The Trace Elements are Bounded by Organic Functional Groups in Coal:A Studying Result Based on FTIR Analysis

The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.

Organic Material and Trace Elements of Bituminous Rocks in the Ozank(?)y Field,Ankara,Turkey

Bituminous rocks in the Ozankoey （Ankara） field are different from those of the Paleocene- Eocene Mengen and Giineytepe （Bolu） regions in metal enrichment levels. Organic carbon （Corg） content of organic material-rich rocks in the Ozankoey （Ankara） field is 3.66-40.72% wt averaging 14.34%. The dominant organic materials are algae/amorphous accompanied by minor amount of herbaceous material （The dominant kerogen type is Type-I with a limited amount of Type-Ⅱ kerogen.）. The bituminous rocks in the Ozankoey field are enriched in heavy metals such as Ni, Mn, As and Cr. In comparison with the average enrichment values of dements, Ni, Mn, As and Cr in bituminous shales of the Ozankoey field are as about 4.38, 14.93, 10.90 and 5.58 times as average values. The average concentrations of these heavy metals are also as high as 215× 10^-6, 828 × 10^-6, 58.54 × 10^-6, and 148 × 10^-6 respectively. In addition, sorption properties of day and organic materials are also important for metal enrichments in the bituminous shales.

Statistical Study of Trace Elemental Concentrations in Major Types of Organisms from Typical Chinese Coastal Waters

Frequency distribution characteristics of trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Sr and Ba are studied for the marine organisms collected from typical Chinese coastal waters and compared with those of major elements Ca and Mg. Nearly all the distributions for trace elements in macroalgae, benthic molluscs, crustaceans, cephalopods and different tissues of fish ( muscle, liver and bone ) are found to show some degree of positive skewness, indicating a relatively large number of marine organisms with low concentrations for a particular element and only a few organisms with disproportionately high concentrations. Their distribution types are generally logarithmic normal distribution or nearly logarithmic normal distribution. Distribution of Ca is similar to that of trace elements, while Mg shows normal distribution. Average elemental concentrations of major types of organisms are calculated based on their frequency distributions.

Mineralogy,distribution,occurrence and removability of trace elements during the coal preparation of No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine

Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry(SEM–EDX)were used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 33 trace elements in No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine.The distributions,organic affinity and removability of 18 trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments.A determination of the maceral groups was also undertaken.A high mineral content,dominated by kaolinite,was found in No.6 coal from Heidaigou mine.The bauxite content was relatively high and it was mainly present as individual particles in fusinite lumens or was intimately intergrown with carbonate minerals.The pyrite and quartz contents were low.Some marcasite with a parallel twin structure was observed by cross-polar reflected light.A small amount of bean-like goyazite was present in the calcite.The weighted trace element content in Heidaigou formations is relatively low,which is beneficial for coal processing and utilization.The concentrations of Ga,Hg,Pb,Se,Th,Ta are relatively high compared with the average values of Chinese coals.As,Hg,Mo,Ge,Ga,Ta,Ti,W,Mn are mainly present in minerals while B,Be,Th,P,Sc,Sr,V,Y,Yb are mainly found in organic matter.As,Ge,Hg,Mo are mainly present in sulfides and Be,Th,P,Sc,Sr,Y,Yb are mainly present in inertinite.B and V are mainly present in vitrinite.The high organic affinity and the low theoretical removability of most trace elements cause difficulties in removing them during coal preparation.

Geochemical characteristics and mode of occurrence of trace elements in coal at West Bokaro coalfield

The mineralogy and trace element contents in coals from the West Bokaro coalfield, which is the one of the biggest Gondwana coalfields of India, were studied to delineate enrichment of trace elements and their modes of occur- rence. Elemental concentrations with reference to their crustal abundances indicated that coals are relatively enriched in As （4.4-15.5 mg/kg）, Cd （0.3-3.0 mg/kg）, Cu （28.0-68.1 mg/kg） and V （46.6-178.0 mg/kg）; depleted in Co （10.8-28.4 mg/ kg）, Mn （7.6-483.4 mg/kg）, Ni （13.0-31.6 mg/kg）, Cr （14.2-85.5 mg/kg） and Zn （5.25-70.4 mg/kg）. The concentration of As, Cd, Co, Cu and V were higher than the average values of world and Indian coals. Mineralogical study carried out by X-ray diffraction shows that quartz and kaolinite occur as dominant mineral phases in this coal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy pattern suggests organic structures primarily containing aromatic nuclei, aliphatic side chain and some oxygen containing groups. The modes of occurrence of trace elements present in these coals have been determined through statistical approach. Both Cu and Cr are more closely associated with mineral matter, whereas Co is dominantly present with its organic form. The concentrations of Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn, As and V have apparently occur in both organic and inorganic constituents. This study would be helpful to assess the potential environmental impacts during mining and combustion of this coal.

