Fluid-chemical modeling of the near-cathode sheath formation process in a high current broken in DC air circuit breaker

When the contacts of a medium-voltage DC air circuit breaker(DCCB) are separated, the energy distribution of the arc is determined by the formation process of the near-electrode sheath. Therefore, the voltage drop through the near-electrode sheath is an important means to build up the arc voltage, which directly determines the current-limiting performance of the DCCB. A numerical model to describe the near-electrode sheath formation process can provide insight into the physical mechanism of the arc formation, and thus provide a method for arc energy regulation. In this work, we establish a two-dimensional axisymmetric time-varying model of a medium-voltage DCCB arc when interrupted by high current based on a fluid-chemical model involving 16 kinds of species and 46 collision reactions. The transient distributions of electron number density, positive and negative ion number density, net space charge density, axial electric field, axial potential between electrodes, and near-cathode sheath are obtained from the numerical model. The computational results show that the electron density in the arc column increases, then decreases, and then stabilizes during the near-cathode sheath formation process, and the arc column's diameter gradually becomes wider. The 11.14 V–12.33 V drops along the17 μm space charge layer away from the cathode(65.5 k V/m–72.5 k V/m) when the current varies from 20 k A–80 k A.The homogeneous external magnetic field has little effect on the distribution of particles in the near-cathode sheath core,but the electron number density at the near-cathode sheath periphery can increase as the magnetic field increases and the homogeneous external magnetic field will lead to arc diffusion. The validity of the numerical model can be proven by comparison with the experiment.

Influence of dc Component during Inadvertent Operation of the High Voltage Generator Circuit Breaker during Mis-Synchronization

This paper analyses the synchronization problem of a generator onto power system without satisfying synchronization condition. The main focus of the paper is on the impact of the dc component of the current in the high voltage circuit breaker during its close-open operating cycle. Using real time measurements of currents/voltages and angles during the close-opening cycle of high voltage generator circuit breaker and the impact of the dc component of current in context of interrupting large magnitude of current from the circuit breaker. In addition, the paper describes a study case model and the results of simulations performed using the software EMTP-ATP of an actual incident that occurred during the inadvertent synchronization of a large 339 MW, 24 kV generator to the grid.

Key stress extraction and equivalent test method for hybrid DC circuit breaker

Firstly, relevant stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker are studied in detail on the basis of the analysis for the application environment and topological structure and operating principles of hybrid circuit breakers, and key stress parameters in transient state process of two time dimensions are extracted. The established digital simulation circuit for PSCAD/EMTDC device-level operation of the circuit breaker has verified the stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process. Then, equivalent test method, circuits and parameters based on LC power supply are proposed on the basis of stress extraction. Finally, the results of implemented breaking tests for complete 200 kV circuit breaker, 100 kV and 50 kV circuit breaker units, as well as single power electronic module have verified the accuracy of the simulation circuit and mathematical analysis. The result of this paper can be a guide to electrical structure and test system design of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker.

A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Research on Parameter Collaborative Configuration of DC Circuit Breaker and DC Fault Current Limiter

Fault current suppression is the key technology to ensure the safe operation of the DC power distribution system. In order to realize the parameter collabora-tive configuration of the DC circuit breaker and the DC current limiter and improve the fault current suppression capability, the fault current suppression mechanism of the DC power distribution system is revealed based on the circuit model. Then, based on the mathematical model of the DC breaker, the characteristic parameters of DC breaking are extracted, and then the influence of different characteristic parameters on the breaking characteristics of fault current is studied. Finally, the mathematical model of the collaborative process between DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is established. The charac-teristic parameters of fault current collaborative suppression are extracted. The coupling effects of different characteristic parameters on the fault current col-laborative suppression are studied. The principle of collaborative configuration of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is proposed, and the collaborative suppression ability of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter to fault current is fully exploited to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the DC power distribution system.

