Correlation of human immunodeficiency virus and antiretroviral therapy with cardiac disorders

The occurrence of cardiovascular illness in the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)community is increasing,with a particular focus on coronary heart disease.Patients infected with HIV have a higher risk of myocardial infarction compared to the general population in modern countries due to the development of effective antiretroviral medications and increased life expectancy.Those not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy(ART)may experience common cardiac consequences,including myocarditis,dilated cardiomyopathy,endocarditis,pulmonary hypertension,pericardial effusion,and cardiotoxicity associated with non-antiretroviral drugs.After the use of highly active ART,continuing immune activation and systemic inflammation seem to play a central role in this process.Recent studies suggest that protease inhibitors might negatively impact the progression of HIV-related heart failure(HF),which complicates the determination of the best therapy strategy for HIVassociated cardiomyopathy.The objective of this review is to examine the pathophysiology and correlation of various antiretroviral drugs leading to HIV-associated HF.Additionally,we explore the causes of HIV-associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,including the high frequency of classic cardiovascular risk factors in HIVinfected patients,as well as HIV-related factors like the use of ART and chronic inflammation despite successful treatment of HIV infection.Numerous studies have revealed that individuals living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome frequently experience HF.In conclusion,despite advancements in HIV care,HIV-infected individuals continue to face an increased risk of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis.Further research is necessary to comprehend the underlying causes and develop effective treatments for cardiovascular disease in this population.We also discuss the currently available therapeutic options and ongoing research to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease and inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.

Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Evidence from Bangladesh

Objective:Skin diseases are common and striking features of patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)and may vary considerably by ethnic and geographic regions and by the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART).However,little information exists regarding the cutaneous manifestations of patients with HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh.This study was performed to elucidate the spectrum of cutaneous disorders in patients with HIV/AIDS in the era of HAART.Materials:This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Chittagong Medical College Hospital,Bangladesh from January 2017 and December 2020.Diagnosed case of HIV/AIDS for HAART therapy and all cases of HIV/AIDS who are already on HAART therapy were included in this study.Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out by using frequencies and percentages.Results:Of 40 patients with HIV/AIDS,22(55.0%)were male and 18(45.0%)were female.The patients ranged in age from 8 to 60 years,with a mean age of 38±0.966 years.Among all age groups,the highest 19(47.5%)patients were in the 31-to 40-year age group.Most of the patients were migrant workers[22/40(55.0%)]with low socioeconomic status[32/40(80.0%)],and the most common transmission mode was heterosexual activity[36/40(90.0%)].Most of the patients[32/40(80.0%)]had mucocutaneous disorders,30/40(75.0%)had infective dermatoses,and 21/40(52.5%)had non-infective inflammatory dermatoses.Eight of forty(20.0%)patients presented with three or more skin disorders.The most common infective dermatoses were fungal infections[15/40(37.5%)],followed by viral infections[8/40(20.0%)],bacterial infections[4/40(10.0%)],and scabies[3/40(7.5%)].The most common non-infective dermatosis was generalized pruritus[6/40(15.0%)],followed by prurigo simplex[4/40(10.0%)],psoriasis[4/40(10.0%)],eczema[3/40(7.5%)],pruritic papular eruption[1/40(2.5%)],seborrheic dermatitis[1/40(2.5%)],urticaria[1/40(2.5%)],and xerosis[1/40(2.5%)].Patients treated with HAART had decreased rates of oral candidiasis and herpes simplex but increased rates of drug reactions[19/40(47.5%)].The most common drug eruption following HAART was a morbilliform rash[11/40(27.5%)],and the most common offending agent was nevirapine.The prevalence of mucocutaneous disorders was higher in patients with a CD4 cell count of<200 cells/mm3.Conclusions:A wide range of mucocutaneous disorders is observed in Bangladeshi patients with HIV/AIDS,and HAART has an impact on the spectrum of HIV/AIDS-associated mucocutaneous disorders.Skin and mucocutaneous disorders are seen at every stage of HIV/AIDS and are the initial presentation in most patients in Bangladesh.There is a need for increased attention to the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases affecting the quality of life of patients withHIV/AIDS.