Distribution and occurrence of trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine

Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry （SEM-EDX）, have been used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine, Inner Mongolia China. The distribution, affinity and removability of the trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments and petrological methods. A high mineral content, dominated by clay minerals, was found in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine. The concentrations of As, Sb and Hg are relatively high compared to the average values for Chinese coals. As, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb are mainly associated with the minerals while Cd, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se are evenly distributed between the minerals and the organic matter. Be and Ba are mainly distributed in the minerals with a minor proportion in the organic matter. Most elements have a low organic affinity, although Sb, Se, Co, Cd, Ni are closely integrated with the organic matter. High theoretical removabilities are indicated for most trace elements. So it may be possible to lower the concentrations of trace elements during coal preparation.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HAIR AND ORGANS DETERMINED BY NAA

Twenty four male autopsies were obtained from Shanghai. The samples of liver, lung, kidney cortex, brain and scalp hair were collected from the autopsies. The elements As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, 8, Se and Zn were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The present study provides the elemental levels of different tissues for normal male adults. The distribution pattern of elements was discussed. Great difference on distribution of some elements in different tissues was observed.

Effects of Organic and Medium and Trace Element Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Panax notoginseng

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the effects of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers(Ca,Zn,B)on yield and quality of Panax notoginseng to provide theoretical support for rational fertilization in cultivation of P.notoginseng.[Methods]Five fertilization treatments,control(CK),organic fertilizer(OM),zinc fertilizer(ZF),boron fertilizer(BF)and lime(LF),were designed.A two-consecutive-year field plot trail was conducted.The biological traits,yield and saponin content of P.notoginseng were determined.[Results]The application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the biological traits of P.notoginseng.Trace element fertilizers significantly increased the scape length of P.notoginseng.Among the treatments,ZF significantly increased the single flower weight but reduced the inflorescence diameter,while the effects of BF were opposite to those of ZF;LF significantly increased the stem thickness and reduced the plant height.All treatments significantly increased the seedling rate of three-year-old P.notoginseng,and the increase in the LF group(20.49%)was the largest,followed by those in the ZF(16.80%)and OM(16.40%)groups,and the increase in the BF group(13.08%)was the smallest.Although OM,ZF and BF treatments caused the root weight of individual plants to decrease,the final yield of each treatment was higher than that of the control group,and the increases in the BF and LF groups exceeded 17%(P<0.05).The total saponin outputs of all the treatments except OM were significantly higher than that of the control group.[Conclusions]Under the conditions of this test,the supplementation of organic and medium and trace element fertilizers on the basis of conventional fertilization will help to increase the yield of P.notoginseng.However,the reduction of the total saponin output of P.notoginseng caused by organic fertilizer cannot be ignored.

Characteristics of major and trace elements in surface sediments of the Makran Accretionary Prism, Pakistan and their implications for natural gas hydrates

To accurately identify the natural gas hydrates(NGH)in the sea area of the Makran Accretionary Prism,Pakistan,this paper presents the testing and analysis of major and trace elements in sediment samples taken from two stations(S2 and S3)in the area by the China Geological Survey.As shown by testing results,all major elements are slightly different in content between the two stations except SiO2 and CaO.This also applies to the trace elements that include Sr and Ba primarily and Cr,Ni and Zn secondarily.It can be concluded in this study that the tectonic setting of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by oceanic island arc and that provenance of the Makran Accretionary Prism is dominated by felsic igneous provenance,which is at the initial weathering stage and mainly consists of granodiorite.Besides terrigenous detritus,there are sediments possibly originating from Makran-Bela Ophiolite from the northwestern part and Murray Ridge igneous rocks from the southeastern part.The V/Cr,Ni/Co,and V/(V+Ni)ratios indicate that sediments of the two stations are in an oxidation-suboxidation environment.However,the authors infer that the sedimentary environment of the sediments 3.0 m below the seafloor tends to be gradually transformed into a reduction environment by comparison with the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea where NGH has been discovered.The sediments in the Makran Accretionary Prism are rich in organic matter,with total organic carbon(TOC)content greater than 1%.According to comprehensive research,the organic matter in the sediments mainly originates from marine algae and has high TOC content,which is favorable for the formation of NGH.

