Effect of an axial magnetic field on a DC argon arc

In this paper a commercial CFD （computational fluid dynamics） code FLUENT has been used and modified for the axisymmetric swirl and time-dependent simulation of an atmospheric pressure argon arc in an external axial magnetic field （AMF）. The computational domain includes the arc itself and the anodic region. Numerical results demonstrate that the AMF substantially increases the tangential component of the plasma velocity. The resulting centrifugal force for the plasma rotation impels it to travel to the arc mantel and as a result, a low-pressure region appears at the arc core. With the AMF, the arc presents a hollow bell shape and correspondingly, the maximal values of the temperature, pressure and current density on the anode surface are departing from the arc centreline.

Simulation Research of Magnetic Constriction Effect and Controlling by Axial Magnetic Field of Vacuum Arc

Based on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of vacuum arc, the computer simulation of vacuum arc was carried out in this paper. In the MHD model, mass conservation equation, momentum conservation equations, energy conservation equations, generalized ohm's law and Maxwell equation were considered. MHD equations were calculated by numerical method, and the distribution of vacuum arc plasma parameters and current density were obtained. Simulation results showed that the magnetic constriction effect of vacuum arc is primarily caused by the Hall effect. In addition, the inhibition of axial magnetic field (AMF) on constriction of vacuum arc was calculated and analyzed.

Arc Behaviours in Vacuum Interrupters with Axial Magnetic Field Electrodes

To improve the limiting current interruption capability and minimizing vacuum interrupter with axial magnetic field （AMF） electrodes, it is significant to investigate the vacuum arc behaviours between the contacts. AMF distributions of the slot type electrodes were studied by both numerical analysis and experiments. Furthermore, the behaviours of vacuum arcs for different parameters of the slot type AMF electrodes were investigated by using high-speed CCD camera. The influences of gap distance, contact diameter and phase shift time between AMF and arc current on the vacuum arc were investigated. The results provide a reference for research and development of vacuum interrupters with slot type or other types of AMF electrode.

Simulation Researches on Influence of Different Axial Magnetic Fields on Anode Activity in High-current Vacuum Arcs

纵向磁场对阳极活动的控制效果对于大电流真空电弧成功开断十分关键。采用建模仿真的方法，分析不同纵向磁场强度对阳极活动的影响。基于大电流真空电弧模型，仿真得到不同纵向磁场强度下输入阳极的能流密度分布，并以此作为阳极活动模型的边界条件，得到不同磁场强度下的阳极熔化、蒸发情况。仿真结果表明：对于工频电流（50Hz）电弧，阳极温度的最大值出现7ms时刻附近；随着纵向磁场的增大，阳极表面温度、饱和蒸汽压、阳极蒸汽流量都相应减小；随着纵向磁场的增大，熔化半径增大，但是熔化深度减小，改善了阳极的烧蚀情况。

Investigation of Vacuum Arc Voltage Characteristics Under Different Axial Magnetic Field Profiles

Characteristics of the arc voltage under different profiles of axial magnetic field were investigated experimentally in a detachable vacuum chamber with five pairs of specially designed electrodes generating both bell-shaped and saddle-shaped magnetic field profile. The arc column and cathode spot images were photographed by a high speed digital camera. The dependence of the arc voltage on arcing evolution is analyzed. It is indicated that the axial magnetic field profile could affect the arc behaviors significantly, and the arc voltage is closely related to the arc light intensity.

Experimental Investigation on the Inf1uence of Axial Magnetic Field Distribution on Resisting the Constriction of a High-Current Vacuum Arc

Effect of the axial magnetic field （AMF） on resisting the constriction of a highcurrent vacuum arc is studied in this paper. Two typical AMF distributions were investigated, i.e., the traditional bell-shaped AMF, and the saddle-shaped AMF. Experiments were conducted in a detachable vacuum chamber with arms arc current in the range of 10 kA to 25 kA. The arc column was photographed by a high-speed digital camera with an exposure time of 2 microseconds. The constriction of the vacuum arc was compared by processing the images of the arc column under the two different field configurations and numerically determining the dimensions of the arc column near the electrodes. It was also confirmed that the AMF distribution had a significant influence on its effectiveness in resisting arc constriction. of the arc is more influential than that at the Furthermore, the AMF strength near the periphery centre of the electrodes in resisting arc constriction.

