A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses,as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses.The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions.This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures.Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation.Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines,allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape.The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet,China.The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect.The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5e1 m,and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1%of the sampling length.Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures,and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures.The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length,while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak.Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture,but generally follow the forms of normal,log-normal,and gamma distributions.This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation,which is of significant practical importance.

Effect of stress-dependent microannulus aperture on well leakage

Debonding at the cement-casing interface is recognized as a principal failure mechanism leading to CO_(2) leakage in wells.This detachment gives rise to a microannulus,which notably possesses greater permeability than undamaged cement,undermining its sealing efficacy.Conventionally,the permeability of the microannulus is regarded as a uniform value throughout the well.However,fundamentally,a microannulus is one type of fracture,and its gap or aperture size is affected by the effective stress.In this work,we developed a unique experimental apparatus.This equipment facilitates the curing of cement inside a steel casing,the formation of a microannulus between the casing and the cement,and the investigation of the fluid flow dynamics along the microannulus under laboratory-replicated in situ conditions.The microannulus was formed by injecting fluid from one end of the setup,and receiving similar amount of fluid on the other end signified the development of the leakage channel.Additionally,strain gauges affixed to the casing’s external surface yielded key information on the microannulus’s opening and closure.We observed a noticeable decline in microannulus hydraulic aperture(or permeability)in relation to effective stress and an exponential equation fits their relationship.Our findings also indicate a distinct behavior when comparing liquid CO_(2) with water.Specifically,it is easier for liquid CO_(2) to create the microannulus.However,the hydraulic aperture range for this microannulus(0.7-6 mm)is considerably smaller than that created by water flow(2-17 mm).Finally,we integrated the stressdependent microannulus aperture size into the combined analysis of well mechanical integrity and well leakage.The outcomes consistently demonstrated that when factoring in the stress-dependent aperture sizes,the leakage rates are 3e5 times compared to a fixed aperture model.The traditional assumption of a constant aperture significantly underestimates fluid leakage risks.

High-resolution photogrammetry to measure physical aperture of two separated rock fracture surfaces

Photogrammetry,reconstructing three-dimensional(3D)models from overlapping two-dimensional(2D)photos,finds application in rock mechanics and rock engineering to extract geometrical details of reconstructed objects,for example rock fractures.Fracture properties are important for determining the mechanical stability,permeability,strength,and shear behavior of the rock mass.Photogrammetry can be used to reconstruct detailed 3D models of two separated rock fracture surfaces to characterize fracture roughness and physical aperture,which controls the fluid flow,hydromechanical and shear behavior of the rock mass.This research aimed to determine the optimal number of scale bars required to produce high-precision 3D models of a fracture surface.A workflow has been developed to define the physical aperture of a fracture using photogrammetry.Three blocks of Kuru granite(25 cm×25 cm×10 cm)with an artificially induced fracture,were investigated.For scaling 3D models,321 markers were used as ground control points(GCPs)with predefined distances on each block.When the samples were wellmatched in their original positions,the entire block was photographed.Coordinate data of the GCPs were extracted from the 3D model of the blocks.Each half was surveyed separately and georeferenced by GCPs and merged into the same coordinate system.Two fracture surfaces were extracted from the 3D models and the vertical distance between the two surfaces was digitally calculated as physical aperture.Accuracy assessment of the photogrammetric reconstruction showed a 20-30 mm digital control distance accuracy when compared to known distances defined between markers.To attain this accuracy,the study found that at least 200 scale bars were required.Furthermore,photogrammetry was employed to measure changes in aperture under normal stresses.The results obtained from this approach were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using linear variable displacement transducers(LVDTs),with differences ranging from 1 mm to 8μm.

