Recent Ventures in Interdisciplinary Arctic Research:The ARCPATH Project

This paper celebrates Professor Yongqi GAO's significant achievement in the field of interdisciplinary studies within the context of his final research project Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient Sustainable Societies-ARCPATH(https://www.svs.is/en/projects/finished-projects/arcpath). The disciplines represented in the project are related to climatology, anthropology, marine biology, economics, and the broad spectrum of social-ecological studies. Team members were drawn from the Nordic countries, Russia, China, the United States, and Canada. The project was transdisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary as it included collaboration with local knowledge holders. ARCPATH made significant contributions to Arctic research through an improved understanding of the mechanisms that drive climate variability in the Arctic. In tandem with this research, a combination of historical investigations and social, economic, and marine biological fieldwork was carried out for the project study areas of Iceland, Greenland, Norway, and the surrounding seas, with a focus on the joint use of ocean and sea-ice data as well as social-ecological drivers. ARCPATH was able to provide an improved framework for predicting the near-term variation of Arctic climate on spatial scales relevant to society, as well as evaluating possible related changes in socioeconomic realms. In summary, through the integration of information from several different disciplines and research approaches, ARCPATH served to create new and valuable knowledge on crucial issues, thus providing new pathways to action for Arctic communities.

Overview of the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition

The 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition was carried out from 20 July to 26 September 2018. The expedition was successful in undertaking multidisciplinary comprehensive surveys in the fields of physical oceanography, marine meteorology, sea ice, marine chemistry,marine biology, marine ecology, geology, and geophysics in the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Chukchi Plateau, Mendeleev Ridge, and Canada Basin. This paper gives an overview of the main achievements of this expedition and highlights the scientific achievements.

Observation of Arctic surface currents using data from a surface drifting buoy

During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea.The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea,Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,Makarov Basin,and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d.After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge,it continued to drift toward the pole.Overall,the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current,as well as the inertial flow,cross-ridge surface flow,and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals.The results showed that:(1)the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high,and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s;(2)the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s,and while this current moves westward along the continental slope,it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea;and(3)when sea ice concentration was less than 50%,the inertial flow was more significant(the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s,and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).

Latitudinal distribution of CO_2 and CH_4 on the route of the Chinese Arctic R esearch Expedition 2003

During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition, 20 pair of atmospheric samples were collected on the cruising route from Shanghai to Arctic Ocean using NOAA/ESRL flask sampling unit. Mean concentration of CO2 and CH4 were analyzed in different latitude zone from 30°N to 80°N and the distribution characteristics were studied. Mean concentration of CO2 decrease toward high latitude which indicates the uptake effect of CO2 by ocean. Coinciding with the CH4 global distribution character, mean CH4 concentration increase from 45°N to the North Pole region. Regional or local air mass may influence the greenhouse gas concentrations near seashore in the middle latitude （30°N-45°N）.

On board measurement of black carbon aerosols over the Arctic Ocean in summer

This paper presents aerosol black carbon （BC） concentrations measured at deck level on board the R/V XUE LONG icebreaker. The vessel cruised the Arctic Ocean carrying an in situ aethalometer during the summers of 2008 and 2010. The courses of the third Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （3rd CHINARE- Arctic, August 2008） and fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （4th CHINARE-Aretic, from late July to August 2010） were bounded by 173°W-143°W and 178°E-150°W, with northernmost points 85°25′N and 88°26′N, respectively. Results show low surface BC concentrations over the ocean throughout the courses, with means （standard error） of 6.0 （：t_4.7） ng.m-a for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic, and 8.4（±7.1） ng.m^-3 for 4th CHINARE- Arctic. It is clear that these onboard BC concentrations are similar to reported data from coastal stations in the Arctic region. The latitude-average BC concentration varied from 3.0-26.2 ng.m-3 for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic, to 4.2-20.5 ng-m-a for 4th CHINARE-Arctic. At latitudes higher than 72°N for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic and 75°N for 4th CHINARE-Arctic, BC concentrations were lower and had negligible latitudinal gradients. Analysis indicates that the presence of the Arctic front isolates the lower atmosphere of the high-latitude Arctic Ocean from low-latitude terrestrial transport. This maintains the very low BC concentrations and negligible concentration gradients at high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean during summer. Calculated airmass backward trajectories for the two expeditions show that the Arctic front in 2010 was further north than in 2008, which caused different latitudinal variation of BC concentration in the two years.