Distribution of Cathode Spots in Vacuum Arc Under Nonuniform Axial Magnetic Fields

Recent results on the distribution of vacuum arc cathode spots （CSs） in nonuniform axial magnetic field （AMF） are presented. Based on previous studies, we deem that two contrary influences of AMF, inward effect and outward effect, are attributed to CSs distribution. With this notion, we have analyzed the controlling effectiveness of nonuniform AMF on CSs distribution. Experiments were conducted in a detachable vacuum chamber with iron-style AMF electrodes. Images of vacuum arc column and the distribution of CSs were photographed with a high-speed charge coupled device （CCD） camera. Experimental results agreed well with the theoretical analysis.

Numerical simulation of low-current vacuum arc jet considering anode evaporation in different axial magnetic fields

As the main source of the vacuum arc plasma,cathode spots(CSs)play an important role on the behaviors of the vacuum arc.Their characteristics are affected by many factors,especially by the magnetic field.In this paper,the characteristics of the plasma jet from a single CS in vacuum arc under external axial magnetic field(AMF)are studied.A multi-species magneto-hydro-dynamic(MHD)model is established to describe the vacuum arc.The anode temperature is calculated by the anode activity model based on the energy flux obtained from the MHD model.The simulation results indicate that the external AMF has a significant effect on the characteristic of the plasma jet.When the external AMF is high enough,a bright spot appears on the anode surface.This is because with a higher AMF,the contraction of the diffused arc becomes more obvious,leading to a higher energy flux to the anode and thus a higher anode temperature.Then more secondary plasma can be generated near the anode,and the brightness of the‘anode spot’increases.During this process,the arc appearance gradually changes from a cone to a dumbbell shape.In this condition,the arc is in the diffuse mode.The appearance of the plasma jet calculated in the model is consistent with the experimental results.

Influence of the axial magnetic field on sheath development after current zero in a vacuum circuit breaker

After current zero,which is the moment when the vacuum circuit breaker interrupts a vacuum arc,sheath development is the first process in the dielectric recovery process.An axial magnetic field（AMF） is widely used in the vacuum circuit breaker when the high-current vacuum arc is interrupted.Therefore,it is very important to study the influence of different AMF amplitudes on the sheath development.The objective of this paper is to study the influence of different AMF amplitudes on the sheath development from a micro perspective.Thus,the particle in cell-Monte Carlo collisions（PIC-MCC） method was adopted to develop the sheath development model.We compared the simulation results with the experimental results and then validated the simulation.We also obtained the speed of the sheath development and the energy density of the ions under different AMF amplitudes.The results showed mat the larger the AMF amplitudes are,the faster the sheath develops and the lower the ion energy density is,meaning the breakdown is correspondingly more difficult.

多变运行工况下混合励磁轴向磁场永磁电机自适应模型预测电流控制

针对多变运行工况下混合励磁轴向磁场永磁(hybrid excited axial field permanent magnet,HE-AFPM)电机中电励磁磁场与电枢磁场之间矢量耦合、端部漏磁等导致的电机参数非线性变化问题,该文提出一种混合励磁轴向磁场永磁电机自适应模型预测电流控制方法。详细分析HE-AFPM电机拓扑结构及参数变化特性;引入多矢量模型预测电流控制,理论推导分析HE-AFPM电机参数对控制系统的敏感性。在此基础上,将多矢量预测模型作为自适应控制的可调模型,降低了控制算法的复杂度和控制系统的计算负荷,提高了控制系统响应速度;依据波波夫(Popov)超稳定理论,引入3个不等式稳定判据设计各参数的自适应律,可实现多变运行工况下的HE-AFPM电机磁链、自感、互感等参数的有效识别,提高了控制模型的准确性和电流跟踪性能。最后,通过实验验证所提出的自适应模型预测电流控制的有效性。

轴向磁场电机永磁体空载涡流损耗减小方法对比研究

减少轴向磁场电机永磁体空载涡流损耗的方法主要有:减小定子槽开口宽度、增大气隙长度、永磁体分块、使用屏蔽层和磁性槽楔等。基于轴向磁场电机的简化二维分析模型,分析了减小定子槽开口宽度和增大气隙长度、使用屏蔽层和磁性槽楔降低空载涡流损耗的效果。通过三维电磁场仿真,研究了永磁体不同分块方式对减少空载涡流损耗的效果。研究结果表明,减小定子槽开口宽度的效果最佳;虽然增加气隙长度可以显著减小涡流损耗,但永磁体用量迅速增加;永磁体分块减小涡流效果较好,且周向分块方式最好;屏蔽层起反作用;使用分段磁性槽楔效果比减小定子槽开口宽度稍微差一点,但加工难度要低些。

