The Prospect of Application of Extractive Reference Substance of Chinese Herbal Medicines

The emerging development of Extractive Reference Substance (ERS) is a methodology that meets the needs for quality control for Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHM) and respects the holistic viewpoint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and its clinical use of multiple ingredients with synergistic effects. The convention of using just a selected few Chemical Reference Substances (CRS) cannot adequately assess the quality of intact CHM. A validated chemical spectrum of an ERS provides the global characteristics in order to more specifically identify and assess targeted CHM. This paper describes the fundamental concepts, potential significance, and basic criteria of ERS, along with methods of preparation and calibration. Given the diversity of CHM, the various problems that will occur in establishing the proper process of ERS will need to be solved in a step by step manner. The ERSs of Ziziphi spinosae semen and ERS of Fritillaria thunbergii bulbus are given as examples of the development of ERS and demonstrate why we are optimistic about the utility of this approach.

Effects of Diet with"Lianhuang"Additive of Chinese Herb Medicine on Growth Performance and Metabolic Rates of Dietary Nutrients in Donglan Black Chicken

[Objectives]The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet with"Lianhuang"additive of Chinese herbal medicine(LACHM)on growth performance and metabolic rates of dietary nutrients in Donglan black chickens(DBCs).[Methods]80 DBCs aged 1 d were blocked into 4 groups randomly and assigned to 6 replicates in each group with 20 chicks in each replicate.Group A as control group fed basal diet.Groups B,C and D as treatment groups consumed the basal diet added with 0.25%,0.50%and 1.00%of LACHM,respectively during the test period of 70 d.In the end of feeding test,24 DBCs with similar body weight from each group were chosen out and used for a metabolism test to determine the metabolic rates of dietary nutrients from each treatment.The metabolism test was conducted as the same design as the feeding test and the DBCs from each group were fed the same diet as previous test.[Results]The ADG of chickens in the test increased by 5.00%-9.15%(P<0.05)except the stage of 50-70 d,and the individual average body weight(IABW)at 70 d in group B also increased by 4.86%(P<0.05).Compared with group A,the ADG of group C in the stages of 36-49,1-49 and 1-70 d and the IABW in the end of 70 d increased by 5.90%,2.66%,2.68%and 2.57%(P>0.05),respectively.The ADFI in the stage of 36-49 d from group A was 6.04%more than that from group B(P<0.01),and 5.12%and 4.13%more than those from groups C and D(P<0.05),respectively,and the ADFI of group A in the stage of 1-49 d was still 2.86%more than that from group C(P<0.05).However,no differences in ADFI were found in other stages in the test among the 4 groups(P>0.05).The F/G in the stages of 22-35 and 1-70 d from group B was 6.32%and 3.41%lower than those from group A(P<0.05),respectively,and even 11.43%and 7.31%lower in the stages of 36-49 and 1-49 d from group B than those from group A(P<0.01),respectively.The F/G of group C in the stage of 36-49 d was also 10.15%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and still 5.29%lower than that from group A in 1-49 d(P<0.01),but no differences were found in other stages between the two groups(P>0.05).The metabolic rates of MD,CP,CF,NFE,CA,TE,Ca and P in the 3 treatment diets for group B,C and D all increased to some extent.Among them,the increasing extents of diets with 0.25%and 0.50%of LACHM for groups B and C were much greater.Therefore,the diet with 0.25%of LACHM could improve the growth performance and metabolic rates of dietary nutrients in DBCs significantly.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical reference for the effects of traditional Chinese medicine additives on the growth and metabolic rates of DBCs.

Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine treatment for obese patients

Objective:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for weight loss.Methods:We used standard methodologies to search,review,analyse and synthesize published data on the efficacy,safety.Search randomized controlled trial(RCT)from CNKI、WanFang Data,VIP Data,Sinomed,The Cochrane Library,Pubmed,MEDLINE and Web of Scinece.Two reviewers independently screened literature,extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included trials according to the Cochrane handbook.Then use review manager5.3 completed meta-analysis.Results:A total of 16 RCT were included.The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with placebo or other anti-obesity medicine,CHM is effective and safe in reducing theweight[MD=-1.99,95%CI(-2.94,-1.02),p<0.0001],BMI[MD=-0.78,95%CI(-1.02,-0.54),p<0.00001],waist circumference[MD=-2.71,95%CI(-3.81,-1.59),p<0.00001],fat mass[MD=-1.23,95%CI(-2.37,-0.18),p=0.02],fat mass percentage[MD=-2.71,95%CI(-3.81-1.59),p<0.00001]of patients.There were no significant changes in glucose and lipid metabolism.6 RCTs reported adverse events(gastrointestinal reactions and headaches),18 cases(1.40%)in the treatment group and 7 cases(0.54%)in the control group;no serious adverse reactions were seen.Conclusion:Chinese herbal medicine has define effect and safety,but that is uncertain about inregulating the glucose and lipid metabolism,and more high-quality literature is needed for further verification.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Feed Additives on Growth Performance and Dietary Nutrient Metabolism of Black-bone Chickens

[Objectives]To study the effects of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives on the growth performance and dietary nutrient metabolic rate of black-one chickens.[Methods]480 pieces of 1-day-old Donglan Black-bone Chickens were selected and divided into 4 groups,with 6 replicates in each group,with 20 pieces in each replicate.Among them,group A was the control group and was fed the basal diet;the groups B,C,and D were the experimental groups,which were separately supplemented with 0.25%,0.50%and 1.00%of Chinese herbal medicine additives in the basal diet,and the experimental period was 70 d.At the end of the feeding experiment,24 experimental chickens with similar body weight were selected from each group,and the same design of the feeding experiment was used to continue to feed the original diet for the metabolic experiment to determine the nutrient metabolic rate.[Results]Except the 50-70 d stage,the average daily gain(ADG)of group B in other stages was increased by 5.00%-9.15%(P<0.05),and the average body weight of group B at 70 d was also increased by 4.86%(P<0.05);the ADG of group C at 36-49,1-49 and 1-70 d and the average individual weight at 70 d were also higher than that of group A by 5.90%,2.66%,2.68%and 2.57%,respectively(P>0.05);at 36-49 d,the average daily feed intake(ADFI)of group A was higher than that of group B by 6.04%(P<0.01),and was also higher than that of groups C and D by 5.12%and 4.13%(P<0.05),respectively;at 1-49 d,the ADFI of group A was higher than that of group C by 2.86%(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between the four groups of experimental chickens at each stage(P>0.05);at 22-35 and 1-70 d,the feed to gain ratio(F/G)of group B was 6.32%and 3.41%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 36-49 and 1-49 d,the F/G of group B was even lower;at 36-49 d,the F/G of group C was 10.15%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 1-49 d,it was also lower than that of group A by 5.29%(P<0.01);there was no significant difference between the two groups at other stages.In terms of nutrient metabolism:the three different amounts of this additive have increased the metabolic rate of DM,CP,CF,NFE,CA,Ca,P,TE and other nutrients in the diet to varying degrees,especially the addition of 0.25%and 0.50%had the significant increase.[Conclusions]The addition of 0.25%Chinese herbal medicine additives in the diet can significantly improve the growth performance and main nutrient metabolic rate of Donglan Black-bone Chickens.

Constituents of the anti-asthma herbal formula ASHMI^(TM) synergistically inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by murine Th2 memory cells,and eotaxin by human lung fibroblasts in vitro

