Analysis of the Correlation Between Visceral Fat Area and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Abdominal Obesity

Objective: To analyze the correlation between visceral fat area and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and abdominal obesity and to provide a reference for screening and related research of such patients. Methods: Two hundred patients with T2DM admitted to Guandu People’s Hospital of Kunming were included. The study was carried out from October 2022 to December 2023. The patients were divided into three groups according to different abdominal visceral fat areas (VFA): Group A (n = 65) was less than 75cm2, Group B (n = 75) was 75-100 cm2, and Group C (n = 60) was greater than 100 cm2. The subjects in the three groups were all tested for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), and fasting blood glucose (FPG). Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). The HOMA-IR and TYG (fasting triglyceride and glycemic index) were also calculated. Changes in the BMI, VFA, HOMA-IR, and TYG levels were observed in the three groups. Results: The VFA, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, and TYG of the patients all increased, with a more significant increase in the BMI, FINS, HOMA-IR, and TYG levels (P < 0.01). Multiple linear stepwise regression analyses used visceral fat area (VFA) as the dependent variable. The results showed that VFA was closely related to BMI, FINS, HOMA-IR, and TYG. Conclusion: Early reduction of VFA to reduce insulin resistance may be a better treatment and effective method for T2DM, providing powerful measures and new strategies for effective blood sugar control and early prevention in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Predicting potential invasion risks of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.)de Wit in the arid area of Saudi Arabia

The presence of invasive plant species poses a substantial ecological impact,thus comprehensive evaluation of their potential range and risk under the influence of climate change is necessary.This study uses maximum entropy(MaxEnt)modeling to forecast the likelihood of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.)de Wit invasion in Saudi Arabia under present and future climate change scenarios.Utilizing the MaxEnt modeling,we integrated climatic and soil data to predict habitat suitability for the invasive species.We conducted a detailed analysis of the distribution patterns of the species,using climate variables and ecological factors.We focused on the important influence of temperature seasonality,temperature annual range,and precipitation seasonality.The distribution modeling used robust measures of area under the curve(AUC)and receiver-operator characteristic(ROC)curves,to map the invasion extent,which has a high level of accuracy in identifying appropriate habitats.The complex interaction that influenced the invasion of L.leucocephala was highlighted by the environmental parameters using Jackknife test.Presently,the actual geographic area where L.leucocephala was found in Saudi Arabia was considerably smaller than the theoretical maximum range,suggesting that it had the capacity to expand further.The MaxEnt model exhibited excellent prediction accuracy and produced reliable results based on the data from the ROC curve.Precipitation and temperature were the primary factors influencing the potential distribution of L.leucocephala.Currently,an estimated area of 216,342 km^(2)in Saudi Arabia was at a high probability of invasion by L.leucocephala.We investigated the potential for increased invasion hazards in the future due to climate change scenarios(Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs)245 and 585).The analysis of key climatic variables,including temperature seasonality and annual range,along with soil properties such as clay composition and nitrogen content,unveiled their substantial influence on the distribution dynamic of L.leucocephala.Our findings indicated a significant expansion of high risk zones.High-risk zones for L.leucocephala invasion in the current climate conditions had notable expansions projected under future climate scenarios,particularly evident in southern Makkah,Al Bahah,Madina,and Asir areas.The results,backed by thorough spatial studies,emphasize the need to reduce the possible ecological impacts of climate change on the spread of L.leucocephala.Moreover,the study provides valuable strategic insights for the management of invasion,highlighting the intricate relationship between climate change,habitat appropriateness,and the risks associated with invasive species.Proactive techniques are suggested to avoid and manage the spread of L.leucocephala,considering its high potential for future spread.This study enhances the overall comprehension of the dynamics of invasive species by combining modeling techniques with ecological knowledge.It also provides valuable information for decision-making to implement efficient conservation and management strategies in response to changing environmental conditions.

