Groundwater Potential Mapping in Lapan Gwari Community Using Integrated Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity Soundings

This research aims to address the pressing issue of failed and abandoned wells, causing water scarcity in Lapan Gwari Community, through an improved groundwater exploration approach integrating remote sensing and electrical resistivity soundings. The study area, located within the Zungeru Sheet 163 SE, spans Latitudes 9°30'00"N to 9°32'00"N and Longitudes 6°28'00" to 6°30'00". The surface geologic, structural, and hydrogeological mapping provided essential insights into the hydrogeological framework. Leveraging SRTM DEM data, thematic maps were created for geomorphology, slope, land use, lineament density, and drainage density. These datasets were then integrated using ArcGIS to develop a preliminary groundwater potential zones map. Further investigations were conducted using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity Imaging (2D VES) surveys at targeted locations identified by the preliminary map. Results show that the study area predominantly consists of crystalline rocks of the Nigerian Basement Complex, primarily comprising schist and granite with minor occurrences of quartz vein intrusions. Surface joint directions indicated a dominant NE-SW trend. The VES data revealed three to four geoelectric layers, encompassing the topsoil (1 to 5 m depth, resistivity: 100 Ωm to 300 Ωm), the weathered layer (in the 3-layer system) or fractured layer (in the 4-layer system), and the fresh basement rock characterized by infinite resistivity. The shallow weathered layers (3 to 30 m thickness) are believed to hold aquiferous potential. Hydrogeological interpretation, facilitated by 2D resistivity models, delineated water horizons trapped within clayey sand and weathered/fractured formations. Notably, the aquifer resistivity range was found to be between 3 - 35 m and 100 - 300 Ωm, signifying a promising aquifer positioned at depths of 40 to 88 m. This aligns with corroborative static water level measurements. Given this, we recommend drilling depths of a minimum of 80 m to ensure the acquisition of sufficient and sustainable water supplies. The final groundwater potential zones map derived from this study is expected to serve as an invaluable guide for prospective groundwater developers and relevant authorities in formulating effective water resource management plans. By effectively tackling water scarcity challenges in Lapan Gwari Community, this integrated approach demonstrates its potential for application in similar regions facing comparable hydrogeological concerns.

Vertical Electrical Sounding of Water-Bearing Sub-Surface of Issele-Azagba in Southern Nigeria

An electrical resistivity survey involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was carried out in Issele-Azagba, Aniocha North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. This was aimed at investigating the lithologic boundaries and classification of the various subsurface formations. The data obtained were subjected to a twofold interpretative procedure involving initial partial curve matching and computer iteration. Results showed that a maximum of five subsurface layers was delineated from the geoelectric sections. This is made up of loamy topsoil underlain by relatively continuous sandy units composed of different compaction, wetness and clay content. The result also showed that the fifth substratum of the geoelectric section was the aquiferous sand relevant in groundwater development within the study area. Analysis of the result had shown that the aquifers identified in this study were vulnerable contamination percolating from the surface due to the absence of a protective aquitards.

Electrical Resistivity Sounding for Groundwater Investigation around Enugu Metropolis and the Environs, Southeast Nigeria

This report evaluates the use of electrical method and borehole data to investigate the subsurface to delineate the groundwater potential in Enugu metropolis and the environs, south-eastern Nigeria other than rely only on resistivity method which could lead to interpretation error. Integrating these 2 data sets is key in this study. The study area is located in the Anambra Basin and is underlain by Nkporo/Enugu Shale which is overlain by the Mamu Formation. It is bounded by Latitudes 6°2 0'00"N to 6°30'00"N and Longitudes 7°25'00"E to 7°35'00"E and covers surface area of about 342 m2. Thirty-one vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out across the area using the Schlumberger electrode array with current electrode separation from 2 to 500 m to identify the depths and resistivity values of the identified geo-electric layers. Through data analysis using WinResist software, the apparent resistivity, thicknesses and depths and the thicknesses of the aquifers were generated. The resistivity and depths were modelled to generate resistivity map and depth map. The resistivity of the aquiferous zone within the study area varied from 20.55 - 427.8 ohm-m at depths of between 10.7 - 40.05 m. Depth to the water table appears to be shallow at the south western part of the map. The interpreted geo-electric layers show a sequence of lateritic top soil, shale, sand and shale. The frequency distribution of the VES curves generated shows the presence of 3 to 5 layers with HK type as the highest. Also, a 2D model was generated using the correlation of VES to VES data and borehole data to VES data to show the underlying stratigraphy beneath the study area as well as the direction of ground water flow. Result of the VES curve analysis reveals that the sub-surface is underlain by three lithological layers namely: lateritic top soil, shale, sand and shales with NW direction of groundwater flow from the 2D model. Groundwater prospective zones can be seen along NW, SW and central parts of the study area which have low resistivity values.