多端VSC-HVDC直流线路故障限流及限流特性分析

基于电压源型换流器(voltage source converters,VSC)的多端柔性直流系统中直流线路的故障电流上升速度快、电流峰值大。然而具有大容量、快切断能力的高压直流断路器正在研制中。结合目前直流断路器开断容量水平,该文提出通过在直流线路两端串入限流电路的方法来限制故障电流的峰值和电流的上升速度率,并给出相关参数的理论计算方法。对该电路的限流特性进行分析与对比,结果表明,该限流电路能有效抑制故障电流,降低了对直流断路器开断容量和开断速度的要求。在该限流电路的基础上,提出一种多端VSC-HVDC直流线路故障处理方案。仿真分析表明,该故障处理方案能够有效抑制直流线路故障电流以及IGBT并联二极管电流,故障切除后非故障系统能保持正常运行,可以有效地增强多端VSC-HVDC系统对直流线路故障的处理能力。

MMC-MTDC线路双极永久性故障快速识别方法研究

对于采用"半桥子模块+直流断路器"模式的多电平多端柔性直流输电系统,直流线路发生双极故障断开直流断路器后,若能快速检测出线路故障为永久性故障或瞬时性故障,则有助于提升MMC-MTDC系统和与之连接的可再生能源系统的运行稳定性。文章分析了永久性故障、瞬时性故障和保护误动等不同场景下断路器动作后电气量特征,发现可以用正负极电压之差是否为零来识别永久性故障;进一步采用强局部加权回归方法滤除电压信号中的高频分量,实现暂态过程中线路永久性故障的快速识别。

考虑直流断路器的MMC-HVDC系统直流电压保护误动分析

随着柔性直流输电技术的不断发展以及直流断路器研究的不断突破,直流断路器的逐渐应用将对MMC-HVDC系统的继电保护产生重要的影响.在含直流断路器的MMC-HVDC交直流混合系统中,一些原本由交流断路器跳闸的直流侧故障将修改为动作于直流断路器跳闸.在此背景下,交流故障和直流故障时反映在直流侧的暂态响应具有相似性,可能造成直流保护发生误动.通过研究各种交、直流系统故障时直流系统的暂态响应,分析MMC-HVDC直流侧在交流系统故障和直流系统故障下的暂态响应的相似性,研究有可能造成的直流电压保护误动,并针对引起误动的保护特征给出避免保护误动的改进建议.在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台中,搭建含MMC-HVDC的交直流混合系统,仿真验证所作分析的正确性.

换流站加装调相机后DCS与直流控保系统对相关断路器及隔离开关的联合控制方案

在运换流站加装调相机后,因直流控保系统与DCS监控的差异性与独立性,存在相关断路器、隔离开关控制问题。为实现换流站监控一体化,结合调相机不同的入网接线方式,从并网断路器是否独立及DCS是否主导控制两点进行分析研究,提出了换流站加装调相机后新DCS和原直流控保系统对新增断路器及隔离开关的联合控制方案。保证并提高了直流控保系统及DCS的自动化程度,提升运维效率。该方案使得同站不同系统控制界面清晰,并经过现场验证,为调相机无缝加装进入换流站提供了有力的支撑。

集成直流断路器功能的高压大容量DC/DC变换器

高压大容量DC/DC变换器是直流电网中电压变换的关键设备。提出一种集成直流断路器功能的高压大容量DC/DC变换器,利用变换器自身控制实现直流侧短路故障阻断功能,具有轻量化、低成本、高效率的优势。首先,分析该变换器的拓扑结构、工作原理,推导子模块、晶闸管、二极管等器件的参数设计依据;然后,提出闭锁子模块和晶闸管阻断故障电流的机制,设计适应于该变换器的控制方案;其次,分别针对正常工况与故障工况进行了仿真与实验验证,结果表明该变换器拓扑结构及控制策略的有效性;最后,通过与其他典型的集成直流断路器功能的DC/DC拓扑进行对比分析,评估所提变换器的技术经济性。