Study of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Patients Receiving Free Antiretroviral Therapy in China

To investigate the prevalence of drug-resistance mutations,resistance to antiretroviral drugs,and the subsequent virological response to therapy in treatment-naive and antiretroviral-treated patients infected with HIV/AIDS in Henan,China,a total of 431 plasma samples were collected in Queshan county between 2003 and 2004,from patients undergoing the antiretroviral regimen Zidovudine + Didanosine + Nevirapine(Azt+Ddi+Nvp).Personal information was collected by face to face interview.Viral load and genotypic drug resistance were tested.Drug resistance mutation data were obtained by analyzing patient-derived sequences through the HIVdb Program(http://hivdb.stanford.edu).Overall,38.5% of treatment-naive patients had undetectable plasma viral load(VL),the rate significantly increased to 61.9% in 0 to 6 months treatment patients(mean 3 months)(P<0.005)but again significantly decrease to 38.6% in 6 to 12 months treatment patients(mean 9 months)(P<0.001)and 40.0% in patients receiving more than 12 months treatment(mean 16 months)(P<0.005).The prevalence of drug resistance in patients who had a detectable VL and available sequences were 7.0%,48.6%,70.8%,72.3% in treatment-na?ve,0 to 6 months treatment,6 to 12 months treatment,and treatment for greater than 12 months patients,respectively.No mutation associated with resistance to Protease inhibitor(PI)was detected in this study.Nucleoside RT inhibitor(NRTI)mutations always emerged after non-nucleoside RT inhibitor(NNRTI)mutations,and were only found in patients treated for more than 6 months,with a frequency less than 5%,with the exception of mutation T215Y(12.8%,6/47)which occurred in patients treated for more than 12 months.NNRTI mutations emerged quickly after therapy begun,and increased significantly in patients treated for more than 6 months(P<0.005),and the most frequent mutations were K103N,V106A,Y181C,G190A.There had been optimal viral suppression in patients undergoing treatment for less than 6 months in Queshan,Henan.The drug resistance strains were highly prevalent in antiretroviral-treated patients,and increased with the continuation of therapy,with many patients encountering virological failure after 6 months therapy.

Immunological effect of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina and a known immune booster called immunace and their admixtures on HIV/AIDS clients:a comparative study

Objective:To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina(V.amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretrwiral therapy. Methods:Fresh V.amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State.The leaves were rinsed with distilled water.Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture.Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination.They took the medication for four weeks.The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients.Results:The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement.And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count.The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group(P<0.05).The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V.amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore,we suggest that the V.amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.

Changes in clinical indicators among human immunodeficiency virus patients who failed in antiretroviral therapy during 2004–2016 in Yunnan, China: an observational cohort study

Background:This study aimed to investigate the changes in the clinical indicators and influencing factors of treatment duration among human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patients in whom antiretroviral therapy(ART)was unsuccessful.Methods:In this retrospective study,a total of 9,418 HIV patients who failed in ART during 2004–2016 were included and divided into two treatment groups—Group 1(treatment time≤3 years,n1=5,218)and Group 2(treatment time>3 years,n2=4,200).Patient follow-up data,including age,cluster of differentiation 4(CD4)count,and viral load,glucose,creatinine,and triglyceride levels,were extracted from electronic health record databases.Covariance analysis for repeated measures was used to analyze the biochemical indicators,and multiple logistic regression modeling was used to compare relevant data extracted from the Group 1 and Group 2 HIV patient cohorts with different treatment time.Results:The median initial CD4 count was 175.0 cells/μl(interquartile range,77.0–282.0),while the initial CD4 counts for Group 1 were lower than those for Group 2(P<0.05).A significant interaction between group and time effects was observed(P<0.05)in total cholesterol(TC).Changes in hemoglobin level among HIV patients were also significantly associated with treatment time(P=0.001).The initial CD4 count(odds ratio[OR]=0.756),female sex(OR=0.713),Zerit(d4T)(OR=1.443),TC(OR=1.285),and aspartate aminotransferase level(OR=1.002)were significantly associated with the survival time of dead patients with HIV(P<0.05).Additionally,the initial CD4 count(OR=1.456),age(OR=1.022),time interval(OR=0.903),patient’s living status(OR=0.597),d4T(OR=2.256),and triglyceride(OR=0.930)and hemoglobin levels(OR=0.997)were significantly associated with the treatment time of HIV patients with drug withdrawal(P<0.05).Conclusion:The initial biochemical parameters can affect the survival and treatment time of HIV patients.With a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and biochemical indicators of patients,we can reduce the probability of drug withdrawal and prolong the survival time of HIV patients.