Groundwater Investigation Using Geoelectrical Method: A Case Study of the Western Region of Cameroon

A geoelectrical survey using the electrical resistivity method was carried out in some villages in the western region of Cameroon to investigate the sub-surface layers and evaluate the characteristics of aquifers. The direct current electrical resistivity method was utilized for the present study. Applying the Schlumberger array, a total of twenty four (24) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were conducted. Quantitative and qualitative interpretations of data were carried out to determine the nature and thickness of the aquifer zone combined with existing litho-logs aided correlation of geoelectric sections to litho-logs. Four to five geoelectric layers were delineated from the survey area. The first layer which is the topsoil has resistivity values ranging from 6 - 949 Ωm and the thickness is between 0.2 - 4.2 m. The second layer which is made up of clay and laterite has resistivity values ranging between 9 - 1862 Ωm and thickness range from 1.0 - 16.4 m. The third and fourth geoelectric layers are made up of clay and granite/basalts with thickness varying from 2.2 - 39.5 m which corresponds to an aquifer horizon. Resistivity values of the aquifer ranges from 10 to 70,506 Ωm. The resistivity map drawn from these measurements shows the presence of a low resistivity zone which indicates the reflection in the direction of ground water from northeast to southwest with the recharge concentrated to the south of the study area. This study has revealed for this area, an average depth of the aquifer of 32 m with the average thickness of the aquifer being 22 m. The geoelectric sections of some VES stations demarcated corroborate very well with the geological description of the area.

Electrical Resistivity Survey for Predicting Aquifer at Onicha-Ugbo, Delta State, Nigeria

A geoelectric survey employing the vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in parts of Onicha-Ugbo in Aniocha North Local Government Area of Delta State using Abem Terrameter SAS 300C together with SAS 2000 booster. The study was carried out with the aim of delineating the subsurface geologic sequence present in the study area, determining their geoelectrical parameters (layer thicknesses and resistivities), and delineating the structural and geomorphological features present beneath the subsurface. The results of the survey suggest that the subsurface comprises of 5 - ?6 layers and that clay and silt content varies vertically and horizontally, thus influencing the apparent resistivity of the area. The geoelectric section developed shows that the subsurface units are dominantly sandy underlying loamy sandy topsoil which is relatively dry. The depth to water table from the sites is above 150 m and suggests that groundwater exploration is encouraging.

False anomaly recognition with horizontal differential field lines method in high-density electrical technique and its application in Xinlei Quarry,Jiuquan

As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequently occurred in the graph of apparent resistivity pseudo-section or inverted geoelectrical section obtained from high-density electrical technique,and are difficult to remove.In this study,the authors explain the mechanism of the false anomalies and put forward the horizontal differential field method to identify the false anomalies.Based on the analysis of modeling results,this method is applied in the surveying data in Xinlei Quarry of Jiuquan,and the results confirm the effectiveness of the horizontal differential field method.

Geophysical Study by Electrical Soundings of the Tartar Aquifer Unit, Boujdour Region, Morocco

