Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to est...Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured： yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components,（E）-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, significantly increased. Eight characteristic aroma components were found in the rotational cropping fruits： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl- butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate and hexyl propionate. There were four characteristic ester components（hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate） and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components（（E）-2-hexenal and hexanal） in the continuous cropping fruits. Compared with the rotational cropping fruits, four characteristic ester components were declined and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components were increased. Compared with the control, replanted apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots were reduced by 27.6, 40.6 and 72.2%, respectively.展开更多
In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）...In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.展开更多
Water-saving irrigation is an important way to realize the sustainable development of the apple industry.In order to screen the best irrigation pattern for apple,taking 9-year-old‘Yanfu 10'Fuji/Malus robusta appl...Water-saving irrigation is an important way to realize the sustainable development of the apple industry.In order to screen the best irrigation pattern for apple,taking 9-year-old‘Yanfu 10'Fuji/Malus robusta apple as the material,the effects of different irrigation methods(drip irrigation,sprinkling irrigation,and flood irrigation) on the growth,fruit quality,and yield of apple trees were studied.The results showed that compared with the flood irrigation,drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8%and 9.1%,respectively,and decreased the autumn shoot length by 11.7% and 8.8%,respectively.Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area,chlorophyll content,and leaf weight,the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%,respectively,the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%,respectively,and the leaf weight increased by 5.8% and 5.1%,respectively.Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could slightly increase the single fruit weight and fruit shape index,significantly increase the coloring index and smoothness index.The single fruit weight increased by 3.2% and 1.9%,the coloring index increased by 6.1% and 4.1%,the smoothness index increased by 4.7% and 2.8%,and the proportion of red fruit increased by 4.2% and 2.2%,respectively.The content of soluble solids in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was significantly higher than that in flood irrigation,which was 13.0% and 2.6% higher than CK,respectively.The fruit hardness in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 7.9% and 2.2% higher than CK,respectively,and that in drip irrigation increased significantly.The yield in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 12.1% and 8.2% higher than CK,respectively.In conclusion,drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could promote the growth of apple trees,improve the fruit quality,and increase the yield of apple trees,and the effect of drip irrigation is better than sprinkling irrigation.展开更多
【目的】研究含海藻酸水溶肥对苹果长势、产量、品质、养分吸收及根域土壤养分的影响,为其在苹果园合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】进行2 a(年)定位试验,以新红星为供试材料,设置5个处理,NPK(C)(常规施肥)、NPK(F)(传统水溶肥)、NPK(HF)...【目的】研究含海藻酸水溶肥对苹果长势、产量、品质、养分吸收及根域土壤养分的影响,为其在苹果园合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】进行2 a(年)定位试验,以新红星为供试材料,设置5个处理,NPK(C)(常规施肥)、NPK(F)(传统水溶肥)、NPK(HF)(含海藻酸水溶肥)、3/4NPK(HF)(减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥)和1/2NPK(HF)(减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥),测定不同处理苹果生长、果实品质、养分含量、土壤养分等相关指标。【结果】连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理均能增加苹果产量、叶片百叶鲜质量和叶面积,且其产量连续2 a均最高,较NPK(C)处理分别增加20.74%和101.20%。同时,与NPK(C)处理相比,2017年含海藻酸水溶肥处理均增加果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,降低可滴定酸含量,2018年,1/2NPK(HF)处理的可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和可滴定酸含量呈相反趋势,降低果实品质。连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理均降低了色度角,其中,2018年较NPK(HF)处理分别显著降低20.50%和38.66%。此外,2018年,3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片磷钾养分含量最高,显著高于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理,但其果实磷钾含量与其他处理无显著差异,且3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理土壤铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均高于NPK(C)处理。主成分分析表明,连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理的综合得分均最高,排名第一。【结论】在当前苹果园区,连续2 a减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥均可增加百叶鲜质量,提高苹果产量,保证果实品质和着色,增加叶片氮和土壤铵态氮含量,而减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥不利于可溶性固形物的积累。综合分析,连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%综合效果最优。展开更多
基金supported by the Earmarked Fund for National Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-28), Chinathe Key Innovation Project for Agricultural Application Technology of Shandong Province, ChinaYangtze River Scholar and Innovative Team Development Plan of the Ministry of Education, China (IRT1155)
文摘Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured： yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components,（E）-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, significantly increased. Eight characteristic aroma components were found in the rotational cropping fruits： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl- butyl butyrate, hexyl acetate and hexyl propionate. There were four characteristic ester components（hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate） and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components（（E）-2-hexenal and hexanal） in the continuous cropping fruits. Compared with the rotational cropping fruits, four characteristic ester components were declined and two characteristic aldehyde aroma components were increased. Compared with the control, replanted apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots were reduced by 27.6, 40.6 and 72.2%, respectively.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303133-1-4)The Doctoral Program of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences~~
文摘In order to study the application effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on microirrigation apple, three types of fertilizers were applied in spring which were urea（CK, 15 kg/plant）, microbial fertilizer（5.0 kg/plant）,microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed（each 2.5 kg/plant） to study the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield, fruit quality, flowering and fruit setting of Xinshijie apple. The results showed that application of microbial fertilizer could increase the yield, fruit weight and fruit shape index, significantly increase the flowering rates and inflorescence fruit setting rate of following year, while reduce the fruit hardness and soluble solids content, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application on increasing fruit weight and yield was higher than that of microbial fertilizer separate application, the effect of the two was not obvious in other aspects. Therefore, microbial fertilizer could be used instead of some chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer in apple production to reach the aim of increasing yield and efficiency, and the effect of microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer mixed application was best.
