Rainfall-runoff simulation and flood forecasting for Huaihe Basin

The main purpose of this study was to forecast the inflow to Hongze Lake using the Xin＇anjiang rainfall-runoff model. The upper area of Hongze Lake in the Huaihe Basin was divided into 23 sub-basins, including the surface of Hongze Lake. The influence of reservoirs and gates on flood forecasting was considered in a practical and simple way. With a one-day time step, the linear and non-linear Muskingum method was used for channel flood routing, and the least-square regression model was used for real-time correction in flood forecasting. Representative historical data were collected for the model calibration. The hydrological model parameters for each sub-basin were calibrated individually, so the parameters of the Xin＇anjiang model were different for different sub-basins. This flood forecasting system was used in the real-time simulation of the large flood in 2005 and the results are satisfactory when compared with measured data from the flood.

OPERATIONAL FORECAST OF RAINFALL INDUCED BY LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES ALONG GUANGDONG COAST

Following previous studies of the rainfall forecast in Shenzhen owing to landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs),a nonparametric statistical scheme based on the classification of the landfalling TCs is applied to analyze and forecast the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs in the coastal area of Guangdong province,China.All the TCs landfalling with the distance less than 700 kilometers to the 8 coastal stations in Guangdong province during 1950—2013 are categorized according to their landfalling position and intensity.The daily rainfall records of all the 8 meteorological stations are obtained and analyzed.The maximum daily rainfall and the maximum 3 days’accumulated rainfall at the 8 coastal stations induced by each category of TCs during the TC landfall period(a couple of days before and after TC landfalling time)from 1950 to 2013 are computed by the percentile estimation and illustrated by boxplots.These boxplots can be used to estimate the rainfall induced by landfalling TC of the same category in the future.The statistical boxplot scheme is further coupled with the model outputs from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)to predict the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs along the coastal area.The TCs landfalling in south China from 2014 to 2017 and the corresponding rainfall at the 8 stations area are used to evaluate the performance of these boxplots and coupled boxplots schemes.Results show that the statistical boxplots scheme and coupled boxplots scheme can perform better than ECMWF model in the operational rainfall forecast along the coastal area in south China.

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF TWO MODEL INITIALIZATION SCHEMES ON RAINFALL FORECAST IN THE 2008 FLOODING SEASON

In this paper, based on heavy rain numerical forecast model AREM(Advanced Regional Eta Model), two different initialization schemes, LAPS and GRAPES-3DVAR, are used to run assimilation experiments of AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR with the same data source(NCEP forecast field, surface data and radio-soundings) during the period from 21 May to 30 July 2008 to investigate the effect of the two initialization schemes on the rainfall simulation. The result suggests that:(1) the forecast TS score by the AREM-LAPS is higher than that by the AREM-3DVAR for rainfall in different areas, at different valid time and with different intensity, especially for the heavy rain, rainstorm and extremely heavy rain;(2) the AREM-3DVAR can generally simulate the average rainfall distribution, but the forecast area is smaller and rainfall intensity is weaker than the observation, while the AREM-LAPS significantly improves the forecast;(3) the AREM-LAPS gives a better forecast for the south-north shift of rainfall bands and the rainfall intensity variation than the AREM-3DVAR;(4) the AREM-LAPS can give a better reproduction for the daily change in the mean-rainfall-rate of the main rain band, and rainfall intensity changes in the eastern part of Southwest China, the coastal area in South China, the middle-lower valleys of Yangtze river, the Valleys of Huaihe river, and Shandong peninsula, with the rainfall intensity roughly close to the observation, while the rainfall intensity simulated by the AREM-3DVAR is clearly weaker than the observation, especially in the eastern part of Southwest China; and(5) the comparison verification between the AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR for more than 10 typical rainfall processes in the summer of 2008 indicates that the AREM-LAPS gives a much better forecast than AREM-3DVAR in rain-band area, rainfall location and intensity, and in particular, the rainfall intensity forecast is improved obviously.

Numerical Simulation of the Heavy Rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during Summer 2003 Using the WRF Model

In this study, a 47-day regional climate simulation of the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during the summer of 2003 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast （WRY） model. The simulation reproduces reasonably well the evolution of the rainfall during the study period＇s three successive rainy phases, especially the frequent heavy rainfall events occurring in the Huai River Basin. The model captures the major rainfall peak observed by the monitoring stations in the morning. Another peak appears later than that shown by the observations. In addition, the simulation realistically captures not only the evolution of the low-level winds but also the characteristics of their diurnal variation. The strong southwesterly （low-level jet, LLJ） wind speed increases beginning in the early evening and reaches a peak in the morning; it then gradually decreases until the afternoon. The intense LLJ forms a strong convergent circulation pattern in the early morning along the Yangtze-Huai River Basin. This pattern partly explains the rainfall peak observed at this time. This study furnishes a basis for the further analysis of the mechanisms of evolution of the LLJ and for the further study of the interactions between the LLJ and rainfall.

