies are classed into two groups for the improvement of intrinsic and apparent activities.The fine adjustment of nano structures and an in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism are also discussed briefly.

Fabrication of Anti-reflecting Si Nano-structures with Low Aspect Ratio by Nano-sphere Lithography Technique

Nano-structured photon management is currently an interesting topic since it can enhance the optical absorption and reduce the surface reflection which will improve the performance of many kinds of optoelectronic devices, such as Si-based solar cells and light emitting diodes. Here, we report the fabrication of periodically nano-patterned Si structures by using polystyrene nano-sphere lithography technique. By changing the diameter of nano-spheres and the dry etching parameters, such as etching time and etching power, the morphologies of formed Si nano-structures can be well controlled as revealed by atomic force microscopy.A good broadband antireflection property has been achieved for the formed periodically nano-patterned Si structures though they have the low aspect ratio(<0.53). The reflection can be significantly reduced compared with that of flat Si substrate in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 1200 nm. The weighted mean reflection under the AM1.5 solar spectrum irradiation can be as low as 3.92% and the corresponding optical absorption is significantly improved, which indicates that the present Si periodic nano-structures can be used in Si-based thin film solar cells.

Generalized model for laser-induced surface structure in metallic glass

The details of the special three-dimensional micro-nano scale ripples with a period of hundreds of microns on the surfaces of a Zr-based and a La-based metallic glass irradiated separately by single laser pulse are investigated.We use the small-amplitude capillary wave theory to unveil the ripple formation mechanism through considering each of the molten metallic glasses as an incompressible viscous fluid.A generalized model is presented to describe the special morphology,which fits the experimental result well.It is also revealed that the viscosity brings about the biggest effect on the monotone decreasing nature of the amplitude and the wavelength of the surface ripples.The greater the viscosity is,the shorter the amplitude and the wavelength are.

Reservoir micro structure of Da'anzhai Member of Jurassic and its petroleum significance in Central Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and quantitative examination of pore size and geometry using mercury injection,nano-CT and nitrogen adsorption,reservoir rock of Da’anzhai Member were divided into 9 types,while storage spaces were divided into 4 types and 14 sub-types.The study shows that sparry coquina is the most promising reservoir type.Pores that smaller than 1μm in diameter contribute 91.27%of storage space volume.Most of them exhibit slot-like geometry with good connectivity.By building up storage space models,it was revealed that micron scale storage spaces mainly composed of fractures and nanometer scale pores and fractures form multi-scale dual porosity system.Low resource abundance,small single well controlled reserve,and low production are related to the nano-scale pore space in Da’anzhai Memer,whereas the dual-porosity system composed of pores and fractures makes for long-term oil yield.Due to the existence of abundant slot-like pore space and fractures,economic tight oil production was achieved without stimulations.

Evolution of template-assisted two-dimensional porphyrin chiral grating structure by directed self-assembly using chiral second harmonic generation microscopy

Directed self-assembly has been used to create micro-nano scale patterns,including chiral periodic structures of organic molecules,for potential applications in optics,photonics,metamaterials,and medical and sensing technologies.This study presents a straightforward approach for fabricating large-scale chiral grating porphyrin assemblies through template-assisted techniques.The solution of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin(TPPS)was induced by chiral amino acids(L/D-arginine and L/D-serine)to selfassemble into highly ordered chiral grating structures with the assistance of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).The structures show precise line widths(5.5μm)and gaps(18μm).Using in situ optical microscopy and second harmonic generation(SHG)microscopy,the chiral characteristics and dynamic evolution of the template-assisted self-assembly are investigated.It is found that the chirality of amino acids induced TPPS self-assembled into chiral structures and the liquid contraction interface significantly enhanced the chirality of the assemblies.This study is significant for understanding the mechanism of chiral evolution and designing novel micro-nano materials with predetermined chiral properties.

Surface Micro-Nano Structures on GaN Thin Films Induced by 355 nm Nanosecond Laser Irradiation

Gallium nitride(GaN)has widespread applications in the semiconductor industry because of its desirable optoelectronic properties.The fabrication of surface structures on GaN thin films can effectively modify their optical and electrical properties,providing additional degrees of freedom for controlling GaN-based devices.Compared with lithography-based techniques,laser processing is maskless and much more efficient.This paper shows how surface micronano structures can be produced on GaN thin films using 355 nm nanosecond laser irradiation.The effects of the laser pulse energy,number of pulses,and polarization direction were studied.It was found that distinct micro-nano structures were formed under different irradiation conditions,and their geometries and elemental compositions were analyzed.The results indicate that different types of surface micro-nano structures can be produced on GaN thin films in a controllable manner using 355 nm nanosecond laser irradiation.The results of our study provide valuable guidance for the surface modification of GaN-based optoelectronic devices.