Available Contents of Trace Nutrient Element and Factors Affecting Their Availability in Western Jilin

Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.

Characterization of organic-rich mineral debris revealed by rapid glacier retreat, Indren Glacier, European Alps

In the summer of 2003 and 2004, characterized by a rapid glacier retreat, a stony surface covered by well-structured organic-rich mineral debris was observed very close to the Indren glacier terminus(Monte Rosa Massif, NW Italy, 3100 m ASL), on an area covered by the glacier tongue till the year before. The origin and type of this organicrich material were investigated, in order to detect their characteristics, potential sources and fate within the foreland system. The deposits were dated using Carbon-14 and analyzed for the chemical characteristics of the organic component, the elemental composition of the mineral fraction and presence of microbial markers. The material, granular and dark in color, had a total organic carbon(TOC) content ranging between 17.4 ± 0.39 and 28.1 ± 0.63 g kg^(-1) dry weight(dw), significantly higher than the surrounding glacial till(~ 1.4 g kg^(-1) dw), although only 0.33% of it was in water soluble form. Microbial carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) accounted for 10.6% and 3.13% of TOC and total N, respectively. Dissolved nitrogen(N), mainly present as ammonium, represented 2.40% of the total N. The low aromatic component and large presence of nitrogen(N)-derived compounds suggested that most of the organic carbon(OC) in these organic-rich mineral deposits was derived from microbial cells, although the high average radiocarbon age of about 2900 years may also point to the contribution of aeolian depositions of anthropogenic or natural origin. Elemental composition and the crustal enrichment factor of trace elements in the mineral fraction of the aggregates corroborated the hypothesis that most part of the accumulated material derived from ice meltwater. Some indicators of the colonization of these deposits by microbial communities were also reported, from the abundance of DNA and phylogenetic markers, to the presence of bacterial taxa commonly able to thrive in similar habitats. All these elements suggested that such kind of deposits may have a potential role as energy and nutrient sources in recently deglaciated areas, highlighting the necessity to better understand the processes underlying their formation and their evolution.

Phenolic Acids Content and Nutritional Quality of Conventional, Organic and Biodynamic Cultivations of the Tomato CXD271BIO Breeding Line (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of growing systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic performed with two types of manuring) on some nutritional traits of the tomato breeding line CXD271BIO (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Experimental fields were in the same geographical area and the cultivations were performed over five years. The content of macronutrients, minerals (Ca, K, Mg, P, Na), trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) was determined. The biodynamic A growing system showed the highest protein and carbohydrates content compared to the other growing systems. Data on minerals and trace elements content showed significant differences (mainly in Ca, Na, Fe and Zn content) between conventional and biodynamic tomatoes, whereas no major impact of the fertilization among organic and the two biodynamic growing systems was observed. Appreciable differences in phenolic acids biosynthesis were observed, with the year of harvest showing a marked effect especially on chlorogenic, p-cumaric and ferulic acids content. Conversely, the cultivation system did not show major influence. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed on mineral and phenolic acids content, substantiated the large effect of the year of harvest, also suggesting an effect of the conventional cultivation system.