Determination of Carboplatin Dose by Area Under the Curve in Combination Chemotherapy for Senile Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

To preliminarily determine the appropriate dosage of carboplatin （CBP） at AUC of 5 mg-M1^-1·min^-1 in the combination chemotherapy for Chinese senile patients with non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Thirty-five Chinese senile patients with NSCLC in advanced stage （Ⅲ/Ⅳ） were given 96 cycles of combination chemotherapy. Chemotherapy schedules included Taxol＋CBP, Gemzar＋CBP and NVB＋CBE The dose of CBP was at 5 mg.mL^-1·min^-1 of area under the concentration-time curve （AUC）. Side effects and quality of life were observed before and after the chemotherapy. Myelosuppression was severe and commonly observed. Grade 3/4 of granulocytopenia was found in 47.9% （46/96） of the patients and grade 3/4 of thrombocytopenia was noted in 28.1% （27/96） of the subjects. However, other side effects were slight. The mean score of quality of life （QOL）, according to the criteria of QOL for Chinese cancer patients had reduced 6.8. At 5 mg.mL^-1·min^-1 by AUC, the hematological toxicity of CBP was severe and it had some negative effects on the QOL. The administration of CBP at 5 mg.mL^-1·min^-1 by AUC may be too high for Chinese senile patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Area under the curve of methotrexate and creatinine clearance are outcome - determining factors in primary CNS lymphomas

Although high-dose methotrexate(HD-MTX)is the most effective drug against primary CNS lymphomas(PCNSL),outcome-de-termining variables related to its administration schedule have not been defined.The impact on toxicity and outcome of the area under thecurve(AUC(MTX)),dose intensity(DI(MTX))and infusion rate(IR(MTX))of MTX and plsamatic creatinine clearance(CL(crea))was investigated in a retrospective series of 45 PCNSL patients treated with three different HD-MTX-basedcombinations.Anticon-vulsants were administered in 31 pts(69%).Age>60 years,anticonvulsant therapy,slow IR(MTX)(

Gut microbiota predicts the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in Saudi children

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory condition with a worldwide distribution.Although the etiology of this disease is still unknown,the understanding of the role of the microbiota is becoming increasingly strong.AIM To investigate the predictive power of the gut microbiota for the diagnosis of UC in a cohort of newly diagnosed treatment-naïve Saudi children with UC.METHODS The study population included 20 children with a confirmed diagnosis of UC and 20 healthy controls.Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced,and shotgun metagenomic analysis was performed for bacteria and bacteriophages.Biostatistics and bioinformatics demonstrated significant dysbiosis in the form of reduced alpha diversity,beta diversity,and significant difference of abundance of taxa between children with UC and control groups.The receiver operating characteristic curve,a probability curve,was used to determine the difference between the UC and control groups.The area under the curve(AUC)represents the degree of separability between the UC group and the control group.The AUC was calculated for all identified bacterial species and for bacterial species identified by the random forest classification algorithm as important potential biomarkers of UC.A similar method of AUC calculation for all bacteriophages and important species was used.RESULTS The median age and range were 14(0.5-21)and 12.9(6.8-16.3)years for children with UC and controls,respectively,and 40%and 35%were male for children with UC and controls,respectively.The AUC for all identified bacterial species was 89.5%.However,when using the bacterial species identified as important by random forest classification algorithm analysis, the accuracy increased to 97.6%. Similarly, the AUC for all theidentified bacteriophages was 87.4%, but this value increased to 94.5% when the important bacteriophagebiomarkers were used.CONCLUSIONThe very high to excellent AUCs of fecal bacterial and viral species suggest the potential use of noninvasivemicrobiota-based tests for the diagnosis of unusual cases of UC in children. In addition, the identification ofimportant bacteria and bacteriophages whose abundance is reduced in children with UC suggests the potential ofpreventive and adjuvant microbial therapy for UC.

Relationship between the specific surface area of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel in a wet–dry acid corrosion environment

The relationship between the specific surface area（SSA） of rust and the electrochemical behavior of rusted steel under wet-dry acid corrosion conditions was investigated. The results showed that the corrosion current density first increased and then decreased with increasing SSA of the rust during the corrosion process. The structure of the rust changed from single-layer to double-layer, and the γ-FeOOH content decreased in the inner layer of the rust with increasing corrosion time; by contrast, the γ-FeOOH content in the outer layer was constant. When the SSA of the rust was lower than the critical SSA corresponding to the relative humidity during the drying period, condensed water in the micropores of the rust could evaporate, which prompted the diffusion of O_2 into the rust and the following formation process of γ-FeOOH, leading to an increase of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time. However, when the SSA of the rust reached or exceeded the critical SSA, condensate water in the micro-pores of the inner layer of the rust could not evaporate which inhibited the diffusion of O_2 and decreased the γ-FeOOH content in the inner rust, leading to a decrease of corrosion current density with increasing corrosion time.