Review of China's scientific research progress in polar meteorology in the last 30 years

The Antarctic and Arctic are sensitive to global climate change; therefore, they are key regions of global climate change research. This paper, the progress in scientific investigations and research regarding the atmosphere in the polar regions over the last 30 years by Chinese scientists is summarized. Primary understanding of the relationship between the polar regions and global change, especially, the variations in time and space in the Antarctic and Arctic regions with respect to climate change is indicated. Operational weather forecasts for investigation of the polar regions have also been established. Moreover, changes in sea ice and their impact on the atmosphere of polar regions have been diagnosed and simulated. Parameterization of the atmospheric boundary layer of different underlying layers and changes in the atmospheric ozone in the polar region has also been experimented. Overall, there has been great progress in studies of the possible impact of changes in the atmospheric environment of polar regions on circulation in East Asia and the climate of China.

中国第13次北冰洋科学考察“雪龙2”号航区低层大气风场特征

北极因其放大作用成为了全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一,其低空风场特征对研究北极乃至北半球大气演变过程和全球天气气候都具有重要的意义。为精细探测北极地区低空大气风场的结构与变化特征,本研究依托中国第13次北冰洋科学考察,在中国“雪龙2”号极地科考破冰船上部署了一套相干多普勒测风激光雷达,利用所获取的低空风场数据,探索了航区平均风场特征与典型天气事件的风场结构。研究结果表明:(1)“雪龙2”号航区的平均风场与季风有关,夏季风向以偏南风为主,最大风速为13 m·s^(–1),秋季风向多变;(2)航区在9月中旬时最大风速的风向以偏西北风为主,最大风速超过25 m·s^(–1),其余时间北寒带的风速为8 m·s^(–1)左右;(3)通过风羽图与垂直气流信息,本次考察还观测到航区一些典型风场特征,包括稳定小风和稳定大风风场、风向风速转换的风场、强对流风场,可由典型风场推测出大气的环流变化,为今后航线上的天气预报提供数据支撑。

阿留申群岛阿图岛水道多年夏季水文特征分析

本文基于中国北极科学考察队2003年至2014年在阿图岛水道连续5个航次的CTD(Conductivity,Temperature, Depth,温盐深仪)站点观测数据,采用特征统计和时序分析方法,对水道多年夏季的分层结构、跃层特点和时序演变特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,阿图岛水道夏季垂向分层非常显著,密度和盐度均表现出4层的剖面结构,而温度表现为有时4层、有时5层的剖面结构。5个航次均存在跃层结构,其中温度跃变最为显著、密度次之、盐度最弱。在水道内未发现“海底断崖”,而“液体海底”特征显著。研究表明,水道的垂向分层受到夏季局地海表加热和上游海域上一年冬季强烈垂直对流混合的控制,海表加热和冬季残留水对其跃层结构特点有决定性作用。这一研究对于深入了解阿图岛水道附近海洋环境、气候变化、生态系统和资源利用等具有参考意义。

美国WoS数据库收录的中国南北极研究论文的调研与分析

通过美国的核心期刊数据库,收集了中国作者自1982年以来在世界核心期刊上所发表的有关南北极研究方面的文章,在此基础上进行了基本的文献计量学分析,包括各年文献量、期刊、著者、地区、机构、研究主题、引文等,以期从一个侧面来反映中国南北极研究方面的科研生产率、核心机构、核心人员、核心期刊、主要的研究领域、具有国际影响力的研究成果、发展趋势等信息,便于人们通过定量数据来了解中国南北极研究的现状、布局和实力。

中国第二次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性离子分布特征和来源

对2003年7月15-9月28日间中国第二次北极科学考察沿线所采集的气溶胶样品进行分析,获得了Na^＋、NH^＋4、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、Cl^-、MSA、SO4^2-、NO^-3、C2O4^2-和CH3COO-11种离子的浓度.离子组成表明,气溶胶主要以海盐颗粒为主,其中（Na＋＋Cl-）的贡献平均为60.2%;其次为硫酸盐.根据因子分析,11种离子归为4个因子,解释方差为83.7%.因子1包括Na^＋、nss-Mg^2＋、nss-Ca^2＋、Cl^-和nss-SO4^2-,代表陆地和海洋混合源,解释方差为41.2%;因子2包括NH^＋4、nss^-K^＋和NO3^-,来源于化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧所释放的二次污染物,解释方差为18.9%;因子3只有MSA,来源于海洋表层浮游植物排放的二甲基硫（DMS）的氧化,解释方差为11.9%;因子4包括CH3COO^-和C2O24^-,主要来源于高纬度的北温带北部森林大火,解释方差为11.6%.

