Testing the Effect of Soil Heterogeneity on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) Contribution to Plant Productivity

Most natural soils are heterogeneous and nutrient availability and soil structure change greatly over small distances. It is still unclear whether AMF are advantageous for plants under such heterogeneous soil conditions. The objective of this study was to determine whether diverse AMF community support host plant community productivity in heterogeneous soil. It was also tested whether soil heterogeneity affects plant productivity. This was carried out in a greenhouse experiment made up of two factors: soil heterogeneity and AMF richness. Soil heterogeneity was simulated by mixing three soil types (sand, field soil and organic soil) together (homogenous soil (HM)), mixing them partly (semi homogenous (SH)) or keeping the three soil types separate in three compartments within one pot (heterogeneous (HT)). AMF richness was simulated by adding no AMF, one of four different AMF species separately, or all four different AMF together. The pots were planted with a mixture of Trifolium pratense and Lolium multiflorum. There was no effect of soil heterogeneity on total plant biomass. However, the biomass of the individual plant species was greatly affected by soil heterogeneity with Lolium being the most abundant in the heterogeneous soil and Trifolium being the most abundant in the homogenous soil. Total plant biomass did not increase with AMF richness. Moreover, opposite to the hypothesis, AMF richness was not beneficial for plant productivity in a heterogenous soil environment. However, there were significant differences in plant biomass with different AMF treatments in the SH and HT treatment indicating that effects of AMF on plant productivity are influenced by soil type. These effects on yield and AMF reflect a combination of local responses to growing conditions. The results show that AMF influence on plant yield may not always be positive but is strongly dependent on ecological elasticity and environmental condition.

General and specialized metabolites in peanut roots regulate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Arbuscular mycorrhizae(AM)fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots,providing nutritional benefits and promoting plant growth and defenses against various stresses.Metabolic changes in the roots during AM fungal colonization are key to understanding the development and maintenance of these symbioses.Here,we investigated metabolic changes in the roots of peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)plants during the colonization and development of AM symbiosis,and compared them to uncolonized roots.The primary changes during the initial stage of AM colonization were in the contents and compositions of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid compounds.These compounds function in signaling pathways that regulate recognition,interactions,and pre-colonization between roots and AM fungi.Flavonoid compounds decreased by 25%when the symbiosis was fully established compared to the initial colonization stage.After AM symbiosis was established,general metabolism strongly shifted toward the formation of lipids,amino acids,carboxylic acids,and carbohydrates.Lipid compounds increased by 8.5%from the pre-symbiotic stage to well-established symbiosis.Lyso-phosphatidylcholines,which are signaling compounds,were only present in AM roots,and decreased in content after the symbiosis was established.In the initial stage of AM establishment,the content of salicylic acid increased two-fold,whereas jasmonic acid and abscisic acid decreased compared to uncolonized roots.The jasmonic acid content decreased in roots after the symbiosis was well established.AM symbiosis was associated with high levels of calcium,magnesium,and D-(+)-mannose,which stimulated seedling growth.Overall,specific metabolites that favor the establishment of AM symbiosis were common in the roots,primarily during early colonization,whereas general metabolism was strongly altered when AM symbiosis was well-established.In conclusion,specialized metabolites function as signaling compounds to establish AM symbiosis.These compounds are no longer produced after the symbiosis between the roots and AM becomes fully established.

Research Progress on the Process and Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonizing Roots

The arbuscular mycorrhiza （AM） is a kind of fungi-plant associated sym- biont formed by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants in soil. Present study was limited to the population and community level, mainly in horticulture, land recla- mation, forest and environmental restoration. Research progress was also made at the cellular level and molecular level. Process and related mechanism of mycorrhizal fungi infecting root were reviewed, and future study on the mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infecting root should be continued.