基金Supported by National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2014BAD16B02-2)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2017CXGC0210)+1 种基金Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2017D01)Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of China for Apple(CARS-27)
文摘Water-saving irrigation is an important way to realize the sustainable development of the apple industry.In order to screen the best irrigation pattern for apple,taking 9-year-old‘Yanfu 10'Fuji/Malus robusta apple as the material,the effects of different irrigation methods(drip irrigation,sprinkling irrigation,and flood irrigation) on the growth,fruit quality,and yield of apple trees were studied.The results showed that compared with the flood irrigation,drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the spring shoot length by 14.8%and 9.1%,respectively,and decreased the autumn shoot length by 11.7% and 8.8%,respectively.Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation significantly increased the leaf area,chlorophyll content,and leaf weight,the leaf area increased by 3.0% and 1.9%,respectively,the chlorophyll content increased by 13.9% and 11.5%,respectively,and the leaf weight increased by 5.8% and 5.1%,respectively.Drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could slightly increase the single fruit weight and fruit shape index,significantly increase the coloring index and smoothness index.The single fruit weight increased by 3.2% and 1.9%,the coloring index increased by 6.1% and 4.1%,the smoothness index increased by 4.7% and 2.8%,and the proportion of red fruit increased by 4.2% and 2.2%,respectively.The content of soluble solids in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was significantly higher than that in flood irrigation,which was 13.0% and 2.6% higher than CK,respectively.The fruit hardness in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 7.9% and 2.2% higher than CK,respectively,and that in drip irrigation increased significantly.The yield in drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation was 12.1% and 8.2% higher than CK,respectively.In conclusion,drip irrigation and sprinkling irrigation could promote the growth of apple trees,improve the fruit quality,and increase the yield of apple trees,and the effect of drip irrigation is better than sprinkling irrigation.
文摘【目的】研究含海藻酸水溶肥对苹果长势、产量、品质、养分吸收及根域土壤养分的影响,为其在苹果园合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】进行2 a(年)定位试验,以新红星为供试材料,设置5个处理,NPK(C)(常规施肥)、NPK(F)(传统水溶肥)、NPK(HF)(含海藻酸水溶肥)、3/4NPK(HF)(减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥)和1/2NPK(HF)(减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥),测定不同处理苹果生长、果实品质、养分含量、土壤养分等相关指标。【结果】连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理均能增加苹果产量、叶片百叶鲜质量和叶面积,且其产量连续2 a均最高,较NPK(C)处理分别增加20.74%和101.20%。同时,与NPK(C)处理相比,2017年含海藻酸水溶肥处理均增加果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比,降低可滴定酸含量,2018年,1/2NPK(HF)处理的可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和可滴定酸含量呈相反趋势,降低果实品质。连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理均降低了色度角,其中,2018年较NPK(HF)处理分别显著降低20.50%和38.66%。此外,2018年,3/4NPK(HF)处理叶片磷钾养分含量最高,显著高于NPK(C)和NPK(F)处理,但其果实磷钾含量与其他处理无显著差异,且3/4NPK(HF)处理和1/2NPK(HF)处理土壤铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均高于NPK(C)处理。主成分分析表明,连续2 a 3/4NPK(HF)处理的综合得分均最高,排名第一。【结论】在当前苹果园区,连续2 a减施25%含海藻酸水溶肥均可增加百叶鲜质量,提高苹果产量,保证果实品质和着色,增加叶片氮和土壤铵态氮含量,而减施50%含海藻酸水溶肥不利于可溶性固形物的积累。综合分析,连续2 a含海藻酸水溶肥减施25%综合效果最优。