OBJECTIVE： Anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention （ASHMITM）, a combination of three tradi- tional Chinese medicinal herbs developed in our laboratory, has demonstrated efficacy in both mouse models of allergic asthma, and a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with asthma. This study was designed to determine if the anti-inflammatory effects of individual herbal constituents of ASHMITM exhibited synergy. METHODS： Effects of ASHMI and its components aqueous extracts of Lingzhi （Ganoderma lucidum）, Kushen （Sophora flavescens） and Gancao （Glycyrrhiza uralensis）, on Th2 cytokine secretion by murine memory Th2 cells （D10.G4.1） and eotaxin-1 secretion by human lung fibroblast （HLF-1） cells were determined by measuring levels in culture supernatants by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. Potential synergistic effects were determined by computing interaction indices from concentration-effect curve parameters. RESULTS： Individual Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao extracts and ASHMI （the combination of individual extracts） inhibited production of interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-5 by murine memory Th2 cells and eotaxin-1 production by HLF-1 cells. The mean 25%-inhibitory-concentration （IC2s） values （mg/mL） forASHMI, Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao for IL-4 production were 30.9, 79.4, 123, and 64.6, respectively; for IL-5 production were 30.2, 263, 123.2 and 100, respectively; for eotaxin-1 were 13.2, 16.2, 30.2, and 25.1, respectively. The IC50values （mg/mL） for ASHMI, Lingzhi, Kushen and Gancao for IL-4 production were 158.5, 239.9, 446.7, and 281.8, respectively; for eotaxin-1 were 38.1, 33.1, 100, and 158.5, respectively. The interaction indices of ASHMI constituents at IC25 were 0.35 for IL-4, 0.21 for IL-5 and 0.59 for eotaxin-l. The interaction indices at IC^0 values were 0.50 for IL-4 and 0.62 for eotaxin-1 inhibition. Inhibition of IL-5 did not reach IC^0 values. All interaction indices were below 1 which indicated synergy. CONCLUSION： By comparing the interaction index values, we find that constituents in ASHMITM synergistically inhibited eotaxin-1 production as well as Th2 cytokine production.

Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting oxidative stress

Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process that occurs in the development of various chronic liver diseases into cirrhosis and liver cancer,characterized by excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix.In the past,hepatic fibrosis was thought to be a static and irreversible pathological process.In recent years,with the rapid development of molecular biology and the continuous in-depth study of the liver at the microscopic level,more and more evidence has shown that hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic and reversible process.Therefore,it is particularly important to find an effective,simple,and inexpensive method for its prevention and treatment.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)occupies an important position in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis due to its advantages of low adverse reactions,low cost,and multi-target effectiveness.A large number of research results have shown that TCM monomers,single herbal extracts,and TCM formulas play important roles in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.Oxidative stress(OS)is one of the key factors in the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis.Therefore,this article reviews the progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of TCM monomers,single herbal extracts,and TCM formulas in preventing and treating hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting OS in recent years,in order to provide a reference and basis for drug therapy of hepatic fibrosis.

Advances in traditional Chinese medicine for liver disease therapy in 2020

Liver diseases are gradually becoming a serious threat to human health worldwide.Although a number of medications have been introduced for the prophylaxis,diagnosis,and treatment of liver diseases,several limitations and challenges remain.Traditional Chinese medicine is frequently used to treat liver diseases and well known to protect hepatocytes and inhibit inflammation,oxidative stress,and fibrosis.However,given the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine,clarifying the mechanisms behind its curative and protective effects is difficult.In this review,research progress on traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of liver diseases in 2020 is summarized on the basis of the literature available in the PubMed database.Herbal extracts derived from traditional Chinese medicine,including flavonoids,polysaccharides,saponins,and alkaloids,and Chinese medicinal formulas,such as the classic decoctions Chaihu Shugan powder,Linggui Zhugan decoction,and Huanglian Jiedu decoction,have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in liver disease treatment.We summarized the findings of several studies on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbs used for liver disease treatment in 2020,focusing mainly on their ability to confer antiviral effects to treat hepatitis,regulate antioxidant levels and apoptosis to treat liver injury,inhibit inflammation and improve dysfunctions in amino acids and energy metabolism to treat alcoholic liver disease,reduce hepatic lipid deposition to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,promote activated hepatic stellate cells to treat liver fibrosis,inhibit the proliferation or promote the apoptosis of liver cancer cells to treat hepatocellular carcinoma,and improve bile acid metabolism to treat cholestasis.