喀斯特地区水生光合生物群落结构组成及其对微量元素的影响

微量元素是影响喀斯特地表水体水质的重要因素,水生光合生物在光合代谢过程中能够吸收并去除部分有害元素,然而关于不同水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素的吸收效果和去除潜力如何目前则少有研究。基于普定喀斯特生态系统国家野外观测站的野外监测、系统采样和实验测定以及统计分析,构建了由裸岩地、裸土地、耕地、草地和灌丛地5种土地利用组成的植被-土壤-地下水-地表水模拟生态系统,并以其中的地表水生生态系统为研究对象,开展了水生光合生物群落结构组成对微量元素去除潜力及控制机制的研究。结果表明:①地表水水化学和水生光合生物量受季节变化与土地利用类型影响显著;②Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn 6种微量元素浓度在不同喀斯特水生光合生物系统中存在显著差异,浮游-沉水共存系统对Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn的吸收和去除能力优于单一浮游系统;③喀斯特地区的自然植被恢复(灌丛地和草地)促使地表水体形成的高溶解性无机碳(DIC)环境,有利于沉水植物生长,从而提高了对地表水体中Mn,Co,Ni,Fe和Zn等微量元素的去除潜力。这些认识将有助于岩溶区地表水体水生光合生物群落结构对地表水体微量元素调控机制的研究。

长期施肥对强筋专用小麦籽粒营养及磨粉品质性状的影响

【目的】分析不同施肥措施对小麦品质性状的影响,为优质小麦提供指导性建议。【方法】有机无机肥配合施用试验位于青岛农业大学莱阳长期定位试验站,始于1978年,共设9个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、适量化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2) (N1)、适量有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2) (M1)、有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2)(M1N1)、过量化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2) (N2)、过量有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2) (M2)、有机肥30000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2)(M1N2)、有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2) (M2N1)、有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮276 kg/hm^(2) (M2N2),其中N1和M1为等氮量处理,N2和M2为等氮量处理。于2021年小麦成熟期,取籽粒样测定了籽粒营养与加工品质指标。【结果】适量氮肥显著提高了小麦籽粒Fe、粗蛋白、干湿面筋含量,提高出粉率,且化肥的提升效果优于有机肥。N2显著降低了小麦淀粉含量,影响糊化特性;M2处理小麦籽粒各项品质指标较M1得到提升,糊化特性也得到相应改善。与单施化肥(N1、N2)、有机肥(M1、M2)相比,M2N1显著改善了小麦籽粒品质,M2N1与CK相比分别提高Fe (34.26%)、Zn (19.77%)、出粉率(7.98%)、粗蛋白含量(30.75%)、淀粉含量(12.82%)、峰值黏度(24.93%)、崩解值(14.81%)、回复值(27.64%)。相比于M2N1,M2N2则降低了Zn含量、出粉率、容重、粗蛋白、淀粉含量、糊化特性。相关性分析显示,面粉中支链淀粉、总淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈极显著正相关,容重、硬度与峰值黏度、谷值黏度呈极显著负相关,直链淀粉与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度呈负相关。【结论】单施化肥可以显著提升小麦出粉率、蛋白质和面筋含量等品质,单施有机肥改善小麦面粉淀粉含量和糊化特性的效果更好,有机肥与氮肥配施可同时提升小麦的营养和加工品质,综合各项指标,最有利于小麦品质的施肥措施为年施有机肥60000 kg/hm^(2)+化肥氮138 kg/hm^(2)。

新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫啉和啶虫脒及代谢物在水稻及非靶标水生生物中的痕量检测方法及其应用

为了阐明新烟碱类杀虫剂对水稻和非靶标水生生物的残留特性和安全性,建立了水稻、非靶标水生生物斑马鱼Danio rerio和大型溞Daphnia magna、水体中3种新烟碱类杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻虫啉、啶虫脒)及其7种代谢物的痕量检测分析方法。采用QuEChERS方法进行样品前处理,高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测,目标化合物均采用外标法定量。结果表明:10种目标化合物的溶剂标准曲线和基质标准曲线在1~1000μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,决定系数为0.991~0.999;10种目标化合物在6种基质中的平均回收率为71.16%~118.57%,相对标准偏差为0.54%~18.04%,水稻、斑马鱼、营养液和水中10种目标化合物的定量限为10μg/kg(大型溞中的定量限为50μg/kg),满足残留分析方法的要求。运用所建立的方法探究了3种新烟碱类杀虫剂在水稻及非靶标水生生物(斑马鱼和大型溞)中的吸收累积和代谢行为,结果表明这3种农药在水稻中的转运系数均大于7,极易向地上部分迁移;在非靶标水生生物中的富集系数均小于2 mL/g,为低富集性农药。