Genome-wide analyses of mi RNAs in mycorrhizal plants in response to late blight and elucidation of the role of miR319c in tomato resistance

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum), an economically important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide, often suffers massive financial losses due to Phytophthora infestans(P. infestans) spread and breakouts. Arbuscular mycorrhiza(AM) fungi mediated biocontrol has demonstrated great potential in plant resistance. However, little information is available on the regulation of mycorrhizal tomato resistance against P. infestans.Therefore, microRNAs(miRNAs) sequencing technology was used to analyse miRNA and their targets in the mycorrhizal tomato after P.infestans infection. Our study showed a lower severity of necrotic lesions in mycorrhizal tomato than in nonmycorrhizal controls. We investigated 35 miRNAs that showed the opposite expression tendency in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal tomato after P. infestans infection when compared with uninfected P. infestans. Among them, miR319c was upregulated in mycorrhizal tomato leaves after pathogen infection. Overexpression of miR319c or silencing of its target gene(TCP1) increased tomato resistance to P. infestans, implying that miR319c acts as a positive regulator in tomato after pathogen infection. Additionally, we examined the induced expression patterns of miR319c and TCP1 in tomato plants exposed to salicylic acid(SA) treatment, and SA content and the expression levels of SA-related genes were also measured in overexpressing transgenic plants. The result revealed that miR319c can not only participates in tomato resistance to P. infestans by regulating SA content, but also indirectly regulates the expression levels of key genes in the SA pathway by regulating TCP1. In this study, we propose a novel mechanism in which the miR319c in mycorrhizal tomato increases resistance to P. infestans.

Effectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi collected from reclaimed mine soil and tallgrass prairie

We examined suitability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with cool-season nonnative forages on reclaimed surface-mined land in southeast Ohio for establishment of native warm-season grasses. The goal of establishing these grasses is to diversify a post-reclamation landscape that is incapable of supporting native forest species. A 16-week glasshouse study compared AMF from a 30-year reclaimed mine soil (WL) with AMF from native Ohio tallgrass prairie soil (CL). Four native grasses were examined from seedling through 16 weeks of growth. Comparisons were made between CL and WL AMF on colonized (+AMF) and non-colonized plants (–AMF) at three levels of soil phosphorus (P). Leaves were counted at 4 week intervals. Shoot and root biomass and percent AMF root colonization were measured at termination. We found no difference between WL and CL AMF. Added soil P did not reduce AMF colonization, but did reduce AMF efficacy. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash), and tall dropseed (Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth) benefited from AMF only at low soil P while slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners) exhibited no benefit. Establishment of tallgrass prairie dominants big blue-stem and Indiangrass would be supported by the mine soil AMF. It appears that the non-native forage species have supported AMF equally functional as AMF from a regionally native tallgrass prairie. Tall dropseed and slender wheatgrass were found to be less dependent on AMF than big bluestem or Indiangrass and thus would be useful in areas with little or no AMF inoculum.

Comparison of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community in Roots and Rhizosphere of Invasive Cenchrus incertus and Native Plant in Inner Mongolia,China

Plant invasions could significantly alter arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungal communities, but the effect may vary with plant species and local environments. Identifying changes in the AM fungal community due to plant invasion could improve our understanding of the invasion processes. Here, we examined the AM fungal community composition both in roots and rhizosphere soils of the invasive plant Cenchrus incertus and the dominant native plant Setaria viridis in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses(T-RFLP). The results showed that AM fungal abundance in the rhizosphere soils of C. incertus was significantly lower than that of S. viridis. The AM fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soils of the two plant species also largely differed. In general, AM fungal community structures in roots corresponded very well to that in rhizosphere soils for both plant species. The dominant AM fungal type both in invasive and native plants was T-RFLP 524 bp, which represents Glomus sp.(Virtual taxa 109 and 287). Three specific T-RF types(280,190 and 141bp) were significantly more abundant in C. incertus, representing three clusters in Glomus which also named as VT(virtual taxa) 287, 64 and 214, Rhizophagus intraradices(VT 113) and Diversispora sp.(VT 60). While the specific T-RF types,189 and 279 bp, for S. viridis, only existed in Glomus cluster 1(VT 156), were significantly less abundant in C. incertus. These results indicated that AM fungi might play an important role in the invasion process of C. incertus, which still remains to be further investigated.