Advances in Chinese medicine treatment and research on endocrine diseases in 2021

This paper reviews the progress in treatment regimens involving traditional Chinese medicine and research on common clinical endocrine diseases in 2021,to provide a reliable basis for the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of endocrine diseases.In 2021-2022,research on traditional Chinese medicine for endocrine diseases has been focused on pathogenesis.We have summarized the results of the use of traditional Chinese medicine and herbal extracts for treating common endocrine system diseases in 2021,focusing on the following aspects.(1)Chinese herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as echinatin,breviscapine,and puerarin,can treat metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress,improving lipid metabolism,and regulating intestinal flora.(2)Chinese herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as Juglandis Semen extracts,Momordica charantia saponins,and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extracts can treat type 2 diabetes by reducing insulin resistance,improving pancreatic beta cell function,and regulating intestinal microbial disorders.(3)Chinese herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as berberine,astragaloside IV,and Scutellariae Barbatae Herba polysaccharides,can treat diabetes-related complications by improving mitochondrial function,regulating autophagy,and inhibiting apoptosis and pyroptosis.(4)Chinese herbal medicines and herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as berberrubine and Resedaodorata,can treat hyperuricemia by activating the Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4/NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain-containing protein 3 signaling to increase urate excretion.(5)Herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as ginsenoside Rb1,corylin,and Scutellariae Radix polysaccharides,can exert anti-obesity effects by promoting the browning of white adipocytes,activation of brown adipose tissue,and regulation of intestinal flora.(6)Chinese herbal extracts or active ingredients,such as diosgenin and Prunellae Spica extract,are able to treat thyroid-related diseases by inhibiting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammatory vesicle activation,regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen,and cadherin 1,and upregulating the ubiquitination of interferon regulatory factor 4.

Antioxidant,Anti-inflammatory,and Antibacterial Activities of Different Extracts from Polygonum capitatum

[Objectives]To investigate the antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of different extracts(aqueous,ethanol,ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts)of Miao medicine Polygonum capitatum.[Methods]Eleven batches of P.capitatum in Guizhou province were collected,and water,ethanol,ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts were prepared by reflux extraction.Antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging capacity of 1,1 diphenyl-2-picyl hydrazine(DPPH),anti-inflammatory activity was screened by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced RAW264.7 cells to produce NO,and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)was screened by broth microdilution method.[Results]When the concentration of ethyl acetate extract was 10 mg/L,the scavenging rate of DPPH ranged from 90%to 99%.The(MIC of the ethyl acetate extract against Staphylococcus aureus(SA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)and Escherichia coli(EC)was 0.18-0.65,0.13-0.82,and 0.15-0.78 g/L,respectively.In the anti-inflammatory activity,ethyl acetate extract inhibited NO production with inhibition rate of 70%.[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract of Miao medicine P.capitatum have strong antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.

Chinese Herbs as an Example for a New Class of Feed Ingredients in Aquatic Animal Diets

Chinese herbal flavonoids play a role in improving the health of aquatic animals and optimizing the quality of aquatic products.The efficient extraction of flavonoids is beneficial to deepening the application of flavonoids in aquatic products.To explore the optimal way of flavonoid extraction has become a hot research topic.In this study,based on temperature,ultrasonic power and extraction time,the best ways to extract flavonoids from four Chinese herbal medicines,purslane,Verbena,Fructus Amomi and Alpinia oxyphylla,were explored.Through single-factor and multi-factor optimization extraction,the most appropriate conditions for flavonoid extraction were obtained.The results showed that the best way of ultrasonic assisted extraction of flavonoids was purslane at 40℃,300 W(400 W),Verbena at 70℃,400W,Fructus Amomi at 50℃,200 W,and A.oxyphylla at 40℃,400W,and 40 min.The results of orthogonal design showed that purslane could get 13.20 mg/g at 40℃,400 W and 50 min,Verbena could get 10.23 mg/g at 60℃,300 W and 30 min,Fructus Amomi could get 8.18 mg/g at 50℃,300 W and 60 min,and A.oxyphylla could get 7.31 mg/g at 30℃,300 W and 50 min.