有机微量元素减量替代无机微量元素对肉羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、抗氧化功能和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究有机微量元素减量替代无机微量元素对肉羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清和肝脏抗氧化指标以及瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取断奶后体重为(22±1)kg的杜寒杂交羊公羔84只,依据单因素试验设计随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复7只羊。对照组饲喂添加含1000 mg/kg无机微量元素预混料的饲粮,2个试验组分别饲喂添加含300(试验Ⅰ组)和500 mg/kg(试验Ⅱ组)有机微量元素预混料的饲粮。预试期10 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)各组间肉羊平均日增重(ADG)、干物质采食量(DMI)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组肉羊中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)各组间肉羊血清和肝脏抗氧化指标以及血清各微量元素含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组肉羊瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)含量显著提高(P<0.05);各组间瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮(NH_(3)-N)含量以及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸摩尔比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,有机微量元素减量替代无机微量元素对肉羊生长性能和抗氧化功能均无负面影响,且提高了NDF和ADF表观消化率以及MCP合成效率,说明使用有机微量元素减量替代无机微量元素饲喂肉羊是可行的。

营养物质缓解水产动物镉胁迫的研究进展

重金属镉作为生物体内非必需的微量金属,是重金属中毒性最强的元素之一。目前,我国水产养殖业中镉污染问题十分严峻,水体中镉浓度的增加会对水产动物的生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫力等产生影响,通过食物链间接对食品安全和人类健康造成危害。目前,在饲料中添加营养物质是缓解水产动物镉胁迫的主要方式之一,涉及的营养物质主要包括微量元素、多糖、益生菌、酚类物质、维生素和含硫氨基酸等。本文综述了镉胁迫对水产动物的影响以及主要营养物质对镉胁迫的缓解作用,为通过添加营养物质来减少或消除镉胁迫对水产动物带来的负面影响提供参考,并为建立健康养殖技术提供更详细、更系统的科学依据。

不同类型微量元素原料及添加水平对5‰仔猪前期预混料存储品质的影响

研究旨在探讨不同类型微量元素原料及添加水平对5‰仔猪前期预混料存储品质的影响。试验共设5个组,1组为无机微量元素组,2组为微量元素包被组,3组为甘氨酸微量元素组(微量元素添加水平为1组的70%),4组及5组为复合氨基酸螯合微量元素组(微量元素添加水平分别为1组的70%与50%)。预混料在正常库房内存储90 d,在第1、21、42、63、90天测定并计算几种维生素及酶制剂活性的损失率。结果表明:在1~63 d,各组酵母木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶活性均有不同程度的增加。90 d时,各组酵母木聚糖酶活性下降,其中5组损失率最高。与1、2、3组相比,4组与5组温淀粉酶活性及酸性蛋白酶活性损失率显著降低(P<0.05)。各组维生素损失率均随储存时间的延长而增加。90 d时,与其他组相比,4、5组维生素B2损耗率显著降低(P<0.05)。42 d时,5组维生素B6损失率极显著低于其他各组(P<0.01),整个试验过程中1组植酸酶活性和维生素E损失率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),5组植酸酶活性和维生素E损失率最低。综上所述,用有机微量元素替代无机微量元素对预混料中酶制剂及维生素影响更小,低浓度的有机微量元素更有利于预混料保存。

不同功能稀土微量元素螯合有机肥的研制及其对水稻发育、产量、品质的影响

针对长期不合理施用大量元素化肥、未经腐熟的农业废弃物等,造成土壤板结、盐渍化、重金属含量超标,导致农产品品质和产量下降等问题,研发了提质增效型、土壤改良型和重金属污染土壤修复型稀土微量元素螯合有机肥,并介绍了有机肥的生产工艺。以水稻为试验对象,连续2 a的田间试验示范结果表明:3种类型的有机肥对提高水稻产量、改善品质、节本增效具有明显的效果,增产幅度为4.1%~11.6%;水稻产品中对人体有益的铁、锰含量增幅为2.81%~87.44%,重金属含量下降4.46%~61.76%;3种类型的有机肥在提高耕地质量、修复土壤障碍因子等方面具有一定的作用。