基于单端高频电流量的MMC-MTDC输电线路保护方案

为克服传统高压直流输电线路保护利用单端电气量无法可靠区分区内、外故障的缺陷,提出一种通过广义S变换提取直流线路故障电流高频频带幅值特征的单端量保护新方法。该方法在配备有混合直流断路器的直流线路发生故障时,利用1000~2500 Hz各采样频率电流横差值在区外明显小于区内的特征,构造了区内、外故障判据。利用300~1000 Hz的特征频率在单极接地故障时故障极特征频率电流幅值比非故障极大,以及两极短路故障时两极的特征频率电流幅值近似相等的特征,构造了故障启动判据和选极判据。在RTDS仿真平台搭建了风光储联合发电站经高压直流外送的三端柔性直流输电系统模型。仿真结果表明,所提方法能快速、可靠地识别故障类型和故障范围。同时,仿真验证了基于混合直流断路器的直流故障穿越方案的有效性。

基于IDCB-MMC的混合直流输电系统

提出了一种由集成直流断路器的模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter integrated with DC circuit breaker,IDCB-MMC)和晶闸管换流器组成的混合直流输电系统。在发生直流短路故障时,通过换流器与直流断路器在控制上的配合,IDCB-MMC可以将故障电流的能量转移到并联于直流母线间的能量吸收支路中,从而可以避免使用成本高且占地大的电力电子开关支路。晶闸管换流器则可以通过快速转换到逆变状态实现直流故障电流的清除。对1 000 MW/±320 kV的双端混合直流输电系统中的一极进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明IDCB-MMC可以有效清除直流短路故障电流,实现系统的自动恢复,结果也验证了由IDCB-MMC与晶闸管换流器组成的混合直流输电系统的可行性。

基于电弧磁流体仿真的DC 1500V两极塑壳断路器气道优化设计

该文开发了用于DC 1500V光伏和储能系统的新一代两极直流塑壳断路器样机。通过DC 1500V/15 kA,时间常数10 ms的短路分断实验发现,电弧电压快速升至350 V是提升断路器限流和分断性能的关键。为了加快初始燃弧阶段电弧运动速度使弧压快速上升,建立了断路器触头区域的二维局部电弧磁流体仿真模型,通过分析灭弧室温度、压力分布和气流速度变化曲线,明确了初始样机中电弧运动停滞的机理,并以此为依据提出了参差栅片排布和添加导流锥的气道优化设计方案。使用优化后的样机进行分断实验,比较优化前后的电压变化曲线和电弧运动高速摄像,验证了优化方案的有效性,对于DC 1500V两极直流塑壳的设计开发具有很强的实践指导意义。

一种新型HVDC电容型断路器拓扑

针对模块化多电平换流器(Modular Multilevel Converter,MMC)型高压直流电网的故障清除,提出了一种电容型高压直流断路器拓扑结构,其通过预充电电容的限压限流功能实现直流侧的故障隔离。首先,分析了断路器拓扑结构及其各阶段的工作原理。在此基础上,介绍了具备双向分断能力的保护方案、钳压电容的分级投入、直流线路剩余能量耗散、去游离化后的两种不同重合闸策略。与传统的DCCB拓扑结构相比,所提拓扑实现了快速的故障隔离和缓慢的能量耗散二者的解耦,能加快直流电网正常部分的功率恢复。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC上进行了详细的电磁暂态仿真验证,进行了参数设计与优化,并对直流侧暂态能量进行了对比。

Numerical Study on Arc Plasma Behavior During Arc Commutation Process in Direct Current Circuit Breaker

This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of arc plasma behavior during arc commutation process in a medium-voltage direct current circuit breaker （DCCB） contact system. A three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic （MHD） model of air arc plasma in the contact system of a DCCB is developed, based on commercial software FLUENT. Coupled electromagnetic and gas dynamic interactions are considered as usual, and a thin layer of nonlinear electrical resistance elements is used to represent the voltage drop of plasma sheath and the formation of new arc root. The distributions of pressure, temperature, gas flow and current density of arc plasma in arc region are calculated. The simulation results indicate that the pressure distribution related to the contact system has a strong effect on the arc commutation process, arising from the change of electrical conductivity in the arc root region. In DCCB contact system, the pressure of arc root region will be concentrated and higher if the space above the moving contact is enclosed, which is not good for arc root commutation. However, when the region is opened, the pressure distribution would be lower and more evenly, which is favorable for the arc root commutation.