Modulated-ISRJ rejection using online dictionary learning for synthetic aperture radar imagery

In electromagnetic countermeasures circumstances,synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imagery usually suffers from severe quality degradation from modulated interrupt sampling repeater jamming(MISRJ),which usually owes considerable coherence with the SAR transmission waveform together with periodical modulation patterns.This paper develops an MISRJ suppression algorithm for SAR imagery with online dictionary learning.In the algorithm,the jamming modulation temporal properties are exploited with extracting and sorting MISRJ slices using fast-time autocorrelation.Online dictionary learning is followed to separate real signals from jamming slices.Under the learned representation,time-varying MISRJs are suppressed effectively.Both simulated and real-measured SAR data are also used to confirm advantages in suppressing time-varying MISRJs over traditional methods.

Synthetic Aperture Positioning: A Review

Obtaining precise position of interested emitters passively has wide applications in both civilian and military fields.Different from traditional parameter measurement and direct position determination(DPD)method,recently a new passive localization method based on synthetic aper-ture technique,named synthetic aperture positioning(SAP),has been proposed.The method com-pensates for the nonlinear phase produced by relative motion between the moving platform and the emitter,achieving coherent summation of intercepted signals.The SAP can obtain high-resolution and high-precision localization results at a low signal-to-noise ratio.This paper summarizes the research progress of SAP,including localization principles,spaceborne applications,and application scope analysis.Besides,the possible future outlook of SAP is considered.

High-Precision DOA Estimation Method Based on Synthetic Aperture Technique

The existing direction-of-arrival(DOA)estimation methods only utilize the current received signals,which are susceptible to noise.In this paper,a method for DOA estimation based on a motion platform is proposed to achieve high-precision DOA estimation by utilizing past and present signals.The concept of synthetic aperture is introduced to construct a linear DOA estima-tion model.A DOA fine-tuning method based on the linear model is proposed to eliminate the lin-ear DOA variation,achieving a non-coherent accumulation of DOA estimations.Moreover,the baseband modulation and the phase modulation caused by the range history are compensated to achieve the coherent accumulation of all the DOA estimations.Simulation results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the DOA estimated accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios(SNR).

A high-contrast imaging coronagraph for segmented-mirror large aperture telescopes using a spatial light modulator

The primary mirrors of current and future large telescopes always employ a segmented mirror configuration.The small but non-negligible gaps between neighboring segments cause additional diffraction,which restricts the performance of high-contrast coronagraph.To solve this problem,we propose a coronagraph system based on a single liquid crystal spatial light modulator(SLM).This spatial light modulator is used for amplitude apodization,and its feasibility and potential performance are demonstrated using a laboratory setup using the stochastic parallel gradient descent(SPGD)algorithm to control the spatial light modulator,which is based on point spread function(PSF)sensing and evaluation and optimized for maximum contrast in the discovery working area as a merit function.The system delivers a contrast in the order of 10−6,and shows excellent potential to be used in current and future large aperture telescopes,both on the ground and in space.

Real-Time Fracture Aperture Identification Using Mud Loss Data and Solution for LCM Combination

Managing server lost circulation is a major challenge of drilling operation in naturally fractured formations and it causes much nonproductive rig time. When encountered with loss, the fracture aperture intersecting the wellbore is not well-identified in time, which has a significant impact on the decision of drilling operation and the undesired result of loss curing. Therefore, the onset of fracture is identified in a timely manner and evaluated comprehensively to formulate an appropriate strategy over time. However, the mud loss date, which is the primary source of information retrieved from the drilling process, was not properly used in real-time prediction of fracture aperture. This article provides a detailed mathematical study to discuss the mechanism of mud invasion in the near-wellbore region and prediction of fracture aperture. The fracture aperture can be calculated from mud-loss data by solving a cubic equation with input parameters given by the well radius, the overpressure ratio, and the maximum mud-loss volume. It permits the proper selection of loss-circulation material (LCM) with respect to particle size distribution and fiber usage. The case study illustrates the applicability of this methodology with a discussion on LCM particle distribution in different scenarios and the result demonstrates the outcome of inappropriate LCM usage and the advantages of the novel fiber-based LCM treatment.