Interruption Phenomenon in Intermediate-Frequency Vacuum Arc

In the condition of the 3 mm gap, experiments for 360 Hz intermediate-frequency vacuum arc are carried out in interrupters with the diameters being 41 mm and with the contact materials being CuCr50 and Cu-W-WC alloy respectively. The results indicate that the contacts material is closely related to the breaking capacity of the vacuum interrupters and characteristics of an intermediate-frequency vacuum arc. For contacts with the same diameter, the breaking capacity of CuCr50 is better than that of Cu-W-WC. When the current fails to be interrupted, the arcs overflow the gap and present irregular performances in the first half wave. Consequently a voltage spike appears. More macroscopic metal droplets can be seen in the arc column between CuCr50 contacts because of the lower melting point. It is observed that the droplet emission is much more severe during arc reignition than that in the first half wave. It is much more conspicuous that the high frequency arc voltage noises appear in Cu-W-WC contacts when the vacuum arcs reignite, for higher temperature and stronger electronic emission ability of Cu-W-WC contacts.

Time-Dependent 2D Modeling of Magnetron Plasma Torch in Turbulent Flow

A theoretical model is presented to describe the electromagnetic, heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena within a magnetron plasma torch and in the resultant plume, by using a commercial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code FLUENT. Specific calculations are pre- sented for a pure argon system （i.e., an argon plasma discharging into an argon environment）, operated in a turbulent mode. An important finding of this work is that the external axial magnetic field （AMF） may have a significant effect on the behavior of arc plasma and thus affects the resulting plume. The AMF impels the plasma to retract axially and expand radially. As a result, the plasma intensity distribution on the cross section of torch seems to be more uniform. Numerical results also show that with AMF, the highest plasma temperature decreases and the anode arc root moves upstream significantly, while the current density distribution at the anode is more concentrated with a higher peak value. In addition, the use of AMF then induces a strong backflow at the torch spout and its magnitude increases with the AMF strength but decreases with the inlet gas velocity.

Simulation of Vacuum Arc Characteristics at Different Moments Under Power-Frequency Current

In this paper, based on the quasi-stationary magneto-hydrodynamic （MHD） model, vacuum arc characteristics are simulated and analyzed at different moments under power-frequency current. For a vacuum arc with sinusoidal current under a uniform axial magnetic field （AMF）, simulation results show that at the moment of peak value current, maximal values appear in the ion number density, axial current density, heat flux density, electron temperature, plasma pressure and azimuthal magnetic field. At the same time, the distributions of these parameters along the radial position are mostly nonuniform as compared with those at other moments. In the first 1/4 cycle, the ion number density, axial current density and plasma pressure increase with time, but the growth rate decreases with time. Simulation results are partially compared with experimental results published in other papers. Simulations and light intensity near the cathode side is stronger than arcs. experimental results both show that the arc that near the anode side for diffusing vacuum

Simulation of Arc Rotation and Its Effects on Pressure of Expansion Volume in an Auto-Expansion SF_6 Circuit Breaker

A 3D Magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） arc model in conjunction with an arc move- ment model is applied to simulate the arc rotation as well as to solve its effect on the pressure in an auto-expansion circuit breaker. The rotation of the arc driven by an external electromagnetic force is simulated in the case with 200 kA of the short circuit current and 16 ms of arc duration. The arc rotating process and the speed of arc rotation have been obtained in the simulation. A comparison of the pressure in the expansion volume with and without an external magnetic field has been carried out based on the calculation results of two cases. The results of the simulation reveal that the arc rotation, which causes more energy exchange between the arc and its sur- rounding gas, can evidently bring about the pressurization in the expansion volume, which would contribute to more effective arc quenching at current zero and further reducing operation power.