接种丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下月见草生理及次生代谢产物的影响

以月见草为试验材料,进行盆栽试验。采取双因素试验设计,设置无NaCl对照和150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理以及分别接种幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum)、摩西斗管囊霉(Funnelifor mismosseae)、根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices)和不接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理,研究接种不同的AMF对盐胁迫下月见草的生长、生理以及次生代谢产物的影响,以期为增强月见草的耐盐性提供新方法。结果表明:盐胁迫下,与未接种AMF的月见草相比,接种AMF的月见草的株高、根长、基径、地上干质量和地下干质量均显著提高,同时,月见草叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、总黄酮和总酚的质量分数均显著提高,此外,净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性也显著增强,然而,丙二醛质量摩尔浓度显著降低。说明接种AMF可以提高盐胁迫下月见草的光合能力和渗透调节能力,增加抗氧化酶活性,促进次生代谢产物的积累,从而促进其生长发育。综合月见草的各个指标发现,接种AMF能够提高月见草的抗盐能力,不同AMF对月见草耐盐性的提升效果不同。其中以接种根内根孢囊霉对提高月见草耐盐性的效果最为显著,摩西斗管囊霉次之,幼套近明球囊霉的效果较差。

弱光及干旱条件下AMF对切花月季光合和AsA-GSH循环的影响

旨在探究弱光及干旱条件下丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对切花月季光合、AsA-GSH循环以及渗透调节物质的影响。盆栽条件下设置100%全光照(L1)、50%全光照(L2)2个光照处理组,80%土壤持水量(W1)和40%土壤持水量(W2)2个水分处理组,接种AMF[变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)+异形根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus irregularis)]及不接种对照(CK)共8个处理。结果表明,AMF能够侵染切花月季根系,显著提高切花月季生长品质。弱光和/或干旱胁迫下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF能有效地促进切花月季叶片的净光合速率(P_(n))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))和水分利用效率(WUE)增加,降低细胞间隙CO_(2)浓度(C_(i));在L2W2处理条件下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF使切花月季叶片中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性分别提高5.2%、15.4%、21.7%和35.9%;接种AMF的抗坏血酸(AsA)含量与对照处理无显著差异,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量提高8.1%,GSH/GSSG比值增加7.9%;接种AMF后切花月季丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)含量明显增加。结论认为AMF通过维持AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的稳定,提高AsA-GSH循环中相关酶活性,增加切花月季叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量而降低MDA含量来适应水分和光照的变化,形成适应光照和水分条件变化的生理生态对策来改善切花月季生长品质。

设施蔬菜土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性及群落构建的季相变化

为研究设施生态系统丛枝菌根(Arbuscularmycorrhiza,AM)真菌群落变化的关键驱动过程,采集设施番茄不同生长季(休耕、花期、果期)土壤样品,利用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术分析AM真菌物种和谱系多样性及群落结构变化特征,并结合群落谱系分析方法探讨不同生长季随机性过程和确定性过程之间的相对贡献。结果表明,不同生长季AM真菌的物种多样性和谱系多样性均发生显著改变:相比于休耕期,番茄生育期(花期、果期)土壤中AM真菌丰富度、Shannon多样性、Pielou均匀度、谱系多样性(PD)和平均成对谱系距离(MPD)分别显著下降了42.82%~59.18%、43.25%~48.31%、17.46%~25.40%、57.14%~67.86%和50.00%;除球囊霉属相对多度显著增加,近明球囊霉属和类球囊霉属相对多度均显著下降,原囊霉属相对多度先增加后降低。置换多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)和非度量多维度分析(NMDS)结果表明休耕期基于物种组成和谱系组成的AM真菌群落结构显著差别于番茄生育期,但花期和果期之间差异不显著。谱系分析结果显示,休耕期净亲缘关系指数NRI=0,表明AM真菌在谱系结构上是随机的,花期和果期NRI>0,表明谱系聚集,暗示了AM真菌群落构建由随机性过程主导向确定性过程主导的转变,中性群落模型(NCM)结果也支持该推断。Mantel检验结果显示,土壤pH、养分(有机碳、全量氮磷钾和有效磷)、盐分含量以及土壤温湿度作为确定性因素显著影响AM真菌群落的季相变化。综上所述,设施生态系统高集约化生产方式促进了AM真菌群落构建从随机性过程主导向确定性过程主导转变,导致多样性降低和群落结构变化,研究结果对揭示设施蔬菜栽培条件引起的土壤质量退化及其过程中的微生物组演变规律具有重要意义。