Aperture shape optimization in intensity-modulated radiation therapy planning

The gradient element of the aperture gradient map is utilized directly to generate the aperture shape without modulation.This process can be likened to choosing the direction of negative gradient descent for the generic aperture shape optimiza-tion.The negative gradient descent direction is more suitable under local conditions and has a slow convergence rate.To overcome these limitations,this study introduced conjugate gradients into aperture shape optimization based on gradient modulation.First,the aperture gradient map of the current beam was obtained for the proposed aperture shape optimiza-tion method,and the gradients of the aperture gradient map were modulated using conjugate gradients to form a modulated gradient map.The aperture shape was generated based on the modulated gradient map.The proposed optimization method does not change the optimal solution of the original optimization problem,but changes the iterative search direction when generating the aperture shape.The performance of the proposed method was verified using cases of head and neck cancer,and prostate cancer.The optimization results indicate that the proposed optimization method better protects the organs at risk and rapidly reduces the objective function value by ensuring a similar dose distribution to the planning target volume.Compared to the contrasting methods,the normal tissue complication probability obtained by the proposed optimization method decreased by up to 4.61%,and the optimization time of the proposed method decreased by 5.26%on average for ten cancer cases.The effectiveness and acceleration of the proposed method were verified through comparative experiments.According to the comparative experiments,the results indicate that the proposed optimization method is more suitable for clinical applications.It is feasible for the aperture shape optimization involving the proposed method.

Development of short prototype of dual aperture quadrupole magnet for CEPC ring

Main quadrupole magnets are critical for the Circular Electron and Positron Collider(CEPC)and are specifically designed as dual aperture quadrupole(DAQ)magnets.However,the field crosstalk between the two apertures presents challenges.As the CEPC will work at four beam energies of Z,W,Higgs and ttbar mode,the DAQ magnets will operate at four field gradients spanning from 3.18 to 12.63 T/m.The first short quadrupole magnet prototype with the bore diameter of 76 mm and magnetic length of 1.0 m revealed the problems of large magnetic field harmonics and a magnetic center shift within the beam energy range.Accordingly,a compensation method was proposed in this work to solve the field crosstalk effect.By adjusting the gap height at the middle of the two apertures,the field harmonics and magnetic center shift are significantly reduced.After optimization,the short prototype was modified using a new scheme.The field simulations are validated from the magnetic measurement results.Further,the multipole field meets the requirements of the four beam energies.The detailed magnetic field optimization,field harmonics adjustment,and measurement results are presented herein.

Wide-spectrum optical synthetic aperture imaging via spatial intensity interferometry

High resolution imaging is achieved using increasingly larger apertures and successively shorter wavelengths.Optical aperture synthesis is an important high-resolution imaging technology used in astronomy.Conventional long baseline amplitude interferometry is susceptible to uncontrollable phase fluctuations,and the technical difficulty increases rapidly as the wavelength decreases.The intensity interferometry inspired by HBT experiment is essentially insensitive to phase fluctuations,but suffers from a narrow spectral bandwidth which results in a lack of effective photons.In this study,we propose optical synthetic aperture imaging based on spatial intensity interferometry.This not only realizes diffraction-limited optical aperture synthesis in a single shot,but also enables imaging with a wide spectral bandwidth,which greatly improves the optical energy efficiency of intensity interferometry.And this method is insensitive to the optical path difference between the sub-apertures.Simulations and experiments present optical aperture synthesis diffraction-limited imaging through spatial intensity interferometry in a 100 nm spectral width of visible light,whose maximum optical path difference between the sub-apertures reaches 69λ.This technique is expected to provide a solution for optical aperture synthesis over kilometer-long baselines at optical wavelengths.