Directionally tailoring micro-nano hierarchical tower structured Mn_(0.6)Ni_(1.4)Co_(2)O_(y) toward solar interfacial evaporation

Solar interfacial evaporation has been considered as a promising method to alleviate fresh water re-sources shortage.The shortage of freshwater resources requires advanced materials that can accelerate the evaporation of water by the sun.However,the simple structure of photothermal materials are vitally restricted by finite light absorption.Herein,this work presents a strategy for the synthesis of a spinel-type micro-nano hierarchical tower structure solar absorbent(Mn_(0.6)Ni_(1.4)Co_(2)O_(y))with the low forbidden band(=1.56 eV)and high absorption(97.88%).The products show great potential in solar-thermal energy conversion by creating a trapping effect.The prepared solar absorbent and epoxy resin are evenly mixed and then fully immersed in polyurethane(PU)sponge for water evaporation.The hydrophilic and porous Mn_(0.6)Ni_(1.4)Co_(2)O_(y)@PU sponge can quickly deliver water upwards,suppress the heat loss,and concentrate the absorbed heat on the evaporation of water.The products exhibited an excellent evaporation rate of 2.261 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) and an impressive evaporation efficiency of 156%under a single sun exposure.Besides,the samples also can maintain the stability and recycling performance for a long time.These findings show that Mn_(0.6)Ni_(1.4)Co_(2)O_(y) have great application prospects in the solar interfacial evaporation.

ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic film prepared by the three-step method

The hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf is mainly due to its surface micro-nano composite structure. In order to mimic the lotus structure, ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic films were prepared via the three-step method. On thin buffer films of SiO2, which were first fabricated on glass substrates by the so,gel dip-coating method, a ZnO seed layer was deposited via RF magnetron sputtering. Then two different ZnO films, micro-nano and micro-only flowerlike structures, were grown by the hydrothermal method. The prepared films have different hydrophobic properties after surface modification. The structures of the obtained ZnO films were characterized using x-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A conclusion that a micro-nano composite structure is more beneficial to hydrophobicity than a micro-only structure was obtained through research into the effect of structure on hydrophobic properties.

环空流体强化自激脉冲淹没水射流调制与破煤特性

针对下向孔淹没水射流卸压增透技术的瓶颈问题,即冲击力弱、破煤效率低、冲割煤量少、适应性差等,提出了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流下向孔破煤增透思想和原理,以破除孔底压持效应和水垫增阻效应,提高淹没状态水射流的冲击力和破煤效率。采用大涡模拟、打击力测试和冲击釜破煤实验等研究方法,研究了淹没条件下环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的高效调制和破煤特性。首先建立了适用于煤矿下向孔增透的环空流体强化自激脉冲喷嘴物理模型,优化了喷嘴结构参数;然后研制了淹没脉冲射流高频打击力测试系统和环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流喷嘴,量化分析了环空流体强化自激脉冲喷嘴在淹没环境中的打击力和流场特性;最后研发了淹没水射流破煤实验系统,开展了淹没水射流破煤实验,揭示了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的破煤特性。研究结果表明:在煤矿下向孔工程条件下,由两侧带有自吸口的亥姆赫兹型自激脉冲喷嘴能够有效产生环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流,最优喷嘴结构参数为上喷嘴直径d1=3 mm、壁面碰撞角α=120°、下喷嘴直径d2=3.6 mm、振荡腔腔长L=10.5 mm、振荡腔腔径D=27 mm、引入口直径d3=4.2 mm,泵压为10 MPa时卷吸环空水量最大值为0.28 L/s,平均0.19 L/s;泵压相同时环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流与自激脉冲水射流主频相近,环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的主频为253~285 Hz,而自激脉冲水射流的主频为251~282 Hz;环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的峰值打击力分别为自激脉冲水射流、连续射流峰值打击力的1.05~1.08倍和1.63~1.89倍,平均打击力是自激脉冲水射流的1.09~1.16倍,反映了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流在淹没状态下能够持续产生较大的打击力,具有良好的脉冲射流特性;相同泵压和靶距条件下,环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流比自激脉冲水射流、连续水射流对煤样的破坏效果更强;环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流具备良好的冲蚀煤体破坏效果,约88.65%的煤渣粒度在8 mm以下,当泵压为10 MPa,靶距为10d1时,冲蚀时间为10 s,射流对煤样的冲蚀作用最佳,冲蚀深度47.32 mm,冲蚀体积15.7 cm3。研究成果不仅可破解煤矿下向孔水射流增透的瓶颈问题,同时具有少掘岩巷、节省成本的优势,有望替代和超越上向孔水射流卸压增透,在煤矿瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气开发领域,具有广阔的应用前景。

