Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay interc...Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ^(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ^(15)N recovery efficiencies( ^(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ^(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ^(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.展开更多
通过总结2004/2005～2006/2007年3个年度在长江流域冬油菜主产区10个省（市）的72个田间试验数据,以产量、增产率、偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率及表观利用率等指标分析了长江流域施钾增产效果及钾肥利用率,以期为油菜进一步增产提...通过总结2004/2005～2006/2007年3个年度在长江流域冬油菜主产区10个省（市）的72个田间试验数据,以产量、增产率、偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率及表观利用率等指标分析了长江流域施钾增产效果及钾肥利用率,以期为油菜进一步增产提供依据.分析结果表明,长江流域冬油菜施钾效果显著,与对照不施钾处理相比,施用钾肥油菜籽平均增产量为349 kg hm-2,平均增产率为19.8％,其中增产率小于5％的试验数占总数的20.8％,另外,油菜籽增产率随着土壤速效钾含量的升高而明显下降;施钾处理油菜地上部钾素积累量比不施钾处理显著增加38.1％;钾肥的平均偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率和表观利用率分别为21.1、2.9、8.5 kg·kg-1和46.7％.综合结果表明,在施用氮、磷及硼肥基础上增施钾肥能够明显提高油菜地上部的生物量及钾素的累积,从而增加油菜籽产量,且根据基础地力及油菜对钾的需求规律而合理施肥极为重要.展开更多
The Yellow River valley is one of the three largest cotton production areas in China.An experiment was performed in cotton fields of Anyang,China from 2013 to 2014 to investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) application...The Yellow River valley is one of the three largest cotton production areas in China.An experiment was performed in cotton fields of Anyang,China from 2013 to 2014 to investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) application rate and the ratio between basal and topdressing N fertilizer on N balance in a soil-plant system,N use efficiency,and cotton yield.Five N application rates as treatments were applied with the same split application ratio.Half of the N(50% basal fertilizer) was applied at pre-planting and the other half(50% topdressing fertilizer) at the initial flowering stage.These treatments were:zero N(N0,control),90 kg N ha^(-1)(N90(5/5)),180 kg N ha^(-1)(N180(5/5)),270 kg N ha^(-1)(N270(5/5),a reduced N rate),and 360 kg N ha^(-1)(N360(5/5),a conventional N rate).Additional 2 split application ratios as treatments were applied with the same N rate of 270 kg N ha^(-1).The split application ratios between basal N and topdressing N were 30%:70%(N270(3/7)) and 70%:30%(N270(7/3)).Results demonstrated that soil NH_4-N content in the 0–60 cm layer and NO3-N content in the 0–20 cm layer increased with increased N rate at the squaring and boll-opening stages and then decreased to lower levels at the initial flowering and harvest stages.Soil NO_3-N content in the 20–60 cm layer after the initial flowering stage increased with the increase of topdressing N rate.Soil apparent N surplus varied at different growth stages,while the soil apparent N surplus over the entire growth period exhibited a positive relationship at N rates over 180 kg ha^(-1).Seed cotton yield of N270(3/7) was the highest of all treatments.Plant N uptake,N agronomic efficiency,and apparent N recovery efficiency of N270(3/7) were significantly higher than those of N270(5/5) and N270(7/3) in both growing seasons.These suggest both economic and ecological benefits in cotton production in the Yellow River valley could be created,by appropriately reducing total N application rate and increasing the ratio of topdressing to basal N fertilizer at the initial flowering stage.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2014BAD11B04-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30840056, 31171496)Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System (SDAIT-04-01)
文摘Agronomically optimizing the timing and rates of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application can increase crop yield and decrease N loss to the environment. Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping systems are a mainstay of economic and food security in China. We performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of N fertilizer on N recovery efficiency, crop yield, and N loss rate in wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China during 2015–2017. The N was applied on the day before sowing, the jointing stage(G30) or the booting stage(G40) of winter wheat, and the anthesis stage(R1) of peanut in the following percentage splits: 50-50-0-0(N1), 35-35-0-30(N2), and 35-0-35-30(N3), using 300 kg N ha-1, with 0 kg N ha-1(N0) as control. ^(15)N-labeled(20.14 atom %) urea was used to trace the fate of N in microplots. The yields of wheat and peanut increased by 12.4% and 15.4% under the N2 and N3 treatments, relative to those under the N1 treatment. The ^(15)N recovery efficiencies( ^(15)NRE) were 64.9% and 58.1% for treatments N2 and N3, significantly greater than that for the N1 treatment(45.3%). The potential N loss rates for the treatments N2 and N3 were23.7% and 7.0%, significantly lower than that for treatment N1(30.1%). Withholding N supply until the booting stage(N3) did not reduce the wheat grain yield; however, it increased the N content derived from ^(15)N-labeled urea in peanuts, promoted the distribution of ^(15)N to pods, and ultimately increased pod yields in comparison with those obtained by topdressing N at jointing stage(N2). In comparison with N2, the N uptake and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of N3 was increased by 12.0% and 24.1%,respectively, while the apparent N loss decreased by 16.7%. In conclusion, applying N fertilizer with three splits and delaying topdressing fertilization until G40 of winter wheat increased total grain yields and NRE and reduced N loss. This practice could be an environment-friendly N management strategy for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.