不同种植年限苜蓿地球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量及其影响因素

球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)是丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)分泌的一种糖蛋白,有利于土壤团聚体形成。本研究借助于黄土高原半干旱区的长期定位试验,以不同建植年限(L2019、L2012、L2003)紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)草地为研究对象,玉米(Zea mays)田为对照,研究GRSP含量的主要调控因子及其与土壤有机碳和团聚体结构特征的关系。结果表明,随苜蓿种植年限增加,AMF丰度(侵染率、菌丝密度)和GRSP含量显著提高(P<0.05),线性回归分析结果表明,总提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(T-GRSP)含量与土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳之间显著正相关(P<0.05),而易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)和总提取球囊霉素土壤蛋白含量均与水稳性团粒特征平均重量直径(MWD)和大于0.25 mm的团聚体含量(R0.25)之间显著正相关(P<0.05),冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,影响土壤AMF丰度和GRSP含量的主要环境因子是土壤速效磷(P=0.002)和微生物量碳(P=0.002)。与农田相比,T-GRSP含量在土壤有机碳中的比例随苜蓿种植年限的增加而提高,说明持续多年种植苜蓿引起GRSP含量增加,促进GRSP含量在土壤有机碳中的积累,提高了GRSP含量对土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳的贡献。该研究结果可为黄绵土GRSP研究及紫花苜蓿栽培草地可持续利用提供理论依据。

不同持水量和氮肥形态对丛枝菌根真菌调节柑橘幼苗生长和氮积累的影响

以柑橘幼苗为研究对象,采用分室(分生长室与菌丝室)根箱装置,比较了不同水分处理[60%WFPS(Water-filled pore space);80%WFPS]与两种氮肥形态(NH_(4)^(+);NO_(3)^(-))下,丛枝菌根真菌(CK:无菌丝无根系;AMF:有菌丝无根系;RAMF:有菌丝有根系)对土壤氮含量、植株生物量和氮积累的影响.结果表明:水分水平、氮肥形态和丛枝菌根真菌均显著影响土壤氮含量、柑橘幼苗生物量及植株氮积累量;与60%田间持水量相比,80%田间持水量的土壤硝态氮和总有效氮含量分别降低了26.42%和8.28%,柑橘地上部和总生物量分别显著提高了20.66%和8.93%,柑橘地上部和总氮积累量分别提高了13.57%和6.21%;与添加铵态氮相比,添加硝态氮的柑橘地上部和总氮积累量分别提高了12.59%和5.64%,柑橘地上部和总生物量分别提高了15.68%和9.56%;不同水分和氮形态处理下,AMF均能促进柑橘幼苗生长和植株氮积累;与CK处理相比,AMF处理的地上部和总生物量分别提高了18.57%和15.06%,而RAMF处理分别提高了26.60%和25.48%;AMF处理柑橘地上部和总氮积累量分别较CK处理提高了19.49%和12.88%,RAMF处理分别提高了23.10%和20.10%.因此,不同水分和氮形态下,丛枝菌根真菌与柑橘根系共生均能促进柑橘幼苗生长,提高氮素积累能力.