Extract of Naotaifang, a compound Chinese herbal medicine, protects neuron ferroptosis induced by acute cerebral ischemia in rats

Objective:Our previous research showed that Naotaifang(a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine)extract(NTE)has clinically beneficial effects on neurological improvement of patients with acute cerebral ischemia.In this study,we investigated whether NTE protected acute brain injury in rats and whether its effects on ferroptosis could be linked to the dysfunction of glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)and iron metabolism.Methods:We established an acute brain injury model of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)in rats,in which we could observe the accumulation of iron in neurons,as detected by Perl’s staining.Using assay kits,we measured expression levels of ferroptosis biomarkers,such as iron,glutathione(GSH),reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malonaldehyde(MDA);further the expression levels of transferrin receptor1(TFR1),divalent metal transporter 1(DMT1),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7 A11)and GPX4 were determined using immunohistochemical analysis,real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays.Results:We found that treatment with NTE reduced the expression levels of TFR1 and DMT1,reduced ROS,MDA and iron accumulation and reduced neurobehavioral scores,relative to untreated MCAO rats.Treatment with NTE increased the expression levels of SLC7 A11,GPX4 and GSH,and the number of Nissl bodies in the MCAO rats.Conclusion:Taken together,our data suggest that acute cerebral ischemia induces neuronal ferroptosis and the effects of treating MCAO rats with NTE involved inhibition of ferroptosis through the TFR1/DMT1 and SCL7 A11/GPX4 pathways.

Application of Several Additives Instead of Antibiotics in the Production of Laying Hens

[ Objective ] The test was conducted to study the effect of three different additives instead of antibiotics in the production of laying hens. [ Method ] Basal diets in four test groups were added with 0. 015 % oxytetracycline, 0. 01% microecological preparation, 0.2% fulvic acid, and 0. 1% Chinese herbal medi- cine extract respectively, and laying hens in control group were fed with basal diets. Effect of four different additives on performance and egg quality were studied under the temperature of 28.6℃. [ Result] The average egg-laying rate and feed-egg ratio in groups 2, 3 and 4 were significantly better than those in control group and group 1 （P 〈 0.05 ）. The contents of fat and cholesterol in eggs in groups 2, 3 and 4 were lower than those in control group and group 1. And the fat content of eggs in group 4 was 13.42% lower than that in control group, the difference was significant （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The protein contents in groups 2, 3 and 4 were signifi- cantly higher than those in control group and group 1 （P 〈 0.05 ）. [Condusion ] Microecological preparation, fulvic acid and Chinese herbal medicine extract could replace antibiotics to be applied in the production of laying hens.

中医药治疗卵巢癌的机制研究进展

卵巢癌具有难检测、难治疗、复发率高等临床特点,是致死率最高的妇科恶性肿瘤之一。早期症状隐匿,发现时多已进展至晚期,手术后铂类药物化疗是目前的主要治疗手段,但长期使用会产生耐药性,且不良反应极多。近年来,随着中医学的不断进步和发展,中药已成为目前抗卵巢癌研究的热点。笔者在国内外数据库中检索相关研究论文,发现中药具有抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡、逆转耐药性等作用机制,主要作用在PI3K/Akt/mTOR、Wnt/β-catenin、Notch、NF-κB、MAPK信号通路。