Design and Research of Active Gravity Unloading Device for Large Aperture Optical Mirror

The large aperture optical mirror for space is processed and tested in the gravity environment on the ground. After entering space, gravity disappears due to the change of environment, and the mirror surface that has met the engineering requirements on the ground will change, seriously affecting the imaging quality. In order to eliminate the influence of gravity and to ensure the consistency of space and ground, gravity unloading must be performed. In order to meet the requirements of processing and testing for the large aperture space mirror in the state of vertical optical axis, a universal gravity unloading device was proposed. It was an active support and used air cylinders to provide accurate unloading force. First, the design flow of gravity unloading was introduced;then the detailed design of the mechanical structure and control system was given;then the performance parameters of the two types of cylinders were tested and compared, including the force-pressure relationship curve and the force-position relationship curve;finally, the experimental verification of the gravity unloading device was carried out;for a mirror with an aperture of ?2100 mm, the gravity unloading device was designed and a vertical detection optical path was built. The test results showed that by using this gravity unloading device, the actual processing surface accuracy of the mirror was better than 1/50λ-RMS, which met the application requirement of the optical system. Thus, it can be seen that using this gravity unloading device can effectively unload the gravity of the mirror and realize the accurate processing and measurement of the mirror surface. .

PHASE AUTOFOCUSING ALGORITHM FOR COMPRESSED INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGING

As same as the conventional inverse synthetic aperture radar（ISAR）, the compressed ISAR also requires the echo signal based motion compensation, which consists of the range alignment and the phase autofoeusing. A phase autofocusing algorithm for compressed ISAR imaging is presented. In the algorithm, phase autofocusing for the sparse ISAR echoes is accomplished using the eigenvector method. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

基于Aperture-based优化方式对鼻咽癌调强计划设计的探讨

目的:探讨和总结使用Aperture-based逆向计划完成鼻咽癌调强计划设计,所能达到的计划质量及计划设计经验。方法:使用医科达Precise计划系统对24例鼻咽癌进行调强计划设计,每个计划设计9个大野,PGTV、PCTV1和PCTV2的处方剂量分别为68￣70、60和54 Gy。结果:PGTV和PCTV1 95%以上体积达到处方剂量。脑干、脊髓、左右晶体和左右腮腺的最大量平均分别为55、41、6.1和34.8 Gy。结论:使用Aperture-based完成的根治性鼻咽癌调强计划,其计划质量符合临床要求,但对于套环型靶区,在PGTV与PCTV1之间的剂量梯度未能压缩得很好。

Effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity and dispersion

We experimentally studied the effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity, amplitude, anisotropy and dispersion. Experimental models were constructed based on Hudson＇s theory. Six crack models were embedded with equal-radius penny-shaped crack inclusions in each layer. The P-wave velocity and amplitude were measured parallel and perpendicular to the layers of cracks at frequencies of 0.1 MHz to 1 MHz. The experiments show that as the crack aperture increases from 0.l mm to 0.34 mm, the amplitude of the P-waves parallel to the crack layers decreases linearly with increasing frequency and the P-wave velocity dispersion varies from 1.5% to 2.1%, whereas the amplitude of the P-wave perpendicular to the crack layers decreases quadratically with increasing frequency and the velocity dispersion varies from 1.9% to 4.7%. The variation in the velocity dispersion parallel and perpendicular to the cracks intensifies the anisotropy dispersion of the P-waves in the crack models （6.7% to 83%）. The P-wave dispersion strongly depends on the scattering characteristics of the crack apertures.

Effect of digital elevation models on monitoring slope displacements in open-pit mine by differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar

Displacement monitoring in open-pit mines is one of the important tasks for safe management of mining processes.Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR),mounted on an artificial satellite,has the potential to be a cost-effective method for monitoring surface displacements over extensive areas,such as open-pit mines.DInSAR requires the ground surface elevation data in the process of its analysis as a digital elevation model(DEM).However,since the topography of the ground surface in open-pit mines changes largely due to excavations,measurement errors can occur due to insufficient information on the elevation of mining areas.In this paper,effect of different elevation models on the accuracy of the displacement monitoring results by DInSAR is investigated at a limestone quarry.In addition,validity of the DInSAR results using an appropriate DEM is examined by comparing them with the results obtained by global positioning system(GPS)monitoring conducted for three years at the same limestone quarry.It is found that the uncertainty of DEMs induces large errors in the displacement monitoring results if the baseline length of the satellites between the master and the slave data is longer than a few hundred meters.Comparing the monitoring results of DInSAR and GPS,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the discrepancy between the two sets of results is less than 10 mm if an appropriate DEM,considering the excavation processes,is used.It is proven that DInSAR can be applied for monitoring the displacements of mine slopes with centimeter-level accuracy.