循环等离子体击穿受载煤体电学响应及孔隙结构演化规律

煤层增透是提高瓦斯高效抽采效率、降低瓦斯灾害事故的关键,以物理放电为基础的等离子体是煤层增透的有效手段之一。但以往的研究集中在单次击穿煤体孔-裂隙结构的表征,忽略了等离子体对煤体的极化效应,对循环等离子体作用下受载煤体电学性质及孔隙结构的演化特征缺乏深入研究。为此,对多个煤样进行了循环等离子体击穿实验,结合高压衰减棒和罗氏线圈监测了击穿煤体过程中的电压、电流波形,并分析了预击穿周期、等离子体击穿周期、波峰个数、峰值电压、峰值电流及能量转化效率等电学参数的变化规律;采用低场核磁共振方法测试了击穿1次、5次、10次、15次、20次条件下小孔、中孔、大孔及微小裂隙的演化规律;结合几何分形理论对击穿煤体渗流孔分形维数进行了探讨。研究结果表明,预击穿周期仅有首次放电是千微秒级别,之后会“断崖式”下降至几十微秒,而等离子体击穿周期则随着击穿次数的增加呈现出“阶梯式”的增长;能量转化效率维持在28.7%~55.9%,呈现出先快速增加后趋于平稳的趋势,说明等离子体对煤体电学性质的极化效应是有限的;煤体内部中孔、大孔的增长幅度最为明显,部分微小裂隙结构会实现从无到有的突破,表明等离子体对瓦斯的渗流会有显著的改善效果;分形维数在击穿后呈现出降低的趋势,则从孔-裂隙空间维度的角度证实了击穿煤体内原本孤立的孔隙结构会被裂隙沟通;孔隙率与能量转化效率变化趋势的相似性表明等离子体对煤体电学性质产生了影响,煤体电学性质发生改变后又会对等离子体通道的分布产生影响。

Micro-nano structured functional coatings deposited by liquid plasma spraying

Inspired by the micro-nano structure on the surface of biological materials or living organisms,micro-nano structure has been widely investigated in the field of functional coatings.Due to its large specific surface area,porosity,and dual-scale structure,it has recently attracted special attention.The typical fabrication processes of micro-nano structured coatings include sol-gel,hydrothermal synthesis,chemical vapor deposition,etc.This paper presents the main features of a recent deposition and synthesis technique,liquid plasma spraying(LPS).LPS is an important technical improvement of atmospheric plasma spraying.Compared with atmospheric plasma spraying,LPS is more suitable for preparing functional coatings with micro-nano structure.Micro-nano structured coatings are mainly classified into hierarchical-structure and binary-structure.The present study reviews the preparation technology,structural characteristics,functional properties,and potential applications of LPS coatings with a micro-nano structure.The micro-nano structured coatings obtained through tailoring the structure will present excellent performances.

Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator from Micro-nano Structured Polydimethylsiloxane

Triboelectric nanogenerator（TENG） can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Single-friction-surface triboelectric nanogenerator（STENG） extends poten- tial application because a finger can be used as one friction surface in the contact electrification. In this work, a fully flexible STENG has been made, consisting of polydimethylsiloxane（PDMS） with micro-nano structures on its ob- serve side and a flexible electrode on its reverse side. The femtosecond laser ablation was introduced to make micro-nano structures on PDMS and Ag nanowires（Ag NWs） were embedded in PDMS to serve as flexible induction electrode. It has been demonstrated that the energy conversion efficiency increases greatly because of the existing micro-nano structures on PDMS. Further, the mechanism of STENG was proved. Owing to the fully flexible charac- teristics in both the electrode and PDMS, STENG works well when it is adhered on any subject, for example, on clothes by tape.