The Tartar aquifer unit, is located at the SSO of the city of Boujdour, at a distance of nearly 86 km, and crossed (in its western part) by the National Road N1 connecting the towns of Boujdour and Lagouira passing through the vicinity of the city of Dakhla (PK40). It is exploited by rural settlements for domestic use (especially the inhabitants of fishing villages) and livestock watering, only through wells named Khtout Hobia (IRE 126/124) and Hassi Tartar known as Khtout Trayh (IRE 104/124). These wells have been tracked by a piezometric groundwater table and from 2011 to the present day. The interpretation of the electrical soundings in AB ≤ 2000 m allowed to differentiate the presence of two families of electrical soundings A and B, to establish the resistivity maps in AB = 200, 300 and 400 ihm&#8901m with qualitative aspects, to draw up the map of the isohypses of the roof of the intermediate Dt1 representing the impermeable floor of the aquifer and to highlight two types of discontinuities;electrical discontinuities corresponding to lateral facies changes (limit of erosion surfaces) separating the families A and B of electrical soundings and those corresponding to syn-sedimentary faults which structured the formations into horsts and grabens. The lithological sections of the existing water points and that of oil well 43-1 allowed the geological identification of the geoelectric layers highlighted by the electrical soundings diagrams. As a result, the sandstone and lumachelic formations constituting the aquifer are of Moghrebian-Pleistocene age represented by the resistant R (Family A), sometimes grouping, in its basal part, sandstone levels of the Miocene roof (Family B). These formations lie directly on the Miocene sandy marls represented by the intermediate Dt1. For the present work, we will focus only on the transverse geoelectric cross-section TA, with an SW-NE orientation, which characterizes all the longitudinal sections established following the correlation between the different electric sounding diagrams. It highlights the presence of the gravels G1 and G3 separated by the horst H1 where the resistant R is admitted as aquiferous at the level of the gravels G1 (Khtout Trayh well 104/124) and G3 (well 126/124) and sterile at the level of the horst H1.

Determining the Basaltic Sequence Using Seismic Reflection and Resistivity Methods

This study was carried out in Harat Rahat (south of Almadinah Almonwarah) using seismic reflection and resistivity methods. The main objectives of this study are to determine the extent of the basaltic layer and to define the subsurface faults and fractures that could affect and control the groundwater movement in the study area. A 2D seismic profile was acquired and the result shows that the subsurface in the study area has a major fault. We obtained a well match when the seismic result was compared with drilled wells. As a complementary tool, the resistivity method was applied in order to detect the groundwater level. The results of the resistivity method showed that six distinct layers have been identified. The interpretation of these six layers show that the first three layers, the fourth layer, the fifth layer and the bottom of the section indicated various subsurface structures and lithologies;various basaltic layers, fractured basalt, weathered basement and fresh basaltic layers, respectively. It is obvious that the eventual success of geophysical surveys depend on the combination with other subsurface data sources in order to produce accurate maps.

Electrical geophysical evaluation of susceptibility to flooding in University of Nigeria, Nsukka main campus and its environs, Southeastern Nigeria

Flooding occurs when rainfall exceeds the absorption capacity of soil and causes significant environmental consequences.In this study,electrical resistivity techniques were employed to assess the flood susceptibility of the study area by examining variations in electrical properties.Prior to flooding,Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES)and Electrical Resistivity Tomography(ERT)profiles were conducted to determine the variations in resistivity within subsurface lithologies exposed to the injected current.The injected current penetrated the subsurface units characterised by resistivity ranging from 190.5Ω·m to 6,775.7Ω·m,42.3Ω·m to 7,297.4Ω·m,and 320.2Ω·m to 24,433.3Ω·m in the first,second and third layers,respectively.These layers were identified as lateritic topsoil,medium-coarse brownish grained sand,and coarse pebbly blackish sand,respectively.The calculated reflection coefficients between layers 1,2,and 3 reveal alternation in layers with values ranging from−0.04 to 0.66 and 0.36 to 0.95 for and,respectively.The transverse resistivity,longitudinal resistivity and anisotropy ranged from 243.59Ω·m to 24,115.42Ω·m,199.61Ω·m to 14,950.76Ω·m,and 1.02 to 2.14.Models derived from the ERT profiles reveal variations in resistivity,pinpointing areas of low resistivity which correspond to waterlogged and impermeable layers.The result of this study underscores the importance of integrated resistivity techniques in the study of floods,as it provides valuable insights into flood behaviour,and subsurface dynamics.

基于深度学习SSD算法的高密度电法智能解译方法技术研究

高密度电法在探测灰岩区地下溶洞病害体方面得到广泛应用,但高密度电法反演结果依赖于初始模型,存在多解性,地质解译容易受专业人员主观因素影响。为此,本文从具有唯一性的视电阻率数据出发,研究了基于深度学习的SSD(Single Shot Multi-box Detector)目标检测算法的视电阻率异常智能解译方法技术。针对岩溶地质病害,设计了不同填充类型、形状、规模、数量的溶洞电性异常模型,利用Res2dmod软件进行视电阻率正演计算,构建了包含1400个样本的高密度电法视电阻率智能解译学习样本库(样本和标签)。基于TensorFlow框架,建立了基于深度学习SSD算法的高密度电法视电阻率异常智能解译方法技术,使用学习样本库训练网络权值,训练结束后对高密电法温纳装置视电阻率异常进行智能解译,单个视电阻率剖面异常智能解译耗时不到1 s,各类目标(填充型溶洞、未填充型溶洞)平均准确率为90.68%。研究结果表明:基于SSD算法的高密度电法视电阻率异常智能解译技术可显著提高高密度电法视电阻率解译效率,避免专业人员主观因素影响。