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offset-Based Unwrapping and Improved Multiple-Aperture SAR Interferometry:Application to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR)interferometry(InSAR)has been successfully used to precisely measure surface deformation in the line-of-sight(LOS)direction,while multiple-aperture SAR interferometry(MAI)has provided precise surface deformation in the along-track(AT)direction.Integration of the InSAR and MAI methods enables precise measurement of the two-dimensional(2D)deformation from an interferometric pair;recently,the integration of ascending and descending pairs has allowed the observation of precise three-dimensional(3D)deformation.Precise 3D deformation measurement has been applied to better understand geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.The surface deformation related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake was large and complex near the fault line;hence,precise 3D deformation retrieval had not yet been attempted.The objectives of this study were to①perform a feasibility test of precise 3D deformation retrieval in large and complex deformation areas through the integration of offset-based unwrapped and improved multiple-aperture SAR interferograms and②observe the 3D deformation field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake,even near the fault lines.Two ascending pairs and one descending the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2(ALOS-2)Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2(PALSAR-2)pair were used for the 3D deformation retrieval.Eleven in situ Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements were used to validate the 3D deformation measurement accuracy.The achieved accuracy was approximately 2.96,3.75,and 2.86 cm in the east,north,and up directions,respectively.The results show the feasibility of precise 3D deformation measured through the integration of the improved methods,even in a case of large and complex deformation.

IMPROVED SYNTHETIC APERTURE SONAR MOTION COMPENSATION COMBINED DPCA WITH SUB-APERTURE IMAGE CORRELATION

Estimation precision of Displaced Phase Center Algorithm(DPCA) is affected by the number of displaced phase center pairs,the bandwidth of transmitting signal and many other factors.Detailed analysis is made on DPCA's estimation precision.Analysis results show that the directional vector estimation precision of DPCA is low,which will produce accumulating errors when phase cen-ters' track is estimated.Because of this reason,DPCA suffers from accumulating errors seriously.To overcome this problem,a method combining DPCA with Sub Aperture Image Correlation(SAIC) is presented.Large synthetic aperture is divided into sub-apertures.Micro errors in sub-aperture are estimated by DPCA and compensated to raw echo data.Bulk errors between sub-apertures are esti-mated by SAIC and compensated directly to sub-aperture images.After that,sub-aperture images are directly used to generate ultimate SAS image.The method is applied to the lake-trial dataset of a 20 kHz SAS prototype system.Results show the method can successfully remove the accumulating error and produce a better SAS image.

Fabrication of Windowed Very-Small-Aperture Laser Diodes

A windowed very small aperture laser (VSAL) source for use in high resolution near field optical data storage is fabricated.The windowed regions are introduced to avoid shorting the pn junction with metal coating and suppress the COD effect.It facilitates producing VSAL by simplified technology and improves the laser performance.A VSAL with 400nm small aperture is demonstrated by focused ion beam (FIB) and the output power is 0 3mW at 31mA.

Multi-static InISAR imaging for ships under sparse aperture

This paper concentrates on super-resolution imaging of the ship target under the sparse aperture situation.Firstly,a multi-static configuration is utilized to solve the coherent processing interval(CPI)problem caused by the slow-speed motion of ship targets.Then,we realize signal restoration and image reconstruction with the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM).Furthermore,we adopt the interferometric technique to produce the three-dimensional(3D)images of ship targets,namely interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar(InISAR)imaging.Experiments based on the simulated data are utilized to verify the validity of the proposed method.