Need for improving quality of operating structures and processes for better ARV adherence for patients with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania and other African countries:an experience from Tanzania

Objective:The study was carried out in order to determine the following objectives:(1) To determine the proportion of patients who state achieving or not achieving optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) in selected Care and Treatment Sites in Arusha and Dares Salaam regions in Tanzania.(2) To identify factors such as structural,cultural or disease related contributing to sub-optimal adherence to antiretroviral(ARVs). (3) To assess quality of operating structures and processes for provision of antiretroviral(ARVs) in the selected healthcare facilities.(4) To document suggestions and proposals for improving ART adherence among ARV users.Methods:Data from 7 studied facilities(3 public and 4 private/or faith based) includes 207 interviews from ARV users,28 staff interview staff,26 observations during consultations,8 focus group discussions,10 key informant interviews,and stock checks in 6 facilities.The study design was a cross-sectional using both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques.Quantitative data were collected by using an adherence tool check list,while qualitative data were obtained using a consultation observation checklist,semi-structured interviews,focus group discussions(FGDs) and key informant interviews.Results:There were slight variations in the quality of operating structures and processes in the two studied regions.However results indicate that ARV adherence in Arusha region was comparatively similar to that of Dares Salaam.The composite adherence for one month in seven facilities was 90%and only 21%of ARV users achieved optimal adherence. Conclusion:The overall mean composite adherence rate of 90%in the two areas surveyed is encouraging. More efforts to improve the quality and processes of operating structures in our study facilities and others in Tanzania are heeded to ensure optimal adherence among the larger group(79%) of ARV users who are currently taking less than the critical 95%of their medications.

Approaches to antiretroviral therapy in China

China has recognized the threat of HIV to its population and responded with a national antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. However, high ART failure rates and the spread of resistance within populations are important realities to consider when developing and managing ART programs in China and worldwide. Concepts which will define treatment success and local and national programmatic goals are 1) access to ART, 2) durability of ART at the patient level, 3) scalability of treatment modalities, and the 4) sustainability of the program at the community or national level. In the face of limited resources, China must also consider when to start ARV therapy, which agents to use, when to switch them, and how to treat highly experienced patients with drug resistance. The optimal ARV regimen to start with is changing frequently with the introduction of new agents and the presentation of new data. Currently, a regimen including tenofovir, emtricitabine or lamivudine and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor appears to have optimal characteristics to treat HIV/AIDS in China. However, critical to all of these choices is the evaluation of programs implemented to insure wide scale success. China has wisely begun this process of evaluating the perfor- mance of local programs through systematic monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This will allow regi- mens and programs that work to be expanded, and programs with high failure rates to be eliminated. In the end, evidence based data supporting treatment strategies will allow China to successfully confront its AIDS epidemic early and prevent its tragic

长期抗反转录病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患者的生存状况及影响因素分析

目的分析长期抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)的HIV/AIDS患者的生存状况及其影响因素。方法从四川省艾滋病治疗信息管理系统中获取符合条件的病例资料,采用回顾性队列研究,寿命表法估算累积生存率,Kaplan-Meier(K-M)法绘制生存曲线,Cox比例风险回归模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果纳入HIV/AIDS患者630例,平均年龄(52.24±13.68)岁。全因死亡221例,平均生存时间139.37(95%CI 133.54~145.21)月。启动ART后第1、3、5、7、10年的累积生存率分别为0.89(95%CI 0.87~0.91)、0.82(95%CI 0.78~0.86)、0.77(95%CI 0.73~0.81)、0.71(95%CI 0.67~0.75)、0.66(95%CI 0.62~0.70)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型结果显示:女性患者的死亡风险是男性患者的0.57倍(95%CI 0.41~0.79);已婚或同居的患者和离异或分居的患者的死亡风险分别是未婚患者的2.07倍(95%CI 1.36~3.14)、2.50倍(95%CI 1.61~3.88);基线CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞51~200 cells/μl组和>200 cells/μl组患者的死亡风险分别是基线CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞≤50 cells/μl组患者的0.51倍(95%CI 0.36~0.73)和0.40倍(95%CI 0.28~0.56);基线CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞578~1169 cells/μl组患者的死亡风险是基线CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞≤577 cells/μl组患者的0.66倍(95%CI 0.48~0.90);基线病毒载量>1000 copies/ml组患者的死亡风险是基线病毒载量≤1000 copies/ml组的3.20倍(95%CI 2.44~4.20)。结论影响长期ART的HIV/AIDS患者生存时间的主要因素为性别、婚姻状况、基线CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞计数、基线CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞计数、基线病毒载量。尽早启动ART有利于延长生存时间。

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗后HIV/AIDS免疫无应答者研究进展

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HARRT)可显著降低病毒复制,重建HIV/AIDS患者的免疫功能。但仍有15%~30%的HIV-1感染者在病毒抑制到较低水平的情况下不能取得良好的免疫重建,我们称之为免疫无应答者。文章对其定义及发生因素进行综述,为攻克艾滋病免疫无应答梳理思路。