Analysis on Radar Characteristics of a Short-time Heavy Rainfall Event in Wuchuan County

Using minute rainfall data of automatic ground station and a variety of products from new generation Doppler weather radar in Wuchuan, the characteristics of a short-time heavy precipitation process on April 23, 2022 were analyzed. The results showed that the appearance of differential reflectivity(ZDR) column and big-value zone of high-elevation ZDR had better indication on short-term heavy rainfall process in Shichao station. Ice phase process played a very important role in particle growth. The storm tracking information product can predict the path of the storm 15 min in advance. The storm stayed and moved less or even turned back to more than two to three scanning volumes in one place, indicating the occurrence of short-term heavy rainfall. One-hour accumulated precipitation(OHP) had a good effect on the estimation of continuous precipitation in a large area where the hourly rainfall exceeded 50 mm for more than two stations. It had the ability to estimate short-term heavy precipitation in areas lacking automatic stations.

Application of synoptic-scale anomalous winds predicted by medium-range weather forecast models on the regional heavy rainfall in China in 2010

Atmospheric winds from observations and medium-range weather forecast model predictions can be physically decomposed as daily climate wind,planetary-scale anomalous wind,and synoptic-scale anomalous wind.The 850 hPa synoptic-scale anomalous winds were extracted from the numerical model outputs of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) and the NCEP Global Forecast System(GFS).The results showed that most rain bands in eastern China in 2010 were located along the anomalous convergence lines.To predict the major rain bands by these convergence lines in 2010,the accuracies of the ECMWF products were 100%,85%,and 15% for leading 3,6,and 9 days,while the GFS products showed 53%,15%,and 6% accuracies,respectively.In comparison of the regional heavy rainfalls between observation and the ECMWF model prediction,the useful leading information was about 3.1 days for direct model rain prediction and 6.7 days for convergence systems predicted by ECMWF model.

降雨监测与预报技术在防洪减灾中的应用进展

洪水灾害突发性强,成灾速度快,对人民生命和财产安全造成较大的威胁。降雨作为洪水灾害致灾因子,数据的精确度对防洪减灾具有重要意义。以降雨监测与预报技术为切入点,对雨量站点观测、天气雷达降雨估计及预报、降雨数值预报、卫星遥感反演的现状进行了总结,通过分析时空降尺度方法及多源数据融合技术在降雨监测与预报中的应用,揭示了其在提升降雨数据“量”与“型”准确度方面的效果。研究表明:降雨监测与预报技术在当前取得了显著进展,但在山丘区和城市环境空间的复杂地形方面仍面临分辨率受到限制及精确性、时效性不足的问题。多源数据融合能提高降雨数据精度、时空覆盖能力和预测准确性,优化算法模型、融合“空-天-地”多源数据形成高分辨率预报是未来的研究方向。

福建漳州平和柚天气指数保险产品设计与定价

柚产业是福建省漳州市平和县的支柱产业,为分散当地柚生产的经营风险,基于福建省漳州市平和县1985−2022年柚产量及对应年份3月中旬至8月上旬的天气数据,将柚单产数据分解成趋势单产和气象单产,并调整单产数据使其转化到2024年的生产力水平下的单产,选用核密度估计法拟合该序列的概率密度函数并用于纯费率厘定;而后利用调整后单产数据和天气数据进行相关性分析,筛选显著的天气指数。结果显示:4月中下旬降雨量指数与调整后单产的线性关系最为显著。对于2024年约定的保障产量51000 kg·hm^(−2)和保险价格2.8元·kg^(−1),即每667m^(2)保险金额为9520元,厘定纯费率为4.0191%、保险费率为4.6220%;对于降雨量指数RI的保险赔付触发值160 mm以及RI的8个分级赔付区间,分别计算得到了对应的赔付事件发生概率,并给出了对应的赔付金额计算公式。

云南省洱海灌区水稻智能灌溉决策模型研究

提高有效降雨利用率,是节约灌溉用水的重要途径之一。为进一步提高稻田降雨利用率,基于水量平衡原理和作物水分生产函数,结合强化学习方法,构建考虑未来降雨的智能灌溉决策模型。收集了大理站点2012-2020年的实测气象数据和天气预报数据,对智能灌溉决策模型进行训练,将模型应用于云南省洱海灌区。结果表明:洱海地区天气预报存在一定的空报率和漏报率,TS评分较高,降雨预报质量较高。与常规灌溉决策相比,采用强化学习方法的智能灌溉决策,平均每年可以减少灌溉次数0.2次,节约灌水量6.5 mm,节水率为6.0%,提高降雨利用率3.0%,减少排水量6.2 mm,且未造成产量损失。因此,采用智能灌溉决策能在考虑未来天气情况下有效提高降雨利用率,节约灌溉用水,且不造成减产。