基于Meta分析菌根菌对植物叶片生理的影响

叶片作为植物的重要器官,其养分、光合色素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等含量,以及各种酶活性都是表征其生理的重要参数;而光合作用、蒸腾作用则是叶片重要的生理活动指标。菌根菌是一类与绝大多数植物形成共生的土壤微生物,能够影响叶片生理。本研究选择分布最广泛的丛枝菌根菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF),针对以往大多数研究只关注单一植物接种AMF探究其生理功能的问题,采用Meta分析(Meta-analysis)的定量研究方法,对152篇相关文献整理建库,评估了AMF对植物叶片生理的影响,探究了不同分类水平上AMF的效应。结果表明:AMF显著提高了叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和锌含量,提高了12.6%~26.3%;增加了叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,分别增加了16.3%、12.1%和11.1%;对可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白则分别提升了34.8%和18.4%;同时,AMF提高了叶片各种酶活性,分别为过氧化物酶31.3%、超氧化物歧化酶17.8%、过氧化氢酶23.3%、多酚氧化酶59.1%、苯丙氨酸解氨酶65.3%;AMF提高了叶片的净光合速率(27.7%)和蒸腾速率(31.1%)。表明AMF因分类(科、属、种)不同,对叶片生理的影响也存在差异。本研究系统评价了AMF对叶片生理的影响,丰富了AMF的功能多样性理论,为筛选改善叶片生理的高效AMF提供了切实的依据。

广西金花茶根系丛枝菌根真菌染色方法探讨

金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)为山茶科山茶属植物,属于国家一级保护植物,具有很高的观赏价值及药用价值。但目前金花茶野生资源少,因此寻找高效的人工种植方法快速繁殖金花茶优良种苗,进而大幅度提高规模化种植金花茶的产量十分必要。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌能显著促进植物生长发育、提高作物产量、增强植物抗逆性和抗病性,金花茶接种AM真菌,对金花茶有积极的影响。由于几乎所有的AM真菌接种试验均涉及菌根发育状况观察与侵染率测定,而目前AM侵染状况的观察测定方法种类繁多,良莠不齐,因此本研究探究一种金花茶根系AM真菌检测的最佳染色方法,以便更好地观察AM真菌对金花茶根系的侵染情况。本研究以金花茶健康植株根系为试验材料,探讨5种染色剂(苏丹红Ⅳ、酸性品红、苯胺蓝、台酚蓝、醋酸墨水)对金花茶根系AM真菌的染色效果。研究表明:5%醋酸墨水染色液的染色效果最佳,根皮层细胞内AM真菌的菌丝、泡囊、孢子等结构清晰可见,且能够明确分辨AM真菌与其他未知真菌,根的染色效果可以长久保存;利用苏丹红Ⅳ和酸性品红染色的AM真菌菌丝、泡囊与背景反差不明显,而且酸性品红的染色效果保存时间短,不利于观察;苯胺蓝和台酚蓝的染色效果略次于醋酸墨水,且价格昂贵,成本高。除醋酸墨水外,其他4种染色剂均是疑似致癌物,长期使用对操作人员的健康产生非常大的安全隐患。醋酸墨水染色操作简便、毒性低、成本低廉、染色效果极佳,适用于金花茶根系AM真菌的染色和制片观察。本研究结果可为今后金花茶菌根种苗的应用提供新的思路。

两种丛枝菌根真菌定殖青山杨后对舞毒蛾的抗性研究

【目的】研究丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对青山杨抗虫性的影响以及舞毒蛾对AMF定殖青山杨的适应能力,为AMF定殖青山杨后抗虫性的研究提供科学依据。【方法】分别以对照(CK,无AMF定殖)、根内根孢囊霉(GI)或摩西管柄囊霉(GM)定殖的青山杨叶片饲喂舞毒蛾幼虫,统计3、4、5龄幼虫的体重、体长、头壳宽和食物利用率,测定4、5龄幼虫解毒酶酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)的活性。【结果】GI组3、4龄幼虫的体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),5龄与对照组差异不显著,GM组5龄幼虫的体长、体重、头壳宽、食物利用率均显著高于对照组。GI组3龄幼虫取食量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4、5龄显著低于对照组,GM组5龄显著高于对照组,3、4龄与对照组差异不显著。GI组ACP显著低于对照组(P<0.05),AKP在4龄显著高于对照组,5龄AKP活性显著低于对照组。GM组两种解毒酶活性均显著高于对照组。【结论】GI定殖的青山杨能促进舞毒蛾低龄幼虫的生长,对舞毒蛾老熟幼虫的生长影响不显著。GM定殖青山杨叶片促进了舞毒蛾幼虫的生长发育,提高了食物的利用效率,激发了幼虫体内磷酸酯酶活性,表明舞毒蛾对GM定植的青山杨有更好的适应性。AMF对树木及植食性昆虫的影响具有种类特异性,GI定殖对青山杨的抗虫性的影响呈中性,GM定殖对青山杨的抗舞毒蛾产生负效应。