几种中草药提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑菌活性

中草药因其独特的优势应用于农作物病虫害防控中备受关注,为探究可用于防治马铃薯晚疫病的中草药制剂,助力晚疫病绿色防控,选用无水乙醇、石油醚及乙酸乙酯(体积比为4:3:3)三元溶剂,通过冷浸渍法提取百里香等11种中草药不同部位获得相应制剂。分别采用平板菌丝生长速率法和叶片接种法测定11种中草药制剂对马铃薯晚疫病菌的离体和半活体抑菌活性。百里香和大黄具有较强的抑菌活性,EC_(50)分别为130.19和364.90 mg/kg,优于阳性对照药剂丁子香酚(669.52 mg/kg);防风、齿果酸模、广藿香、蛇床子、野胡萝卜和补骨脂抑菌活性较强,EC_(50)分别为768.28、807.33、874.75、953.52、1519.11和1659.58 mg/kg,低于丁子香酚。可知,百里香、大黄、防风、齿果酸模、广藿香、蛇床子、野胡萝卜和补骨脂对马铃薯晚疫病具有较强的防治效果和潜在应用价值。

敏感性皮肤的中医辨治初探

敏感性皮肤发生率较高,国内女性敏感性皮肤发生率在15.93%,男性为8.62%。本文分析了敏感性皮肤的中医病因病机及辨证论治,介绍了肺经风热、肝经湿热、脾虚湿蕴、肝郁血燥、阳虚水饮五型及相应治则、方药,中药湿敷、中药膏/油外用、中药提取物护肤品的应用及体针、放血治疗方案。认为本症可通过中医内服外治联合的方案,以取得促进皮肤屏障修复、降低神经血管高反应性、控制炎症反应、提高皮肤耐受性的效果。

银杏酮酯对小胶质细胞炎症诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的探讨银杏酮酯(GBE50)通过抑制小胶质细胞的炎症反应对神经元突触损伤的影响。方法①采用格里斯(Griess)试剂检测不同浓度GBE50(25~400 mg·L^(-1))干预对经脂多糖(LPS)刺激后BV2小胶质细胞培养液中亚硝酸盐含量的影响。②不同浓度GBE50(25~400 mg·L^(-1))干预经LPS刺激的BV2小胶质细胞,收集上清液作为条件培养基(CM)处理PC12细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色(MTT)法检测BV2小胶质细胞和PC12细胞活力。③将对数生长的BV2和PC12细胞以2×106个/孔铺板于6孔板中,分为空白对照组(Ctrl组,仅培养液培养),对照加药组(Ctrl+GBE50组,GBE50干预浓度为200 mg·L^(-1)),模型组(LPS组,LPS刺激浓度为100μg·L^(-1)),模型加药组(LPS+GBE50组,GBE50预处理1 h后,加入LPS),各组进行相应干预。采用Western blot、实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)法检测CM处理的PC12细胞N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)亚基蛋白及基因表达量。结果①Greiss法结果显示,GBE50干预可降低LPS刺激BV2细胞产生的一氧化氮(NO)水平(P<0.05)。②MTT法结果显示,GBE50对BV2细胞活力无影响;LPS刺激后的CM处理PC12细胞活力显著下降,该现象在GBE50干预的CM中有所改善,GBE50浓度在200 mg·L^(-1)时细胞活力已无明显下降(P<0.05)。③Western blot结果显示,与LPS组比较,LPS+GBE50组中NMDAR亚基NR1、NR2A和NR2B蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);RT-qPCR结果显示,与LPS组比较,LPS+GBE50组中NMDAR亚基基因表达量均增加(P<0.05)。结论GBE50可通过抑制激活小胶质细胞的炎症反应,减少NMDAR的损伤,对神经元突触起到保护作用。

3种中草药水提物及其复配剂的体外抑菌效果研究

为了研究黄芪、甘草和苦豆子3种草药提取物及其复配剂的抑菌效果,试验采用水提法分别制备单剂中草药的提取液,按照L9(3^(4))正交试验设计得到9种不同复配剂,以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌作为供试菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果显示,黄芪、甘草和苦豆子单剂对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌均具有一定的抑菌效果,3种不同单剂提取物中,黄芪提取物对3种菌的抑菌效果最优,甘草、苦豆子次之。与单剂相比,3种中草药复配剂整体的抑菌效果均有提升,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌抑菌效果的最佳配比分别为1∶1∶2、2∶2∶1和4∶1∶2。经验证,3种中草药复配剂配比为1∶1∶2时,综合抑菌效果最佳,该复配剂作用大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的抑菌圈直径分别为15.20、14.10、12.92mm。研究表明,在畜牧生产中,建议黄芪、甘草和苦豆子水提液的复配添加比为1∶1∶2,浓度为0.6、0.6、1.2 g/mL,从而最大限度地发挥中草药的抑菌作用。

