Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

Research on the Construction Characteristics of Stone-Built Folk Houses in Jiarong Tibetan Area <br/>—Take the Stone-Built Houses in Xisuo Village as an Example

The Jiarong Tibetan traditional residence is a characteristic regional architecture, located in a high-intensity, high-altitude and cold area, with geographic identification, and is a typical representative of this ethnic group. It has also become an important tourist destination and has important research value. The research used the methods of field survey surveying and mapping to conduct field survey and surveying on 20 buildings in Xisuo Village, a traditional village in the Jiarong Tibetan area. Measure building plans, elevations, and building sections, and collect measurement data for statistical analysis. The results show that the average total height of the building is 10.08 m, the average total building span is 12.44 m, the average total depth is 10.87 m, and the squareness is 0.87. The square shape of the building is more in line with the seismic requirements of high-intensity areas and the local terrain environment. The maximum window-wall ratio in the building is 0.18 south for the second floor, and 0.025 west for the first floor. Smaller window-to- wall ratios have better adaptability to high-altitude cold areas. The height of the building beam section is generally from 0.17 m to 0.32 m, and the average Beam span-depth ratio is 0.10. The building space construction has a good match with the properties of wood materials. These conclusions quantitatively analyze the characteristics of stone-built houses in high-intensity, high-altitude and cold areas, supplement the research on ethnic regional architecture, and provide materials and references for the design, repair and update of related buildings.

Optimizing Building Envelope Dimensions for Passive Solar Houses in the Qinghai-Tibetan Region: Window to Wall Ratio and Depth of Sunspace

It has been a focus to reduce the energy consumption and improve the space heating performance of high-altitude buildings in winter seasons. In view of the abundant solar energy resources of the high-altitude region, the establishment of passive solar houses should be an effective strategy to deal with the problem of thermal comfort. Both window to wall ratio(WWR) and sunspace depth are of vital importance to determine the thermal comfort level of passive solar houses, while there are limited studies on analyzing their impacts on passive solar houses in high-altitude regions. Therefore, this study is designed to examine how WWR and sunspace depth affect space heating of passive solar houses in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. To be specific, the hourly radiation temperature variations and percentages of dissatisfaction of the residential building with different sunspace depth/WWR(including 0.9 m/33%, 0.9 m/45%, 0.9 m/60%, 1.2 m/33% and 1.5 m/33%) were quantitatively examined. Results indicated that under the condition of 0.9 m/45%, the overall average radiation temperature of the building was approximately 16°C during the entire heating season, which could better satisfy the heating requirements. Meanwhile, the average temperature was higher, and the thermal comfort level was better under the ratio of 45% or the depth of 1.5 m, when only an individual factor in either ratio or depth was considered. These findings can provide references for the determination of dimensions of passive solar houses in high-altitude regions.

寒冷地区外窗热工性能对建筑采暖空调负荷的影响

【目的】通过研究外窗热工性能对建筑采暖空调负荷的影响,得出各项外窗热工性能参数对建筑节能效果的影响程度,有助于提升建筑的节能效果。【方法】利用DeST-h,建立寒冷地区(郑州)75%节能标准居住建筑基本模型,以太阳得热系数、窗墙比、外窗传热系数为变量进行单因素影响计算,以窗墙比和太阳得热系数、建筑层数和太阳得热系数为变量进行多因素分析,研究太阳得热系数、窗墙比、外窗传热系数对建筑采暖空调负荷的影响。【结果】结果表明,窗墙比、传热系数对建筑采暖空调负荷影响趋势明显,均呈正相关;太阳得热系数对建筑采暖空调负荷影响趋势与建筑窗墙比、建筑层数有关。【结论】建筑外窗节能应优先考虑窗墙比、传热系数,同时在确定当地太阳得热系数时应兼顾窗墙比和建筑层数,以满足更高的节能标准。

Evaluation of Daylight Parameters on the Basis Simulation Model for the Tropical Climate