微生物技术在农林草业生态保护与生态修复中的应用——以菌根真菌技术为例

微生物技术是近10年应用于生态保护与修复的替代性方法,因具备高效、绿色、无毒害等特点,研究与开发潜力巨大。菌根真菌作为提升植物产量、品质与抗逆性的微生物工具,在农林草业生态保护与修复领域被广泛研究并开发出众多专利及产品。通过梳理国内外现有研究,归纳总结了菌根真菌在提升植物养分吸收、改善土壤性质和污染修复利用的作用机理,并通过调研相关产品和技术,分析了当前菌根真菌技术发展的空白与现实挑战。旨在提升公众对菌根真菌技术的认识,以推动开发兼具生态效益与商业价值的微生物产品和修复技术,加快实现可持续农林草管理。

不同AMF菌肥对桑树“嘉陵30”生长和叶品质的影响

“嘉陵30”是我国西南地区大面积推广种植的优质果叶两用桑树(Morus alba)品种,为了研究不同丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)菌肥对其生长和桑叶品质的影响,实验添施了5种AMF菌肥,并比较桑树植株的色素含量、生长发育和叶片品质在施加前后的差异,以此筛选出适合“嘉陵30”的最佳菌肥。结果显示:(1)色素含量方面,与对照相比,施加隐类球囊霉(Paraglom occultum)菌肥的植株叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均显著增加,分别提高30.00%、21.96%和21.35%。(2)生长发育方面,与对照相比,施加隐类球囊霉菌肥的植株株高、基径、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、总干重均显著增加,分别提高50.32%、21.06%、31.68%、27.25%、98.39%和39.01%。(3)叶片品质方面,与对照组相比,施加根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)的植株叶C、N、粗蛋白以及总氨基酸含量均显著增加,分别提高4.07%、3.94%、4.51%和7.14%,而生物碱显著降低64.30%。上述结果表明,施加隐类球囊霉菌肥在促进植株生长发育和增加生物量的积累方面效果最佳,而施加根内球囊霉菌肥在提高桑叶品质方面效果更好。

宁夏沙生药用植物AMF、DSE侵染特征及DSE鉴定

为研究宁夏沙生药用植物根系丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)与深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophytes,DSE)的侵染特征及DSE物种多样性,在宁夏各地采集健康的黄耆、苦豆子和柠条等13种沙生药用植物的根样,显微观察AMF和DSE的侵染特征,采用形态学结合分子生物学鉴定,研究DSE物种多样性。结果表明:13种植物根系中均有AMF定植;除乳浆大戟外12种植物根系均有DSE定植;AMF定植率高于DSE定植率。在苦豆子、沙蒿、沙冬青、黄耆、柠条5种植物根系分离得到4株DSE菌株,分别是Cladosporium cladosporioides、Alternaria sp.、Aspergillus fumigatus、Paraphoma chrysanthemicola。