接受抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病心理痛苦现状及影响因素

目的:调查接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病心理痛苦现状及影响因素。方法:2022年3月—2022年6月,采用便利抽样法从北京地区艾滋病社会组织招募765例HIV/AIDS患者进行在线调查,调查内容为一般资料调查表和艾滋病心理痛苦量表。采用χ2检验、Fisher确切概率法和Logistic回归分析艾滋病心理痛苦的影响因素。结果:本次调查共收集有效数据765份,被调查HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病心理痛苦检出率83.27%。Logistic回归分析结果表明没有固定工作(OR=5.004,95%CI=1.867~13.410,P=0.001)、接受抗病毒治疗1~3年(OR=2.613,95%CI=1.354~5.044,P=0.004)、不按时服药(OR=31.277,95%CI=4.143~236.092,P=0.001)是艾滋病心理痛苦发生的危险因素,而已婚(OR=0.320,95%CI=0.187~0.550,P<0.001)、坚持使用安全套(OR=0.267,95%CI=0.127~0.563,P=0.001)、确诊时间长(OR=0.115,95%CI=0.024~0.550,P=0.007)、月收入>10000元(OR=0.265,95%CI=0.095~0.737,P=0.011)是保护性因素。结论:接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患者普遍存在艾滋病心理痛苦,其发生率较高,医护人员应重视艾滋病心理痛苦的评估,并及时对存在危险因素的患者进行干预,以期提高患者的生活质量。

Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Although the high burden of both active smoking and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)is clearly know n,the relati on ship between them is still not well characterized.Therefore,we estimated the global prevale nee of active smoking in people living with HIV(PLHIV)on antiretroviral therapy(ART)and investigated the association between exposure to active smoking and risk for suboptimal adherence to ART.Main text:We searched PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science to identify articles published until September 19,2019.Eligible studies reported the prevalence of active smoking in PLHIV on ART or investigated the association between active smoking and ART adherence;or enough data to compute these estimates.

HIV/AIDS病人高效抗逆转录病毒治疗效果的临床评价

目的评价目前高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）方案的疗效。方法应用国家免费提供的抗病毒治疗药品，对符合治疗条件的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者／艾滋病（AIDS）病人进行规范的抗病毒治疗，并检测病人的病毒载量及CD4^＋淋巴细胞。结果对接受HAART 12个月后的98例病人测定病毒载量，平均病毒载量为（2．03±0．17）log10拷贝／ml，其中53人（58．24％）治疗24个月后血浆中检测不到HIV。98例病人的CD4^＋T淋巴细胞均不同程度升高，平均增高（197．27±51．71）个/μl（19～506个/μl）；治疗2年以上者CD4^＋淋巴细胞平均升高（235．92±77．45）个/μl。病人机会性感染得到明显控制，能从事中重度体力劳动的比例，由治疗前的15．31％上升到治疗后的32．65％。结论抗病毒治疗效果显著，HIV／AIDS病人生活质量得到明显改善。符合治疗条件的病人应及早进行规范的抗病毒治疗。

清毒胶囊对HIV/AIDS患者HAART后不同基线CD_4^+人群免疫重建的影响

目的:探讨高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)后,不同基线CD_4^+T淋巴计数的HIV/AIDS患者服用清毒胶囊后的免疫功能状态及综合疗效。方法:选择HAART治疗2年以上的128例HIV/AIDS患者,按照患者基线CD_4^+值分为A、B、C、D、E共5组:A组25例,患者CD_4^+基线值≤100个/μL;B组25例,患者CD_4^+基线值在100~200个/μL之间;C组26例,CD_4^+基线值在200~350个/μL之间;D组25例,CD_4^+基线值在350~500个/μL之间,E组27例,CD_4^+基线值在500个/μL以上。各组患者均给予清毒胶囊6粒,2次/d,连服6个月治疗。观察各组患者治疗前后CD_4^+、CD_8^+数值,WHO-HIV生存质量评分,综合疗效水平,并对患者安全性进行评估。结果:治疗3个月起,A、B、C 3组患者的CD_4^+水平较基线值显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);D、E两组患者CD_4^+水平较治疗前有一定升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.01);比较CD_8^+淋巴细胞计数,各组患者较基线值无统计学意义(P>0.01);与基线时比较,各组患者生存质量评分、综合疗效均明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗过程中各组患者均无严重不良事件的发生。结论:清毒胶囊可以有效提高HIV/AIDS患者综合治疗效果,改善生活质量,对基线CD_4^+低于350个/μL患者有良好的促免疫功能重建作用。