Use of natural daylight in the building is energy saving with respect to illumination levels and health benefits.However in,the hot and dry climatic zone increase in daylight availability may result into thermal ingress.This might lead to excess energy conservation.The aim of this paper is to evolve the methodology which could be used as a pre design tool for assessing the lighting provisions and thermal performance of spaces within buildings adopted by designers during the design process.The field measurements were conducted on the liveable spaces of a dwelling unit of the Nagpur region.Simulation studies using Ecotect Analysis 2011 was conducted for both illumination and thermal energy.The field measurements were compared with the simulated results.It has been found that the percentage difference(PD)between the Ecotect measurements(EM)and field measurements(FM)for both thermal loads and an illuminance level was less than 15%,the simulated model was considered precise for further study.The result imply that the simulated model would be ample for designers to evaluate the parameters associated to wall to window ratio,shading devices with respect to orientation of the building which helps to achieve the optimum useful daylight index.

8.5度设防区剪力墙结构层间位移角限值探讨

为满足小震作用下结构层间位移角限值的要求,抗震设防高烈度区设计的结构竖向构件多,截面尺寸大,影响建筑使用空间。控制小震作用下的层间位移角除满足舒适度、装饰结构和机械设备正常使用的需求外,主要目的是确保结构大震不倒。根据新疆喀什地区(8.5度设防)128条强震地震动和当地实际工程,参照现行不同规范对层间位移角限值的规定,以层间位移角和高度为控制参数,设计6个剪力墙结构模型,采用基于构件变形的抗震性能评估方法研究大震作用下结构的安全性。结果表明:6个剪力墙结构在8.5度大震作用下均满足“大震不倒”的要求,且在两倍大震作用下具有合理的屈服耗能机制。建议小震作用下新疆喀什地区剪力墙结构的弹性层间位移角限值放松至1/500。

基于窗上带与窗间墙关系评估芮城县砖混结构房屋抗震性能

为摸清芮城县房屋的抗震性能,开展房屋建筑抽样详查工作。分别从房屋建筑类别、数量占比和分布情况等方面展开调查,并对砖混结构房屋的抗震性能进行评估。主要对有震害统计的无圈梁、有圈梁构造柱砖混砌体结构房屋的窗间墙宽与窗上带高、窗上带跨高比和窗间墙高宽比、窗间墙与窗上带刚度比的相互关系进行研究。同时基于地震中窗上带优先出现损伤,可最大程度保护房屋抗震柱或承重墙,保持建筑物大震不倒的判断规则,对芮城县30栋砖混房屋的抗震性能做出评判。研究结果表明,芮城县城区砖混结构房屋抗震性能为一般-较差,乡镇的为较差-差。

合肥地区窗墙比对动态自然通风能耗的影响研究

以合肥地区某实际办公建筑为例,采用计算流体力学与建筑环境及暖通系统模拟技术,采用自然通风与建筑室内热动态耦合模拟分析,基于不同自然通风形式,利用多区域通风网络原理,得到了自然通风量逐时动态变化的耦合基准模型,研究在动态自然通风情景下窗墙比对建筑能耗的影响。研究结果表明,在合肥地区实际动态自然通风情景下,随窗墙比的增加,混合自然通风形式的全年节能率在16.65%~17.17%之间,贯流自然通风形式的全年节能率在16.56%~17.41%之间,单侧自然通风全年节能率则在15.39%~18.65%之间,可为合肥地区基于实际自然通风量逐时变化情景下建筑节能设计工作提供参考。

夏热冬冷地区被动式建筑外窗节能参数研究

随着中国建筑节能技术的发展,探索夏热冬冷地区被动式建筑外窗主要热工因素能够满足更高的建筑节能要求,以及促进双碳目标的实现。文章用Energy Plus软件建立被动式建筑热工模型,以窗户朝向、窗墙比、太阳得热系数、传热系数和遮阳方式为变量,模拟并分析夏热冬冷地区被动式建筑能耗。结果表明,窗墙比、传热系数、太阳得热系数与建筑总能耗呈正相关,在各朝向对能耗的影响程度不同,南向窗墙比从0.3增大到0.7时,采暖能耗降低2.46 kW·h/m^(2);东南西北4个朝向在夏季使用外遮阳的平均节能率依次为18.63%、18.62%、32.15%、0.15%。夏热冬冷地区被动式建筑,南向外窗节能潜力最大。