Secure Authentication of WLAN Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

The security of wireless local area network （WI.AN） becomes a bottleneck for its further applications. At present, many standard organizations and manufacturers of WLAN try to solve this problem. However, owing to the serious secure leak in IEEES02.11 standards, it is impossible to utterly solve the problem by simply adding some remedies. Based on the analysis on the security mechanism of WLAN and the latest techniques of WI.AN security, a solution to WLAN security was presented. The solution makes preparation for the further combination of WLAN and Internet.

Efficacy of a Diabetes Specific Nutritional Supplement (DSNS) on Glycemic Response in Prediabetic Adults: A Two-Armed, Open-Labelled Randomized Controlled Study

It is well known that Diabetes Specific Nutritional Supplements (DSNSs) are linked to improved glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. However, data on efficacy of DSNSs in prediabetics is limited. This was a two-armed, open-labelled, randomized controlled six-week study on 199 prediabetics [30 - 65 years;Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.7% - 6.4% and/or Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) 100-125 mg/dl]. Two parallel phases were conducted: Acute Blood Glucose Response (ABGR) and Intervention phase. Prediabetic participants were randomized into test (n = 100) and control (n = 99). The primary objective was to assess the ABGR of DSNS versus an isocaloric snack, measured by incremental Area under the Curve (iAUC). Test and control received 60 g of DSNS and 56 g of isocaloric snack (cornflakes) respectively, both in 250 ml double-toned milk on visit days 1, 15, 29 and 43. Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPG) was estimated at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. During the 4 weeks intervention phase, the test group received DSNS with lifestyle counselling (DSNS + LC) and was compared with the control receiving lifestyle counselling alone (LC alone). Impact was studied on FBG, HbA1C, anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, nutrient intake, and physical activity. The impact of DSNS was also studied using CGM between two 14-day phases: CGM1 baseline (days 1 - 14) and CGM2 endline (days 28 - 42). DSNS showed significantly lower PPG versus isocaloric snack at 30 (p 12, and chromium were reported by DSNS + LC versus LC alone. No other significant changes were reported between groups. It may be concluded that DSNS may be considered as a snack for prediabetic or hyperglycemic individuals requiring nutritional support for improved glycemic control.

Preoperative prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma microvascular invasion based on magnetic resonance imaging feature extraction artificial neural network

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence is highly correlated with increased mortality.Microvascular invasion(MVI)is indicative of aggressive tumor biology in HCC.AIM To construct an artificial neural network(ANN)capable of accurately predicting MVI presence in HCC using magnetic resonance imaging.METHODS This study included 255 patients with HCC with tumors<3 cm.Radiologists annotated the tumors on the T1-weighted plain MR images.Subsequently,a three-layer ANN was constructed using image features as inputs to predict MVI status in patients with HCC.Postoperative pathological examination is considered the gold standard for determining MVI.Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm.RESULTS Using the bagging strategy to vote for 50 classifier classification results,a prediction model yielded an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.79.Moreover,correlation analysis revealed that alpha-fetoprotein values and tumor volume were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of MVI,whereas tumor sphericity was significantly correlated with MVI(P<0.01).CONCLUSION Analysis of variable correlations regarding MVI in tumors with diameters<3 cm should prioritize tumor sphericity.The ANN model demonstrated strong predictive MVI for patients with HCC(AUC=0.79).

Analysis of Storm Pattern for Design Urban Drainage System in the Monsoon Areas of Vietnam

In Vietnam,rainfall data usually received using daily rainfall at all hydrology stations with higher time resolution are scarce.However,its analyses to achieve IDF(Intensity-Duration-Frequency)curves are often required at a finer scale such as hourly.Therefore,it needs to develop and apply methods to derive the IDF characteristics of short-duration events from daily rainfall statistics in Vietnam.In recent years,the need for new insights into the rainfall process leading to new approaches to model the distribution of rainfall intensities in time and space was recognized.This research aims to establish IDF curves for monsoon climate area in Vietnam based on scaling method.Scaling properties of extreme rainfall are examined in the Red River Delta of Vietnam in order to establish scaling behavior of statistical moments over different durations.Such scaling or scale-invariant models enable us to scale data from one temporal resolution to another,and thus,help to overcome the lack of the extreme rainfall data of sub-daily durations.The disaggregation or downscaling techniques are used to obtain sub-daily rainfall data from daily rainfall data for the derivation of scaled IDF curves.Research results show that most of rainfall amount(approximately 70%)received from rains occurring between 6:0 pm to 6:0 am of the day after that,the daytime usually less rainfall occurrence with only 30%.The peak rainfall is usually occurred during 0:0 am to 4:0 am having approximately 42.98%of rainfall amount over a day.The peak rainfall likely happen earlier in the recent year(36%rainfall amount over a day occurrence from 6:00 pm to 10:00 pm in 2008).The analysis also illustrated that approximately 40%of rainfall events have duration less than 60 minutes.In contrast,only approximately 9%of rainfall events have duration more than 6 hours but total rainfall depths of these events is approximately.