UHVDC换流器故障隔离及重启策略优化

针对某特高压直流工程换流器故障隔离及重启耗时长、停电范围大、造成功率损失等问题,在分析故障机理的基础上,提出了一种优化后的故障隔离及重启策略。优化了换流器保护区域,改进换流器保护区域的连接方式,并增设快速断路器加速故障隔离及重启过程;优化故障隔离及重启策略,利用换流器移相控制策略快速限流,利用快速断路器动作缩小故障隔离范围,避免极隔离、极重启和大规模切机、切负荷的发生。仿真验证表明,优化后的故障隔离及重启策略总耗时低于0.5 s,仅隔离故障换流器,保证了健全部分持续传输功率,显著提升了特高压直流输电的可靠性和经济性。

Analysis of DC Grid Prospects in China

随着化石能源的日益枯竭，中国已将发展可再生能源提升至重要地位，并逐步实现能源结构的战略性调整。分析可再生能源发电的间歇性与不稳定性特点，以及可再生能源发电集中并网带来的稳定性问题，提出通过建设广域覆盖的直流电网以有效解决可再生能源集中并网的有功波动问题。建设全国性的直流骨干输电网，不仅可更有效地利用可再生能源，也将积极推动坚强智能电网的建设。与交流系统相比，直流电网在未来城市配电、微网等领域也有较大的优势。根据中国国情，对直流电网在中国建设的可行性进行了具体分析，并提出中国直流电网主干结构设想图，指出了直流电网建设的一些关键技术问题，为中国直流电网建设提供参考。

Research on arc root stagnation when small current is interrupted in self-excited circuit breaker

The self-excited DC air circuit breaker(SE-DCCB)has been widely used in urban rail transit due to its excellent stability.It can realize forward and reverse interruption,but has difficulty interrupting small currents due to the phenomenon of arc root sticking at the entrance of the arc chamber in the splitting process,which is known as arc root stagnation.A coupling model of the self-excited magnetic field and magnetohydrodynamics is established for the SE-DCCB with the traditional structure.The magnetic field,temperature and airflow distribution in the arc chamber are investigated with an interrupting current of 150 A.The simulation results show that the direction and magnitude of the magnetic blowout force are the dominant factors in the arc root stagnation.The local high temperature of the arc chamber due to arc root stagnation increases the obstruction effect of the airflow vortex on the arc root movement,which significantly increases the arc duration time of small current interruption.Based on the research,the structure of the magnetic conductance plate of the actual product is improved,which can improve the direction and magnitude of the magnetic blowout force at the arc root so as to restrain the development of the airflow vortex effectively and solve the problem of arc root stagnation when the small current is interrupted.The simulation results show that the circuit breaker with improved structure has a better performance for a small current interruption range from 100 A to 350 A.

Vacuum Dielectric Recovery Characteristics of a Novel Current Limiting Circuit Breaker Base on Artificial Current Zero

为了保证新型强迫换流型真空直流限流断路器关断短路电流的可靠性，对该型断路器分断过程的真空介质恢复特性进行研究。设计了与断路器关断过程等效的介质恢复试验方案，通过等效试验结果和理论推演公式的拟合，得到了新型强迫换流型限流断路器真空灭弧室触头打开过程的动态介质强度恢复规律。研究结果表明：减小燃弧能量、提高触头运动速度可提高真空灭弧室介质的临界击穿电压；综合考虑燃弧时间与燃弧能量及触头开距的关系，随着燃弧时间的增加，真空灭弧室临界击穿电压先减小后增大。所得介质恢复规律可以作为新型断路器优化设计的参考依据。

采用架空线的MMC-HVDC单极接地过电压分析

采用架空线传输方式的远距离柔性直流输电线路,极易发生输电线路单极接地故障,必须采用多种方式保护设备应对暂态过电压。文中研究了采用半桥子模块的柔性直流输电系统在直流侧接地故障下的暂态过电压特性,并分析了系统结构、设备参数和故障特征等对过电压的影响,同时分析了换流器闭锁、避雷器和直流断路器对抑制直流侧故障过电压的效果。研究表明系统设备参数对过电压峰值影响最大,当保护措施启动时,系统保护装置会成为主要的过电压影响因素。最后,提出了应对直流侧故障过电压的避雷器优化配置方案。