基于能耗与采光分析的夏热冬暖地区办公建筑窗墙比优化取值研究

通过建筑能耗模拟分析得出典型办公建筑中窗墙面积比对建筑能耗的影响,再通过建筑采光模拟分析得出窗墙面积比对建筑采光的一般规律。在提高采光效果和采光质量的同时,随着建筑窗墙比的提升,建筑围护结构能耗也会有所增加。因此在综合考虑建筑能耗和采光这两个因素的条件下,得出一个适宜的窗墙比取值区间。并通过定义光耗比来表征单位能耗提高对采光效果的影响,以提出办公建筑最优的窗墙面积比取值,使建筑能通过牺牲最小的能耗值,得到性价比最为优化的采光效果和质量。选取夏热冬暖典型城市的建筑能耗及室内平均采光系数进行模拟综合分析,并得出结论,为建筑节能设计提供参考。

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑窗墙比对照明能耗和空调能耗影响分析

窗墙比的大小决定了通过外窗进入房间内的可见光、太阳辐射量以及温差传热量的多少,影响着室内自然采光效果及得热量大小,从而影响照明能耗和采暖空调能耗。以广州地区办公建筑为研究对象,采用EnergyPlus软件模拟对比了不同工况下以建筑能耗最低为目标时的最优窗墙比。结果表明,在照明智能控制前提下,窗墙比和建筑能耗的关系相对复杂,要综合考虑房间朝向、进深以及外窗光热性能的影响。对于北向和东向房间,增大窗墙比,有利于降低建筑能耗,建议尽量开大窗;但对于南向和西向房间,不能一味地开大窗,提出了不同房间进深以及外窗性能组合下对应的最佳窗墙比,方便设计师在建筑设计阶段进行组合搭配。

窗墙比对供暖房间热舒适及系统能耗影响研究

建筑围护结构直接影响室内热湿负荷,而窗户作为三大围护结构中热工性能最差的构件,其对室内热负荷的影响最大,尤其是当存在太阳辐射时会直接影响室内热舒适性。搭建空气源热泵对流-辐射联合供暖系统测试台,并在大窗墙比的情况下增设保温材料设置等效墙的形式,研究了窗墙比对冬季不同供暖模式下室内热舒适及能耗的影响。结果表明,在空气源热泵供水温度一定时,地板辐射末端供暖比风机盘管末端具有更舒适的室内热环境、垂直温度梯度较小并且能耗相对较少;受到太阳辐射的影响,随着窗墙比的增加,地板辐射供暖系统下室内温度波动减小,能耗增加,PMV值变化在热舒适范围内。

基于Grasshopper参数化设计的大连地区窗墙比对建筑能耗的影响研究

以辽宁大连地区办公室建筑为能耗模拟研究对象,研究不同朝向单一立面窗墙面积比对建筑单位面积供暖、供冷以及平均能耗的影响规律,为大连地区办公室建筑不同朝向窗墙面积比的选择提供参考建议。研究采用Grasshopper开展参数化建模,提出基于Grasshopper功能插件Ladybug Tools的建筑能耗模拟流程,实现了从建模到能耗分析的一体化流程。结果表明:大连地区建筑能耗的变化趋势与窗墙面积比有关,窗墙面积比增大,供冷能耗和平均能耗均增大,而供暖能耗的变化趋势则和窗户朝向相关,因朝向不同而异。本研究以平均能耗限值为参考分析得出,大连地区办公室建筑可选择较大的南向窗墙面积比,适宜的东(西)向窗墙面积比,以及相对较小的北向窗墙面积比。

高烈度地区某超高层项目斜墙转换应用研究

西安某超高层办公楼,根据结构抗侧刚度需要,在核心筒与外框柱之间增设剪力墙形成框架剪力墙结构体系。本文首先对外框柱与核心筒之间增设的剪力墙的转换方案进行了结构选型分析,然后采用MIDAS/Gen对转换斜墙进行了有限元分析,最后采用SAUSAGE对整体结构进行了大震动力弹塑性时程分析,论证了斜墙转换方案的合理性。分析结果表明:与普通转换梁方案相比,一方面斜墙转换具有减小结构刚度突变、减小剪力突变的优势,另一方面斜墙转换可有效地避免转换构件在大震作用下由于刚度突变而使转换斜墙出现应力集中与剪切损伤破坏,具有良好的抗震性能。