Structure induced wide range wettability:Controlled surface of micro-nano/nano structured copper films for enhanced interface

The wettability of materials used in the production of devices employed in various technological domains have attracted significant attentions.Therefore,it is important to design the surfaces of these materials such that they can provide the required surface free energy and simplify the interfacial structure.Herein,various Cu films with a highly controllable surface wettability and a wide range of contact angles ranging from 6°to 152°were fabricated,and the corresponding mechanism was discussed.A wide range of wettability was realized by controlling the surface structure of the Cu film.The nanogap structure of the vertical nanowire-array film led to a high surface free energy.Similarly,the oblique nanowirearray film increased the surface free energy;however,the surface free energy was dependent on the size of the nanowires rather than on the nanogaps owing to the crystallinity of the film.Additionally,cluster-nanowire-array films were designed to realize a wettability transition from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity with a constant surface free energy.The Cu foam possessed a superhydrophilic surface owing to its high porosity,whereas the cluster-nanoparticle structure possessed a superhydrophobic surface.In addition,we noted that the structure-induced wettability played an important role in tuning the semiconductor and metal interfacial stress and simplifying the interfacial structure.Furthermore,the outstanding electrical conductivity of the Cu films indicates its promising potential as an electrode.The structure-induced wettability proposed in this study can be applied for a wide range of materials,particularly for films used for advanced applications.

Osteogenic and antibacterial ability of micro-nano structures coated with ZnO on Ti-6Al-4V implant fabricated by two-step laser processing

The biological performance of Ti-6Al-4V implant is primarily determined by their surface properties.However,traditional surface modification methods,such as acid etching,hardly make improvement in their osseointegration ability and antibacterial capacity.In this study,we prepared a multi-scale composite structure coated with zinc oxide(ZnO)on Ti-6Al-4V implant by an innovative technology of two-step laser processing combined with solution-assistant.Compared with the acid etching method,the physicochemical properties of surface significantly improved.The in vitro results showed that the particular dimension of micro-nano structure and the multifaceted nature of ZnO synergistically affected MC3T3-E1 osteogenesis and bacterial activities:(1)The surface morphology showed a‘contact guidance'effect on cell arrangement,which was conducive to the adhesion of filopodia and cell spreading,and the osteogenesis level of MC3T3-E1 was enhanced due to the release of zinc ions(Zn^(2+));(2)the characterization of bacterial response revealed that periodic nanostructures and Zn^(2+)released could cause damage to the cell wall of E.coli and reduce the adhesion and aggregation of S.aureus.In conclusion,the modified surface showed a synergistic effect of physical topography and chemical composition,making this a promising method and providing new insight into bone defect repairment.

Micro-nano structured VNb_(9)O_(25)anode with superior electronic conductivity for high-rate and long-life lithium storage

The oxygen vacancies and micro-nano structure can optimize the electron/Li+migration kinetics in anode materials for lithium batteries(LIBs).Here,porous micro-nano structured VNb_(9)O_(25)composites with rich oxygen vacancies were reasonably prepared via a facile solvothermal method combined with annealing treatment at 800℃for 30 h(VNb_(9)O_(25)-30 h).This micro-nano structure can enhance the contact of active material/electrolyte,and shorten the Li+diffusion distance.The introduction of oxygen vacancies can further boosts the intrinsic conductivity of VNb_(9)O_(25)-30 h for achieving excellent LIB performance.The as-prepared VNb_(9)O_(25)-30 h anode showed advanced rate capability with reversible capacity of 122.2 m A h g^(-1)at 4 A g^(-1),and delivered excellent capacity retention of~100%after 2000 cycles.Meanwhile,VNb_(9)O_(25)-30 h provides unexpected long-cycle life(i.e.,reversible capacity of 165.7 m A h g^(-1)at 1 A g^(-1)with a high capacity retention of 85.6%even after 8000 cycles).Additionally,coupled with the Li Fe PO4 cathode,the Li Fe PO4//VNb_(9)O_(25)-30 h full cell delivers superior LIB properties with high reversible capacities of 91.6 m A h g^(-1)at 5 C for 1000 cycles.Thus,such reasonable construction method can assist in other high-performance niobium-based oxides in LIBs.