北极航道相关海域科学考察研究进展

中国从1999年开始至今已实施了四次北极科学考察,对白令海、楚科奇海、波弗特海、加拿大海盆和马卡若夫海盆进行了广泛的考察。全球变化致使北冰洋夏季海冰覆盖面积不断减少,导致冰期以来北极东北航道和西北航道的首次同时开通。北极航道集中在陆架区,不仅是海冰变化最为显著的海域,同时也是陆地-北冰洋相互作用最为显著的区域,对北冰洋区域气候、生态系统和生物多样性、经济和当地土著居民生活产生重大影响。本文对北极航道关键海域近年来国际相关科学考察进行了总结,对科学考察背后的各国北极策略进行分析,并从科学需求的角度对今后中国北极科学考察中针对北极航道相关海域应开展的科学考察与研究提出了相关建议。

中国第三次北极科学考察走航路线上空黑碳气溶胶的观测研究

2008年7月至9月,中国第3次北极科学考察期间,在走航路线上利用黑碳仪对黄海-日本海-鄂霍次克海-西北太平洋-白令海-楚科奇海-加拿大海盆等海区上的黑碳气溶胶浓度进行连续观测,最北观测位置达85°21.3′N。观测结果显示,北冰洋是全航线黑碳浓度最低的海区,平均浓度为（5.3±3.7）ng/m3;在70°N以北的海区范围内黑碳浓度纬向梯度分布不显著。后向气流轨迹的分析显示,夏季期间环北冰洋陆地向北冰洋的输送作用很弱,是北冰洋海区内大气黑碳浓度较低、变化幅度较小、纬向分布不明显的主要原因。日本海、黄海海区的黑碳浓度比较接近,也是整个航线各海区中最高的。7月份去程期间,这两个海区的黑碳浓度均为140~160 ng/m3;9月回程期间为400~500 ng/m3,约为7月份的3倍。对不同海区黑碳浓度差异的分析以及后向气流轨迹的分析均显示,陆源输送是影响海洋大气中黑碳气溶胶浓度的关键因素。

北冰洋海域微食物环研究进展

海洋微食物环在海洋生态系统中起着重要作用。北冰洋因常年为海冰所覆盖,对微食物环的研究较为有限。现有研究表明,微食物环在北冰洋生态系统中的作用与海域和季节相关。近年来环境的快速变化、特别是夏季海冰覆盖面积的迅速减少,会对微食物环的结构和功能产生重大影响,已有研究显示其生态作用有望进一步提高。综合近年来已有的研究成果,对北冰洋微食物环的主要类群:原核生物、真核浮游植物、原生动物和浮游病毒等的基本生态特征进行了概述,讨论了各类群间的相互关系,并对未来的研究重点进行了展望。

中国第二次北极科学考察路线上温室气体瓶采样结果分析

用气相色谱和非红外色散分析方法,分析了中国第二次北极科学考察路线上采集到的气体样品中温室气体(CO2和CH4)的浓度,对不同纬度带上CO2和CH4平均浓度变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:海洋表面不同纬度带上CO2的浓度呈现出随纬度升高而减小的趋势,这与全球范围内CO2的年平均浓度的地理分布特征相反,显示了海洋对CO2气体的吸收作用.45°N以北的海洋表面,CH4浓度有随纬度升高而增大的趋势,这与全球范围内CH4的年平均浓度的地理分布特征相同;中纬度近海岸地区温室气体浓度变化无明显规律,可能受到区域或局地气团的影响较大.

2012年夏季白令海峡附近海域温盐分布特征分析

利用中国第五次北极科学考察CTD资料,分析了2012年夏季包括白令海陆架区和楚科奇海在内的白令海峡附近海域水文特征:1)白令海峡南侧的白令海陆架区按照不同的水团性质,可以分为圣劳伦斯岛以南和圣劳伦斯岛以北两个区域。圣劳伦斯岛以南海域,东部有阿拉斯加沿岸水流过,水体垂向混合均匀,具有高温低盐的分布特征。向西在25m深度附近存在温跃层,跃层以下温度分布出现层化现象。西南部陆架区存在低温的白令海陆架水,其下方靠近白令海陆坡区存在高盐的白令海陆坡流水。圣劳伦斯岛以北海域,东部是高温低盐的阿拉斯加沿岸水,西部是低温高盐的阿纳德尔水。2)白令海峡北侧,入流水对楚科奇海环流影响较大,高温低盐的阿拉斯加沿岸水仍沿东侧近岸海域向北运动。西侧是低温高盐的阿纳德尔水,但至69°00′N附近,该低温高盐信号消失,断面层化现象逐渐显著。随着水团继续向北运动,温度逐渐降低,盐度逐渐升高。