丛枝菌根真菌对青山杨生长及其物质代谢的影响

为了更为细致地解析两种丛枝菌根真菌,即根内根孢囊霉(Glomus intraradices,简称GI)与摩西管柄囊霉(G.mosseae,简称GM)对青山杨植株生长及其物质代谢的具体影响,选用了孢子含量为15个/g的GI和GM基质,将20g的孢子基质与1.3 kg的灭菌土壤进行均匀混合,制备成特定的混合基质。然后将青山杨的扦插苗种植于该混合基质中,以确保其生长环境的一致性和可重复性。在植株生长的第80天时,系统地进行了青山杨生长状况的评估与叶片内N、P元素、营养物质的定量分析,测定了叶片中次生代谢产物的含量。结果表明,GI组青山杨的株高和地上生物量相较于对照组呈现出显著的降低(p<0.05),在根长和地下生物量方面,GI组则显著高于对照(p<0.05);GM组的株高、根长以及生物量方面显著高于对照(p<0.05)。在GI和GM处理的青山杨叶片中,N元素以及可溶性蛋白质的含量都明显低于对照(p<0.05);而在GM组中,叶片的可溶性糖和P元素则有着显著的增长(p<0.05)。在GI组中,次生代谢物质中的总黄酮含量显著高于对照(p<0.05),而总酚含量则明显低于对照,单宁和木质素的含量,与对照相比并无显著性差异;GM组,总酚和单宁的含量都明显低于对照(p<0.05),木质素含量显著高于对照(p<0.05),总黄酮与对照组差异不显著。GI、GM均降低了青山杨叶片中N元素和可溶性蛋白的含量;GI抑制了青山杨地上部分的生长,提高了叶片总黄酮的含量;GM对青山杨有促生作用,提高了叶片中可溶性糖和P元素含量,抑制了次生代谢物单宁、总酚的产生。

丛枝菌根真菌对香樟幼苗生长和抗寒生理指标的影响

以北移香樟(Cinnamomum camphora Presl)幼苗为研究材料,对香樟幼苗进行接种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)处理及叶片低温胁迫处理(4,0,-5,-10,-15,-20℃),测定接种丛枝菌根真菌处理时北移香樟幼苗的生长指标及低温胁迫时叶片的抗寒生理指标。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌使香樟幼苗株高、基茎、生物量比对照分别增加了24.11%、32.13%、11.51%,并改变了生物量的分配模式,即根冠比变大。与对照相比,接种丛枝菌根真菌处理使香樟幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度显著降低;当温度为0~-15℃时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、脯氨酸质量分数显著提高。通过主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价发现,接种丛枝菌根真菌使香樟幼苗的抗寒性比对照显著提高。相关分析表明,香樟幼苗的抗寒性与生物量、根冠比呈正相关。丛枝菌根真菌通过促进植物生长及调整生物量分配策略提高植物的抗寒性。

中亚热带不同林龄杉木丛枝菌根真菌群落特征

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落组成和多样性随林木生长发育的变化特征,以中亚热带不同林龄(8、16、25和35 a)杉木为研究对象,利用醋酸墨水法测定AMF侵染率,采用高通量Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析杉木根内AMF群落组成和多样性特征.结果表明:杉木AMF侵染率均>60%,随林龄增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,25 a杉木AMF侵染率显著高于8 a杉木(P<0.05).从4个不同林龄杉木根系AMF中得到502 516条有效序列和1 070个操作分类单元,隶属于1门、2纲、3目、4科、10属.球囊霉属(Glomus)和根内球囊霉属(Rhizophagus)为杉木AMF群落的优势类群,其相对丰度在不同林龄间无显著差异(P>0.05).AMF多样性指数包括Chao1、Shannon、Simpson和PD-whole-tree指数,均随林龄增加而逐渐降低,35 a杉木Chao1和PD-whole-tree指数极显著低于其他林龄(P<0.01).基于相似性和非度量多维尺度分析表明,35 a杉木根内AMF群落结构与其他林龄存在显著差异;冗余分析表明,土壤可溶性有机碳和铵态氮含量分别是影响杉木AMF群落多样性和组成的主要因子.杉木根内AMF侵染率和群落多样性在成熟林阶段发生显著改变,不同林龄杉木AMF类群组成也有差异,未来应深入研究AMF类群在杉木不同生长阶段的生态功能,为提高杉木人工林的养分利用效率和可持续经营提供依据.