中药材多糖提取技术研究进展

中药材作为传统医学的重要组成部分,具有悠久的历史和丰富的经验积累。其以天然植物、动物和矿物等为原料,经过加工制备而成,被广泛应用于中医药领域。中药材多糖是一类具有广泛生物活性的天然高分子化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种药理作用。随着人们对中药材多糖的深入研究,多糖提取技术也得以不断发展。文章综述了近年来中药材多糖提取技术的研究进展,涵盖了提取方法改进、提取工艺优化、提取效率提高等多个方面,以期为中药材多糖的开发和利用提供参考。

机械外力对中药提取物晶体学固态形式及溶出速率的影响研究——以女贞子提取物为例

以女贞子提取物为例,考察不同制剂工艺条件下机械外力对晶体学固态形式及药物溶出这一关键质量属性的影响,为中药制剂的制备与质量控制提供指导。在不同粉碎和压片工艺条件下,采用偏光显微镜观察女贞子提取物的晶体学固态形式变化。同时,考察该变化对提取物溶出速率的影响,分析晶体含量和溶出速率之间的数学关系。结果显示,球磨及压片工艺对女贞子提取物的晶体学固态形式产生显著影响,无定形态的提取物出现了明显的转晶现象,且转晶后溶出速率显著下降。进一步的研究揭示了晶体含量和溶出速率之间存在负相关的线性关系。研究结果表明,中药提取物在制剂过程中可能会存在晶体学固态形式转变现象,这一现象可能对中药制剂的质量产生潜在风险,提示我们在中药制剂的制备过程中,应重视和加强对中药提取物晶体学固态形式的研究,以保障中药制剂的安全性、有效性与质量可控性。

中草药和活性干酵母制剂对延边黄牛哺乳犊牛腹泻率及直肠菌群多样性的影响

【目的】研究补饲中草药、活性干酵母制剂对哺乳犊牛腹泻率及肠道菌群多样性的影响,为探究中草药和活性干酵母制剂在哺乳犊牛肠道健康的作用机理提供理论依据。【方法】选取体重、月龄相近且体况良好的延边黄牛哺乳犊牛24头,采用完全随机设计方法随机分成3组,每组8头犊牛(公5头、母3头),对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,中草药组(Ⅱ组)在基础饲粮中添加0.5%的中草药制剂,酵母组(Ⅲ组)在基础饲粮中添加1 g/d的拉曼活性干酵母。饲养试验为期31 d,其中预试期10 d,正式试验期为21 d。在饲养试验结束当天晨饲前,采用棉拭子无菌采集该牧场犊牛直肠中新鲜粪便样品,于―80℃保存待测,采集的犊牛直肠中的粪便进行测序,比较Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组在菌群多样性方面存在的差异。【结果】①与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组犊牛的平均日增重(ADG)显著提高(P<0.05),料重比(F/G)、腹泻率和粪便评分显著降低(P<0.05);②在瘤胃菌群多样性方面,与Ⅰ组相比,2个处理组的Alpha多样性指数(ACE、Chao1、Coverage、Shannon和Simpson)均无显著差异(P>0.05);③瘤胃菌群分布方面,在门水平上,两个处理组中优势菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);在属水平上,两个处理组中优势菌属为瘤胃球菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005)、理研菌科RC9肠群(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)、产粪甾醇真细菌群([Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group)。其中,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组理研菌科RC9肠群的相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),其他菌群在门水平和属水平上的相对丰度差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】补饲0.5%中草药饲料添加剂或1 g/d活性干酵母制剂均可在不同程度上减少哺乳犊牛腹泻症状,而且改善肠道菌群多样性,促进其肠道健康发育。