北极国家对北极考察管理制度之比较研究

北极国家尤其是北冰洋沿岸国家对于北极考察都有较为完备的管理制度,并且通过立法加以保障。立法主旨主要是通过规范和推动北极考察达到提升对北极利用水平的目的。各国一般都设立了统筹各政府部门与北极考察有关工作的主管机构。管理制度的核心主要是对于考察活动的许可制度以及环境影响评价制度。我国在制定极地考察法规的过程中,一方面应当汲取这些制度中的先进经验,另一方面对于其中对外国考察活动的规制应当作出反应。

基于“雪龙”船平台的极地锚锭浮标布放——以中国第六次北极科学考察白令海锚锭浮标布放为例

极地海气通量异常通过大气环流将极区和中低纬度气候变化联系起来,海气通量观测是从根本上认识极区对中低纬度气候影响实质的关键手段之一。目前,国内外高纬度定点海气通量观测非常稀少,可借鉴的极地锚锭浮标布放技术也处在摸索阶段。中国第六次北极考察队在北太平洋高纬海域白令海成功投放一套锚锭海气浮标,进行定点气温、湿度、风速、短波辐射、长波辐射,海表面温度等海气界面数据连续观测,这是我国在北太平洋高纬海域成功布放的首套锚锭浮标。通过该套锚锭浮标的成功布放,获得了我国以"雪龙"船为平台的极地锚锭浮标布放技术的宝贵经验。本文从极地锚锭浮标布放的意义、锚锭浮标介绍、布放原则和方案、布放过程及布放关键技术等方面进行阐述,为我国未来极地锚锭浮标布放提供基础和借鉴。

极区卫星跟踪浮标在北极科学考察中的应用

介绍了两套极区卫星跟踪水文气象自动观测浮标的研制目的、结构组成与功能 ,以及在中国第二次北极科学考察中的现场布放和应用。同时也介绍了由美国进口的 ZENO○R冰浮标的结构、功能和布放情况 ,并将极区卫星跟踪浮标和美国 ZENO○R冰浮标做了相应的比较和分析。

中国首次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性成分的分析

中国首次北极科学考察沿线采集的大气气溶胶样品可溶性成分分析表明 ,大气气溶胶的平均载量为 1 95neq·m- 3,Na+ 和Cl- 的贡献为 60 % ,NH+ 4和SO2 - 4的贡献为 2 7% ,nssSO2 - 4对SO2 - 4的贡献为 68% .气溶胶中阴、阳离子总量基本相当 ,大气环境呈中性 .气溶胶中可溶性成分具有较强的纬度变化特征 .根据离子的变化态势可将离子分为 3大类 ,即 1 )Na+ ,Cl- ,SO2 - 4,K+ ,Mg2 + ,Ca2 + ;2 )NH+ 4,NO- 3;3)MSA .Na+ 和Cl- 具有较好的线性关系 ,Cl- /Na+ 的当量浓度比为 1 .0 1 ,小于其在海水中的比值 1 .1 6 .NH+ 4和NO- 3的浓度随纬度的增加呈现减少的趋势 ,说明在低纬度近海岸地区人类活动的污染相当强烈 .MSA的浓度在白令海区出现高值 ,与Shemya (52°N ,1 74°E)站夏季浓度1 .79± 0 .83neq·m- 3(1 70± 79ng·m- 3)相当 .通过与不同海区夏季释放DMS的通量对比 。

北极考察与GPS定位研究初探

本文叙述了作者 1 996年参加“北极追踪”科学考察队进行首次北极测绘科学考察期间 ,使用 GPS全球定位观测系统 ,沿雷索柳特 ( Resolute)—夸那 ( Qaanaaq)—卡波郁科 ( Kap Yok)—尤里科 ( Eureke)—北极点 ( North Pole)—尤里科—雷索柳特的考察路线 ,进行了冰海考察路线导航、寻找北极点、夸那及雷索柳特定点观测。事后采用高精度 GPS数据处理科研软件 GAMIT对采集得到的数据进行了处理、分析 ,得到了观测点的地心及大地坐标和各点到北京的空间基线长。结果表明 ,利用 GPS定位系统在北极地区进行大规模范围内、高精度监测地壳运动和环境动态变化是完全可行的。