《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》中窗墙面积比的确定

根据夏热冬冷地区不同朝向太阳辐射的变化规律 ,分析了建筑开窗受太阳辐射的热过程影响 ,并通过计算分析和对照节能建筑的试点工程的实测分析 ,提出了夏热冬冷地区节能建筑的窗墙面积比的设计依据 .

岛礁宾馆建筑窗墙比对空调能耗的影响

中国积极推进300万平方公里海洋国土建设,目前正在大力建设南海的西沙群岛和南沙群岛海域.海洋中的岛屿、岛礁气候与陆地气候差异较大,具有高温、高湿、强辐射的海洋气候特点.在这种特殊的气候条件下,结合岛上资源匮乏的事实,研发低能耗建筑成为必然.为确定与岛礁气候相适宜的低能耗建筑的围护结构特点,以西沙的气象实测数据为例分析海洋气候特点,采用动态模拟的方法,以岛礁上拟建宾馆建筑为对象,分析不同朝向窗墙比变化对建筑全年能耗的影响.结果表明:湿负荷约占空调负荷的40%,在夏季西向房间空调负荷最高,南向最低;窗墙比每增加0.1,单位建筑面积空调负荷可增加3~5 k Wh,但空调负荷随东西向窗墙比的增长速度较南北向快;采用综合遮阳方式的节能率最高,约为7%.本研究结果旨在为中国南部海域岛礁建筑窗墙比的合理取值提供参考.

拉萨被动式太阳能建筑供暖潜力分析

对拉萨2栋被动式太阳能建筑冬季室内热环境进行了现场测试,结果显示室温能够满足要求。以某实际工程为例,对被动式太阳能建筑的热特性进行了分析,研究了外墙保温性能、外窗热工性能及建筑窗墙面积比对被动式太阳能建筑的影响,分析了最冷月被动式太阳能供暖建筑的室内热环境。提出被动式太阳能供暖的可行性、潜力和热工设计要素。指出拉萨地区能实现全被动供暖,可大大降低冬季供暖能耗。

长江流域住宅夏季空调围护结构负荷构成分析

长江流域住宅夏季空调围护结构负荷受其自身几何和热工参数的影响,但是各参数的影响程度还不明确。本文主要考虑围护结构传热系数、窗墙比和遮阳系数等参数,利用正交试验的原理计算分析夏季空调设计工况下南侧围护结构负荷构成,以确定主要影响参数。对于南侧外围护结构,单位面积负荷与各参数均成正线性相关,其中窗墙比的影响最大。当窗墙比较大时,遮阳系数和外窗传热系数的影响较大,反之外墙传热系数影响较大。利用单位面积负荷及外墙负荷比与参数之间的关系式可以分析确定该地区围护结构节能的潜力,并为确定有效的围护结构节能措施提供依据。

玻璃类型对玻璃幕墙建筑室内热环境的影响分析

以某博览中心为建筑模型,采用EnergyPlus和自编的热舒适计算程序模拟了玻璃幕墙建筑的室内热环境,着重分析了玻璃类型、窗墙比对室内热舒适性的影响。对幕墙建筑室内不同位置PMV值的计算结果表明,人体与玻璃幕墙的相对位置对热舒适影响较大。

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑窗墙比对建筑综合能耗的影响分析

选取了夏热冬冷地区的4个代表性城市,以一个实际的办公建筑为基础,利用eQuest软件建立了分析模型,分析了考虑窗户自然采光时,夏热冬冷地区办公建筑的综合能耗随着建筑窗墙比的变化而变化的规律。分析结果表明：建筑的综合能耗随着建筑窗墙比的增加呈现出先减小后增加的趋势,存在一个使得建筑综合能耗最小的窗墙比最优区间,对于本模型,窗墙比的最优区间为0.5-0.6。