真空拉弧起始收缩过程实验研究

真空电弧的形态分布主导燃弧阶段等离子体分布特性,起始收缩过程的等离子体分布对成功开断有重要影响。为了研究机构运动过程中真空电弧的起始收缩特性,分析燃弧工况对收缩持续时间的影响,文中以10 kV可拆真空灭弧室为载体,建立真空电弧工频开断实验平台及电弧形态观测系统,通过改变灭弧室参数,结合电弧图像数字处理技术,对真空拉弧起始收缩时间进行定量分析。结果表明:起始收缩电弧的持续时间基本与电流幅值和起弧电流呈较明显正相关,与机构分闸速度呈负相关。纵向磁场对中心弧柱和边缘区域作用相反,文中利于扩散的临界磁场为60 mT,当纵向磁场小于60 mT时,收缩态电弧趋向扩散;纵向磁场大于60 mT时,收缩态持续时间增大。

磁场作用下直流电弧分断特性及触头侵蚀的研究

直流电弧作用下,触头侵蚀现象会对电器接触系统性能产生影响,降低电器使用寿命。为探究触头分断时电弧特性以及对触头的侵蚀过程,本文基于磁流体动力学理论并结合动网格技术,以AgSnO_(2)为触头材料,建立了电弧-触头多物理场数值耦合仿真模型。分析了恒定磁场下电弧特性随时间的变化过程,并进一步探究了不同磁场强度电弧对触头侵蚀变化规律;考虑触头材料的相变并求解了触头内部温度分布和熔池的形成过程。仿真结果表明,电弧受洛伦兹力作用转移至触头边缘,触头材料温度上升发生相变形成熔池。在一定范围内,随外加磁场强度变大,电弧熄灭速度加快,触头表面熔池域变小。最后,采用粉末冶金法制备AgSnO_(2)触头材料并进行电弧分断实验,实验所得影响规律与仿真结果较为一致。

混合励磁轴向磁场磁通切换永磁电机多矢量模型预测电流控制

混合励磁轴向磁场磁通切换永磁(hybridexcitation axial field flux-switching permanent magnet,HEAFFSPM)电机是一种具有高效率、高功率密度、宽调速的新型永磁同步电机。该文针对该类混合励磁轴向磁场永磁电机的电励磁磁场与电枢磁场矢量耦合、参数非线性等问题,提出一种多矢量模型预测电流控制策略。详细分析电励磁磁场与电枢磁场耦合机理,构建HEAFFSPM电机离散数学模型。在此基础上,基于三矢量电流模型预测方法,提出电枢电压矢量与励磁电压矢量合成方法。在每个采样周期内,将多个基本电压矢量合成为两个幅值和方向均可调的虚拟电压矢量,实现对交、直轴电流与励磁电流的无差拍控制,有效缓解了电枢与励磁独立控制下磁场耦合导致的驱动系统运行性能恶化、电流畸变等问题,提高了HEAFFSPM电机控制系统的控制精度和响应速度。最后,通过实验验证所提出的多矢量模型预测电流控制策略的有效性。

大开距条件下杯状纵磁触头间隙磁场特性

“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的提出使得高压真空灭弧室的研制与发展受到广泛的关注与重视。为此,通过增大杯壁开槽旋转角的方式探究了6槽杯状纵磁触头在高压真空灭弧室中应用的可能性。研究结果表明:增大开槽旋转角是大开距下增强6槽杯状纵磁触头间隙纵向磁场的有效手段;适当地增大触头杯高和杯壁厚度不仅会使得触头电阻明显下降,也使得开槽旋转角进一步增大,从而使得纵向磁场得以继续增强;支撑件的添加可以使具有较大开槽旋转角的触头结构强度明显增加,而间隙纵向磁场的下降并不明显。论文研究结果可以为杯状纵磁触头在高压真空灭弧室中的实际应用提供借鉴与参考。

外加轴向磁场K-TIG横焊电弧形态及焊缝成形

深熔K-TIG焊是一种单面焊双面成形的高效焊接技术,在中厚板材制造中得到广泛的应用。为探究磁场影响电弧形态的机理,采用数字图像处理技术对不同磁场强度下的电弧形态进行了研究。结果表明,轴向磁场对电弧上部和电弧下部呈现不同的作用效果,电弧上部的挺度大于电弧下部的,在相同焊接工艺参数下,电弧上部受磁场影响的波动幅度比电弧下部小,磁场强度对电弧的影响呈现非线性关系,深熔K-TIG焊电弧属于自由电弧,形成的熔池面积较大,在横焊工艺中,熔池因重力效应而出现下淌,进而影响焊缝成形。文中提出了一种通过磁场辅助抑制熔池下淌的方法,通过轴向磁场与熔池的电流相互作用,产生与重力方向相反的电磁力,进而抑制熔池下淌,轴向磁场适用于改善K-TIG横焊焊缝成形。