HAART对HIV感染者／AIDS病人短期生活质量影响研究

目的探讨艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者／艾滋病（AIDS）病人接受抗病毒治疗6个月时，生活质量有无变化。方法给予安徽省两地40名HIV感染者／AIDS病人高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART），应用病历报告表的形式收集参加治疗病人的人口学信息、流行病学、临床及实验室检查信息，同时采用MOS-HIV量表，对病人治疗前和治疗6个月时生活质量进行调查，对相关数据进行统计分析。结果40名HIV感染者／AIDS病人平均年龄（42．2±8．8）岁（26～62岁），治疗前CD4平均为（197±41）个／μl（94～271），治疗6个月时体重平均增加（5．1±4．5）kg（t=7．24，P〈0．01），CD4平均增加（122±109）个/μl（t=7．07，P〈0．01）。采用MOS-HIV量表评定，病人躯体状况及精神状况在治疗后均有显著改善；维度分析显示，在健康感知、认知功能、疼痛、精神健康、精力与劳累、健康压力、生活状况、健康的变化方面，治疗前后的差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论抗病毒治疗6个月时病人CD4细胞计数明显升高、体重增加、生活质量改善，躯体及精神状况均有所提高。

家庭关怀度对接受高效联合抗反转录病毒治疗HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性影响的研究

目的 :分析家庭关怀度对接受高效联合抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)的HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性的影响。方法 :便利抽取112例在门诊接受国家免费HAART 1~95个月的HIV/AIDS患者,采用家庭关怀指数问卷和Morisky用药依从性问卷(MMAS-8)调查其家庭关怀度及服药依从性,使用Logistic回归分析家庭关怀度及各维度对服药依从性的影响。结果 :HAART的HIV/AIDS患者家庭关怀度总分为(7.26±2.75)分,其中家庭关怀良好占62.5%;HAART的HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性得分为(6.94±1.20)分,其中依从性好占33.9%,中等及以下占66.1%;家庭关怀总分及家庭关怀度中的适应度、合作度影响患者服药依从性,是HIV/AIDS患者服药依从性的影响因素。结论 :家庭关怀度是影响HIV/AIDS患者HAART依从性的重要因素,可通过鼓励患者家属与其共同面对感染HIV的事实,共同作出服药的决定,及提高其解决问题的能力等方式,提高患者服药依从性。

108例HIV感染者/AIDS病人临床分析

目的了解艾滋病重点村艾滋病病毒(H IV)感染者和获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)临床表现的特点,及抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的效果。方法对H IV感染者和AIDS病人的流行病学和临床资料加以归纳总结。结果AIDS病人72例。28例进行了丙肝抗体检测,仅1例阴性。69例AIDS病人进行了抗逆转录病毒治疗,服药后34例患者出现了不同程度的不良反应,16例退出治疗,50例AIDS病人坚持抗病毒治疗半年至1年半临床症状改善率94%结论ART确实大大减轻了患者的临床症状,但不良反应较大,影响了患者的服药依从性,部分病人出现耐药,药物的组合和选择均受到限制,探索适合贫困地区抗逆转录病毒治疗的新路已是当务之急。

HIV/AIDS治疗研究进展

高效抗反转录病毒治疗(highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)是目前针对HIV/AIDS公认有效的治疗方法,自应用于临床以来已取得了巨大的成功,但由于病毒潜伏库的存在,目前的HAART不能彻底清除HIV,因此需要改善现有疗法,以实现治愈AIDS的终极目标。本文对治疗HIV/AIDS的研究进展进行综述。

江苏省2013年新加入抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS流行病学特征分析

目的了解2013年江苏省新入组艾滋病免费抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS患者流行病学特征。方法收集2013年新接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS入组时基本资料,用SPSS 16.0软件进行分析。结果江苏省2013年新入组治疗2 065例HIV/AIDS,87.8%为本省籍,男女比6.2∶1,平均年龄(39.8±13.2)岁,已婚有配偶者占50.0%。来源以医疗机构发现为主,感染途径主要为男男性传播和异性性传播,两者合计占95.8%,入组时CD4+T水平中位数为218个/μL,在疾控中心治疗者占50.5%。开始治疗时间与确证时间间隔中位数为3.0月,logistic回归分析显示,年龄越大、CD4+T水平越低、临床分期越高时间间隔在1年内的比例越大;性传播途径的较经血液传播的时间间隔在1年内的比例大(P<0.05)。结论江苏省2013年艾滋病病人开始抗病毒治疗时机仍较晚。病人发现较晚是主要原因,HIV感染者早发现能力仍需加强。