基于主客观环流分型的强降水数值预报MODE检验方法及其在2019年暖季东北地区的应用

本文构建了基于主客观环流分型的强降水数值预报空间检验(MODE)方法框架,并利用该框架对欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式(ECMWF)和中国气象局区域中尺度数值天气预报模式(CMA_MESO)的2019年暖季东北地区强降水预报进行检验。结果表明,2019年暖季东北地区54个强降水日的环流型可分为:西风槽型(15个)、副热带高压影响型(13个)、急流型(5个)、西部(12个)和东部冷涡型(9个)。其中,西风槽型和急流型以区域性强降水为主,模式对其强降水发生与否的预报能力强,TS评分较高;西部、东部冷涡型强降水的局地性强,模式对其强降水发生与否的预报能力差,TS评分低;副热带高压影响型也以区域性强降水为主,模式对其强降水发生与否的预报能力也比较强,但是对其强降水质心位置、强度、面积等属性预报偏差较大,TS评分也相对较低。另外,从两种模式预报性能对比看,CMA_MESO强降水强度和面积预报较实况普遍偏强,虽然其预报的TS评分一般高于ECMWF,但其对强降水预报的空报率也都比ECMWF大,对强降水的属性预报偏差一致性一般也低于ECMWF,其预报的可订正性整体上不及ECMWF。

基于CMA区域集合预报的海河流域面雨量预报评估与应用

面雨量是流域防汛抗洪调度的重要依据,单模式的确定性预报无法反映面雨量的多种可能性,为了解决面雨量预报存在不确定性的问题,本文基于中国气象局区域集合预报系统(China Meteorological Administration-Regional Ensemble Prediction System, CMA-REPS)降水结果对海河流域集合预报面雨量开展了适用性评估和分析,结合高分辨率格点实况资料对其2020—2022年5—8月面雨量进行检验,并依检验结果开展了集合预报面雨量产品及跨度预报产品研发。检验表明CMA-REPS集合预报对海河流域面雨量预报有改进:1)海河流域集合平均面雨量预报的绝对误差明显优于控制预报,在空间分布上表现为南部河系预报误差较大,中部次之,北部最小。2)模糊评分表明小雨和中雨量级集合平均预报更贴近实况,而暴雨量级则需进一步参考集合成员的极端性。3)TS及Bias评分表明集合平均在小雨量级预报效果较好,中雨及以上量级在预报后期改进更加明显。4)概率预报评分发现CMA-REPS对海河流域中部河系中雨以下面雨量有较好的表现,而南部河系的评分则低于中部河系。开发集合预报面雨量产品并对海河流域两次致洪暴雨过程检验发现:1)集合成员对24 h大暴雨等级面雨量的预报有较高的概率,与实况量级相当,对极端降水有较好的提示。2)24 h内集合平均具有较好的评分,而24~48 h, 75%分位数产品对于强降水过程预报效果更好;本文依据检验结果开发的集合预报混合百分位产品及跨度预报产品对于强降水有较好的参考性。3)依据概率预报随时间的变化曲线对面雨量进行平滑拟合,可以得到更贴近于实况的逐小时面雨量预报产品。

Rainfall forecast errors in different landfall stages of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019)

The rainfall forecast performance of the Tropical Cyclone(TC)version Model of Global and Regional Assimilation PrEdiction System(GRAPESTCM)of the China Meteorological Administration for landfalling Super Typhoon Lekima(2019)is studied by using the object-oriented verification method of contiguous rain area(CRA).The major error sources and possible reasons for the rainfall forecast uncertainties in different landfall stages(including near landfall and moving further inland)are compared.Results show that different performance and errors of rainfall forecast exist in the different TC stages.In the near landfall stage the asymmetric rainfall distribution is hard to be simulated,which might be related to the too strong forecasted TC intensity and too weak vertical wind shear accompanied.As Lekima moves further inland,the rain pattern and volume errors gradually increase.The Equitable Threat Score of the 24 h forecasted rainfall over 100 mm declines quickly with the time-length over land.The diagnostic analysis shows that there exists an interaction between the TC and the mid-latitude westerlies,but too weak frontogenesis is simulated.The results of this research indicate that for the current numerical model,the forecast ability of persistent heavy rainfall is very limited,especially when the weakened landing TC moves further inland.

Comprehensive applicability evaluation of four precipitation products at multiple spatiotemporal scales in Northwest China

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.