综合物探方法在碎屑岩地区找水中的应用——以云南宣威大路边村为例

为探索地球物理方法在碎屑地区找水应用的有效性,文章以云南宣威大路边村为研究对象,选取高密度电阻率法、联合剖面法、音频大地电磁法对碎屑岩层进行找水研究。结果表明:三叠系上统飞仙关组(T1f)碎屑岩富水性中等,含水性较均匀;受地面场地狭窄限制,高密度电法及联合剖面法测线长度有限,探测深度较浅,受碎屑岩电阻率小的影响,其找水应用效果不佳,在可探测的深度范围内较难识别基岩裂隙等找水有效异常,需结合其他物探方法甄别异常;音频大地电磁法找水应用效果相对较好,具有较高的横向分辨率,可有效识别碎屑岩中的断裂破碎带及构造裂隙带,表现为相对低阻异常特征;视电阻率单支测深曲线能有效分辨不同深度的岩土层结构,具有较高的纵向分辨率,对裂隙破碎带有较好指示意义。在地面场地较为狭窄的碎屑岩地区开展找水工作,音频大地电磁法结合视电阻单支测深曲线能取得较好效果,以音频大地电磁法确定碎屑岩地区中的裂隙发育带位置,以视电阻单支测深曲线确定裂隙发育带的深度。

超高密度电阻率法与音频大地电磁测深法对贵州普安某萤石矿区断层的探测效果

本文以贵州省普安县莲花山某调查区萤石成矿断层为研究重点,采用超高密度电阻率法和音频大地电磁测深法对同一断层进行了测量,查明了断层的平面分布情况和深部延伸情况,揭露出剖面峨眉山玄武岩组至茅口组“低阻-中阻-高阻”的三元分层电性结构。以峨眉山玄武岩组与茅口组接触带(蚀变体)的中阻特征为识别标志,结合断层延伸情况,推断出萤石矿体埋深范围,得到了钻孔验证。两种方法均对断层探测有较好的效果,也存在优劣势,超高密度电阻率法探测深度浅,测量精度高,但容易出现多种非目标体异常;音频大地电磁测深法探测深度深,但浅部分辨率较差,测量精度较低。实际工作中,应根据勘探目标的埋深情况选择合适的工作方法或综合两种方法,以达到更加可靠的物探解译成果。

物探综合方法在某铅锌矿矿山建设超前预报中的应用探讨

该铅锌矿位于贵州省南部,属于典型的喀斯特地形地貌,矿体埋深500 m以内,围岩主要为灰岩、白云岩。对矿山建设及生产构成威胁的主要因素为断层裂隙、富水区块、不稳定岩体等,本文通过使用音频大地电磁法(AMT)、瞬变电磁法、高密度电法三种物探测量方法进行地表和井巷测量,结合地质钻孔、建设巷道等已知条件,对矿山建设生产提供长期的跟踪和服务工作,总结了从面到线、从线到点的超前预报方法,较好地指导了矿山建设和生产工作,该方法具有一定的推广意义,能够为掌子面开挖、井中灾害预报等提供较为客观的评价依据。

煤矿采空区积水瞬变电磁法探测方法优化

应用矿井瞬变电磁法进行含水异常体的探测效果明显,但容易受到巷道复杂工程地质条件和设备环境的干扰,需要进行针对性优化以提高矿井瞬变电磁法信号采集质量和解释精度。基于“烟圈”扩散理论,阐述了矿井瞬变电磁法探测原理及视电阻率纵向微分解释方法;通过对已知积水采空区进行瞬变电磁法探测试验,分析对比了主要采集参数对瞬变电磁法电场响应特征的影响;结合视电阻率纵向微分解释方法,提出了矿井瞬变电磁法采空区积水探测的数据采集与处理优化方案并对其进行了效果评价。结果表明:线圈与巷道围岩之间距离越近,两者耦合程度越高,且该距离存在合理范围,超出该范围线圈接收到的电压响应值过低,不满足数据对信噪比的要求;增加叠加次数可提高信噪比,并有效压制电压衰减曲线尾支畸变;适用于高家梁煤矿的合理距离范围为0~0.5 m,叠加次数为64次。

