Effects of long COVID-19 among young adults in Turkey:A cross-sectional study

Objective:To investigate the cognitive state,psychological problems such as depression and anxiety,and pain in the musculoskeletal system among young adults with post-COVID-19(long COVID)syndrome.Methods:This descriptive study included 361 students studying at the Vocational School of Health Services of Bingöl University in Turkey.Data were collected using the Socio-Demographic Information form,the Beck’s Depression Inventory,the Cognitive Appraisal Scale,and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain.Results:Compared to those without COVID-19,the mean depression score,cognitive appraisal score,and mean Visual Analogue Scale score of the young adults with COVID-19 were significantly higher.There was no significant difference in pain assessment at rest between those with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19.Conclusions:Young adults with COVID-19 are more depressed,their cognitive functions are more easily negatively affected,and experience more pain during exercise.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of CAHS among renal transplant recipients

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the Chinese version of Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale(CAHS)for renal transplant recipients,and to make a preliminary evaluation of its reliability and validity.Methods:A total of 147 renal transplant recipients who attended a transplant follow-up clinic in a Level 3,Grade A hospital in Beijing were asked to complete the Chinese version of CAHS.Following completion the reliability and validity of the scale were tested.Results:The Cronbach alpha coefficient of Chinese version of CAHS among subscales of threat,harm,challenge and benign-irrelevant were 0.857,0.806,0.680,0.100 respectively;and the test-retest reliability coefficient were 0.791,0.601,0.624,0.470(p<0.01).Spearman correlation was used to test the four subscales'correlation between the item score and the total score,in which threat was 0.598e0.748,challenge was 0.517e0.651,harm was 0.528 e0.735 and benign-irrelevant was 0.507e0.651.These correlations were all statistically significant.The four common factors were extracted using factor analysis.The four factors accounted for 50.356%of the total variance.The SF-36 Physical Component Summary(PCS)and Mental Component Summary(MCS)scores were correlated with each subscale score in CAHS.Threat was weakly correlated to PCS,and was moderately correlated to MCS;harm was moderately correlated to both PCS and MCS;challenge was weakly correlated to both PCS and MCS and benign-irrelevant did not correlate with neither PCS nor MCS.The Chinese version of CAHS has been shown to have good discriminate and convergent validity.Conclusion:The Chinese version of the CAHS was supported to be applicable and to provide measurable performance in renal transplant recipients,thus it can be utilized with renal transplant recipients in China.

The relationship between acceptance of illness and quality of life among men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus:A cross-sectional study

Objectives To explore the relationship between acceptance of illness and quality of life(QOL),and factors associated with acceptance of illness among men who have sex with men(MSM)living with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).Methods Three hundred and one MSM were recruited from an HIV clinic between August and December 2018.The battery of measurements consisted of the Acceptance of Illness Scale,World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire for HIV brief version,HIV Cognitive Appraisal Scale and a self-designed questionnaire used to collect general information.Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between acceptance of illness and QOL.Univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether the general data(demographic and HIV-related clinical data)and HIV cognitive appraisal were associated with acceptance of illness levels.Results Descriptive analysis showed the acceptance level among MSM living with HIV was moderate(Mean=26.29,SD=5.28).Those with a better acceptance of illness had a better QOL(r=0.69,P<0.01).In the multivariate ordinal logistic regression model,education level,threat appraisals(OR:1.09;95%CI[1.06–1.13]),and controllability appraisals(OR:0.82;95%CI[0.71–0.94])were significantly associated with acceptance of illness.Conclusions Results showed acceptance level was moderate and had a positive correlation with QOL.High level of education,low threat appraisals and high controllability appraisals were related to high illness acceptance.This finding highlights the importance of focusing on HIV-infected MSM with low education and on their perceptions of threat and controllability about HIV-related issues when designing interventions to promote illness acceptance in this vulnerable population.