暴雨数值预报若干关键技术发展的回顾与思考

暴雨是导致洪涝灾害的重要天气,也是发生在我国的最主要自然灾害之一。随着高分辨率数值模式的发展,数值预报已成为暴雨预报的主要手段,然而数值预报的精度依赖于大气运动方程组的完备性、初始状态的准确性、物理过程的合理性以及计算方法的稳定性。由于大气是非线性的混沌系统,这些方面微小的误差均会产生预报结果的很大不确定性。因此,提升暴雨数值预报水平与资料同化、物理过程参数化和集合预报等技术和方法的发展密切相关,特别是产生降水的云微物理过程参数化方案在数值模式中的作用很重要。此外,为改进和完善数值模式,预报结果的评估方法研究也是暴雨数值预报技术研究不可缺少的重要内容。本文主要回顾了暴雨数值预报若干关键技术的发展,重点介绍了四维集合变分同化方法、云微物理参数化方案、集合预报模式扰动的后向动能散射方法,并提出了基于动能谱分析的模式结果评估方法,最后凝练出了这几个方面未来研究的方向。

南京非中心城区下穿立交排水设计探讨

下穿立交道路由于其纵坡大、位置低,易成为易涝点。结合工程实际案例,从汇水面积划分、雨水量计算、排水收集系统及雨水泵站设计等方面科学阐述下穿立交排水系统的设计参数。此外,论文强调下穿立交排水设计应与道桥设计、排涝除险设计、源头减排统筹考虑,以经济节能的方式达到内涝防治和径流污染控制。

基于水文水动力耦合模型的铜山城区洪水预报研究

研究在降雨径流模型的基础上耦合一、二维水动力学模型,构建了铜山城区水文水动力耦合河道洪水预报模型。利用降雨径流模型模拟计算重点防洪河道上游断面的流量过程作为水动力学模型的边界条件,进行河道洪水演进计算,滚动预报河道重点防洪断面的水位与流量过程,实现河道洪水和可能的地表洪水演进实时分析和预报,结合多场次历史洪水资料进行率定和验证,结果表明模型可对铜山城区洪水进行较好模拟,对支撑“降水-产流-汇流-演进”全过程推演、提升铜山城区防洪“四预”能力具有重要现实意义。

Effects of Land Use Changes Across Different Urbanization Periods on Summer Rainfall in the Pearl River Delta Core Area

The Pearl River Delta(PRD)is one of the three urban agglomerations in China that have experienced rapid development.For this study,a core area of the PRD was identified,comprising the highly urbanized areas of Guangzhou,Foshan,Zhongshan,Zhuhai,Shenzhen,and Dongguan Cities.The expansion of these urban areas was tracked across three time periods—the year population urbanization rate exceeded 70%(2000),18 years before(1982),and 18 years after(2018).This study used the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model to explore summer rainfall changes across different urbanization periods in the PRD core area.The results show that urban land expansion mainly occurred in the post urbanization period.Rainfall changes acros s different urbanization periods were roughly consistent with previously observed spatial and temporal changes accompanying urban expansion in the PRD core area.Extreme rainfall mainly increased in the post urbanization period,shifting rainstorm center towards the PRD core area.Further causal analysis revealed that land use changes affected rainfall by altering thermodynamics and water vapor transfer.The urban expansion changed the surface energy balance,resulting in increased surface heating and heat island effects.The heat island effects thickened the planetary boundary layer and increased vertical wind speeds,which initiated dry island effects,thereby causing more water vapor transportation to the atmosphere.Consequently,rainstorms and extreme rainfall events have become concentrated in urban areas.

雷达估测降雨与水文模型的耦合在洪水预报中的应用

尝试将雷达降雨数据作为水文模型的输入用于洪水预报中.流域面上的降雨分布是不均匀的,比较雨量计和雷达两种方式估测的降雨场分布,后者更接近于实际情况.从流域地形分布来看也证实了这一点.从实时洪水预报的角度出发,选择进行校准雷达降雨的雨量站个数与水情部门采用的报汛站的个数接近.由于雷达估测的降雨数据为分布式的降雨数据,需要采用分布式的水文模型.结合淮河史灌河流域蒋家集站进行洪水预报,预报结果表明,雷达测雨在洪水预报中具有广泛的应用前景.

面雨量在天气预报中的应用

面雨量的应用和预报，适合防汛、抗洪需要，并可能成为我国气象和水文两大学科相结合的纽带。提出了计算面雨量的三角形法，不仅有其明显优点，且易于实现业务自动化；进一步探讨了面雨量在预报和服务中的应用以及面雨级的划分和预报。

雷达联合雨量计估测降水模拟水库入库流量

运用雷达和雨量计联合估测了梅山水库集水区的降水分布 .本文根据联合估测结果 ,应用降水径流模型 ,对 1998、 1999年梅山水库入库流量进行了模拟 ,通过 15 0 0h时间序列的模拟试验表明 ,该模型可以用来模拟梅山水库的入库流量 ,其结果是合理可用的 .与其单独采用雨量计测量面雨量的模拟方法相比 ,其模拟效果更好 .