电测深联合剖面法在高铁路基岩溶探测中的应用

采用电测深联合剖面法,对新建莱荣高铁路基岩溶进行综合勘探。该方法结合电测深与联合剖面法的特点,通过测量地下岩层的电性分布,从而准确反映岩溶的位置和形态,且具有横向分辨率高和纵向探测深度可计算等显著优点。将电测深低阻凹陷及联合剖面双线交叉点重叠的位置推测为岩溶发育区,适用于类似地质条件下的路基岩溶探测。探测结果显示,DK11+352~DK11+750段电阻率介于240~560Ω·m,电测深联合剖面法岩溶探测准确率为86.7%;DK11+750~DK12+025段电阻率介于320~1000Ω·m,电测深联合剖面法岩溶探测准确率为50%;路基岩溶综合探测结果准确率为75%。研究结果表明,电测深联合剖面法在路基岩溶探测方面具有较高的精度,为高铁路基岩溶探测提供一种较好的解决方案。

担水沟煤矿特厚煤层开采底板导水破坏带深度实测研究

为了研究特厚煤层开采对工作面底板破坏深度的影响,通过在担水沟煤矿9204工作面底板2个观测钻孔,运用直流电法观测分析工作面回采过程中底板岩体视电阻率的变化特征,结合工作面与测点的空间位置关系,得出采动影响下的底板破坏深度,并将其与未考虑煤厚因素影响的统计公式和理论公式的计算值进行比较分析。结果表明,工作面实测底板破坏深度为17.3 m和18.3 m;实测底板最大破坏深度小于统计公式值7.81%~12.90%,大于理论公式值24.81%。探讨其机理认为,相对于工作面斜长、采深等因素,煤厚因素对底板破坏深度影响较低;且工作面底板下17 m赋存有一厚层隔水砂质泥岩,不易产生导水裂缝,降低了底板导水破坏深度。

EH4高频大地电磁法探明地下水埋深的应用

采用EH4高频大地电磁法,通过二维反演处理,确定低阻异常区,进行定量解释,进而根据物探测试剖面确定基岩界面、埋深和地下水水位埋深情况。结果表明,EH4高频大地电磁法能够有效探明地下水埋深情况,结合水文地质、钻孔资料可较大提高解释精度,可为区域地下水环境调查提供理论依据。

电法勘探在抗旱找水工程中的应用

电法勘探是物探技术的一个分支,以不同岩、矿石间的电性差异为基础,通过观测和研究天然电磁场和人工电磁场的空间与时间分布规律进行地质勘查。地下岩石的电阻率受含水率的影响较为明显,因此电法勘探广泛应用于抗旱找水工程。通过实例讲述如何利用电法勘探判断物探异常区、划分潜力含水区,可供工程技术人员参考。

激电测深法在勘探采空区中的应用和分析

激电测深法是一种快速有效、经济无损探查地下采空区的一种地球物理勘探方法,主要通过人工地下直流电场激发,以电测深装置形式,接收、研究地下横、纵向激发极化效应变化的来划分地层和圈定地下采空区位置范围。本文根据工程实例对该方法的技术原理及后期的数据处理推断解释进行研究,分析激电测深在马鞍山市和睦山充填站区探查地下采空区范围的应用,为地下采空区处理和周边边坡的稳定性分析提供科学的依据。

基于五极纵轴测深法的含水层探测效果研究

为探明矿井含水层的分布特征,预防矿井突水事故的发生,采用五极纵轴直流电测深法结合矿井实际地质条件,对矿井研究区域260 m深度内的地层视电阻率进行探测和研究,以查明研究区内第四系和新近系中层状、透镜状薄砂卵砾石层含水层的分布和厚度情况。将五极纵轴直流电测深法所得探测结果与对称四极测深结果和钻探成果分别进行对比研究,分析结果表明五极纵轴测深法对薄层状、透镜状含水地质体具有更高的纵向分辨率,可实现对采区地层电性的精细划分,可为煤矿的水文地质探查,矿井突水预测及煤矿安全生产工作提供技术依据与支持。