文摘通过总结2004/2005～2006/2007年3个年度在长江流域冬油菜主产区10个省（市）的72个田间试验数据,以产量、增产率、偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率及表观利用率等指标分析了长江流域施钾增产效果及钾肥利用率,以期为油菜进一步增产提供依据.分析结果表明,长江流域冬油菜施钾效果显著,与对照不施钾处理相比,施用钾肥油菜籽平均增产量为349 kg hm-2,平均增产率为19.8％,其中增产率小于5％的试验数占总数的20.8％,另外,油菜籽增产率随着土壤速效钾含量的升高而明显下降;施钾处理油菜地上部钾素积累量比不施钾处理显著增加38.1％;钾肥的平均偏生产力、农学效率、生理利用率和表观利用率分别为21.1、2.9、8.5 kg·kg-1和46.7％.综合结果表明,在施用氮、磷及硼肥基础上增施钾肥能够明显提高油菜地上部的生物量及钾素的累积,从而增加油菜籽产量,且根据基础地力及油菜对钾的需求规律而合理施肥极为重要.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Support Program of China(No.2014BAD03B02)the Professional(Agricultural) Researching Project for Public Interests,China(Nos.201203096 and 201503121)the Earmarked Fund for the Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China(No.CARS-18-17)
文摘The Yellow River valley is one of the three largest cotton production areas in China.An experiment was performed in cotton fields of Anyang,China from 2013 to 2014 to investigate the effects of nitrogen(N) application rate and the ratio between basal and topdressing N fertilizer on N balance in a soil-plant system,N use efficiency,and cotton yield.Five N application rates as treatments were applied with the same split application ratio.Half of the N(50% basal fertilizer) was applied at pre-planting and the other half(50% topdressing fertilizer) at the initial flowering stage.These treatments were:zero N(N0,control),90 kg N ha^(-1)(N90(5/5)),180 kg N ha^(-1)(N180(5/5)),270 kg N ha^(-1)(N270(5/5),a reduced N rate),and 360 kg N ha^(-1)(N360(5/5),a conventional N rate).Additional 2 split application ratios as treatments were applied with the same N rate of 270 kg N ha^(-1).The split application ratios between basal N and topdressing N were 30%:70%(N270(3/7)) and 70%:30%(N270(7/3)).Results demonstrated that soil NH_4-N content in the 0–60 cm layer and NO3-N content in the 0–20 cm layer increased with increased N rate at the squaring and boll-opening stages and then decreased to lower levels at the initial flowering and harvest stages.Soil NO_3-N content in the 20–60 cm layer after the initial flowering stage increased with the increase of topdressing N rate.Soil apparent N surplus varied at different growth stages,while the soil apparent N surplus over the entire growth period exhibited a positive relationship at N rates over 180 kg ha^(-1).Seed cotton yield of N270(3/7) was the highest of all treatments.Plant N uptake,N agronomic efficiency,and apparent N recovery efficiency of N270(3/7) were significantly higher than those of N270(5/5) and N270(7/3) in both growing seasons.These suggest both economic and ecological benefits in cotton production in the Yellow River valley could be created,by appropriately reducing total N application rate and increasing the ratio of topdressing to basal N fertilizer at the initial flowering stage.