Derivations of Vector Area and Volume Elements in Curved Coordinate Systems for Flux Vector Fields Helping Eye Disease

Our aim in this paper is to interest retinal eye specialists in preventing dry macula degeneration by a special flurry vector field through open or closed curved surfaces. The flux of vector fields through surfaces is based on vector element area and volume element. Therefore, we explain a few geometrical derivations of area and volume elements in curved orthogonal coordinate systems. We hope that by derivation of a spatial vector field flurry against drusen through open or closed surfaces due to the Gauss theorem might select drusen under eye retina cells without destroying the cells and prevent macula degeneration. A changed flurry of a magnetic or electric vector field through a closed line causes an electric or magnetic vector field on the surface closed by the line. We also hope that derivation by Stokes’ and Greens’ theorems, with the help of iron, might help eye cells to get in life.

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE AREA-PRESERVING CONVEX CURVE FLOW IN THE PLANE

Using Picard's theorem and the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem to reinvestigate the area-preserving convex curve flow in the plane which is considered as a coupled system and thus different from the setting handled by Gage.

Pollutant loads of surface runoff in Wuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.

Colonoscopy can miss diverticula of the left colon identified by barium enema

AIM: To identify the diagnostic value of colonoscopy for diverticulosis as determined by barium enema. METHODS: A total of 65 patients with hematochezia who underwent colonoscopy and barium enema were analyzed, and the diagnostic value of colonoscopy for diverticula was assessed. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was compared in relation to age (< 70 or ≥ 70 years), sex, and colon location. The number of diverticula was counted, and the detection ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Colonic diverticula were observed in 46 patients with barium enema. Colonoscopy had a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 90%. No significant differences were found in the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) for age group or sex. The ROC-AUC of the left colon was significantly lower than that of the right colon (0.81 vs 0.96, P=0.02). Colonoscopy identified 486 colonic diverticula, while barium enema identified 1186. The detection ratio for the entire colon was therefore 0.41 (486/1186). The detection ratio in the left colon (0.32, 189/588) was significantly lower than that of the right colon (0.50, 297/598) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared with barium enema, only half the number of colonic diverticula can be detected by colonoscopy in the entire colon and even less in the left colon.

DETERMINING THICKENER UNDERFLOW CONCENTRATION AND UNIT AREA

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Analyzing multidimensional measures of poverty and their influences in China's Qinba Mountains

We use the Alkire–Foster poverty measure and decomposition method to study multidimensional poverty in the Qinling–Daba contiguous poor area of China's Henan Province.We examine absolute,relative,and multidimensional poverty focusing on heads of household and family characteristics as constituents of escaping each.We find that the multidimensional poverty index declines to a low level as values of k increase.Combining first-order random dominance with second-order stochastic dominance quickly determines rankings in the multidimensional poverty index.Increasing non-agricultural income emerges as the most important influence on escaping rural poverty,whereas households with elderly and children are at greatest risk for falling into poverty.

An entirely new approach based on remote sensing data to calculate the nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat

The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI)is a reliable indicator for diagnosing crop nitrogen(N)status.However,there is currently no specific vegetation index for the NNI inversion across multiple growth periods.To overcome the limitations of the traditional direct NNI inversion method(NNI_(T1))of the vegetation index and traditional indirect NNI inversion method(NNI_(T2))by inverting intermediate variables including the aboveground dry biomass(AGB)and plant N concentration(PNC),this study proposed a new NNI remote sensing index(NNI_(RS)).A remote-sensing-based critical N dilution curve(Nc_(_RS))was set up directly from two vegetation indices and then used to calculate NNI_(RS).Field data including AGB,PNC,and canopy hyperspectral data were collected over four growing seasons(2012–2013(Exp.1),2013–2014(Exp.2),2014–2015(Exp.3),2015–2016(Exp.4))in Beijing,China.All experimental datasets were cross-validated to each of the NNI models(NNI_(T1),NNI_(T2)and NNI_(RS)).The results showed that:(1)the NNI_(RS)models were represented by the standardized leaf area index determining index(sLAIDI)and the red-edge chlorophyll index(CI_(red edge))in the form of NNI_(RS)=CI_(red edge)/(a×sLAIDI~b),where"a"equals 2.06,2.10,2.08 and 2.02 and"b"equals 0.66,0.73,0.67 and 0.62 when the modeling set data came from Exp.1/2/4,Exp.1/2/3,Exp.1/3/4,and Exp.2/3/4,respectively;(2)the NNI_(RS)models achieved better performance than the other two NNI revised methods,and the ranges of R2 and RMSE were 0.50–0.82 and 0.12–0.14,respectively;(3)when the remaining data were used for verification,the NNI_(RS)models also showed good stability,with RMSE values of 0.09,0.18,0.13 and 0.10,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that the NNI_(RS)method is promising for the remote assessment of crop N status.

Comparative research on the prognostic ability of improved early warning and APACHE Ⅱ evaluation for hospitalized patients in the emergency department

Objective： To compare the feasibility and applicability of predicting the prognosis of patients using the Early Warning Score（MEWS） system and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation（APACHE Ⅱ） system in the Emergency Department.Methods： Using a prospective study method, the APACHE Ⅱ and MEWS data for 640 patients hospitalized in the Emergency Internal Medicine Department were collected. The prognoses, two scores to predict the corresponding prediction index of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for the prognosis,the negative predictive value and the ROC curve for predicting the prognosis were analyzed for all patients.Results： In the prediction of the risk of mortality, the MEWS system had a high resolution. The MEWS area under the ROC curve was 0.93. The area under the ROC curve for the APACHE score was 0.79, and the difference was statistically significant（Z =4.348, P 〈 0.01）.Conclusions： Both the MEWS and APACHE Ⅱ systems can be used to determine the severity of emergency patients and have a certain predictive value for the patient＇s mortality risk. However, the MEWS system is simple and quick to operate, making it a useful supplement for APACHE Ⅱ score.

Spatial heterogeneity of plant species on the windward slope of active sand dunes in a semi-arid region of China

Species richness and abundance are two important species diversity variables that have attracted particular attention because of their significance in determining present and future species composition conditions. This paper aims to explain the qualitative and quantitative relationships between species diversity pattern and grain size （i.e. size of the sampling unit）, and species diversity pattern and sampling area, and to analyze species diversity variability on active sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. A 50 mx50 m sampling plot was selected on the windward slope, where the dominant species was annual herb Agriophyllum squarrosum. Species composition and abundance at five grain sizes were recorded, and the species-area curves were produced for thirteen grain sizes. The range of values for species abundance tended to increase with in- creasing grain size in the study area, whereas, generally, species richness did not follow this rule because of poor species richness on the windward slope of active sand dunes. However, the homogeneity of species richness in- creased significantly. With the increase in sampling area, species abundance increased linearly, but richness in- creased logarithmically. Furthermore, variograms showed that species diversity on the windward slope of active sand dunes was weakly anisotropic and the distribution pattern was random, according to the Moran Coefficient. The results also showed that species richness was low, with a random distribution pattern. This conflicts with the results of previous studies that showed spatial aggregation in lower richness in a sampling area within a community and inferred that the physical processes play a more important role in species diversity than distribution pattern on active sand dunes. Further research into different diversity patterns and mechanisms between active sand dunes and interdune lowlands should be conducted to better understand biodiversity conservation in sand dune fields.

Regional Evaluations of the Meteorological Drought Characteristics across the Pearl River Basin, China

Regional evaluation of drought characteristics provides critical information for water resource management. In this case, this study attempts to analyze the probability behaviors of drought events of a given severity in the Pearl River Basin and to construct severity-area-frequency curves of drought events. Due to possible impacts of complicated topographical properties and diverse climate types within the Pearl River Basin, the entire Pearl River Basin is subdivided into different homogeneous regions. In general, the Pearl River Basin can be categorized into four homogeneous regions, and the severity-area-frequency analysis results for the short-, medium- and long-term drought episodes within each homogeneous regions indicate stressful challenge for the water resource management in the Pearl River Basin due to the fact that severe droughts usually occur over the entire Pearl River Basin. Meanwhile, the Pearl River Delta will face a higher risk of drought when compared to other regions of the Pearl River Basin in terms of the medium-term drought. The Pearl River Basin is highly economically development and is heavily populated, thus impacts of droughts and related resilience resolutions or policies should be taken into account in the formulation of regional sustainable development of water resources and socio-economy within the Pearl River Basin, China.