WHEN THE KUNLUN MTS.PASS AREA UPLIFTED TO PRESENT ELEVATION

Introduction There are big disputes on the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Some scientists believe the plateau uplifted to its highest elevation by 14Ma BP,and it decreased in elevation afterward. The second idea about the uplift of the plateau was similar to the first one in tectonic theory, but they consider the time of C3 plant change to C4 in the South Asia, as the time when the plateau reached its highest elevation. This time is 8Ma BP. The third idea, the most Chinese scientists believed, the nearest uplift of the plateau took place since 3 4Ma BP. The occurrence of fault depression and gravel deposit with large thickness in the inner and the marge of the plateau represented the speed uplift. After the collision of the India plate and the Eurasia plateau by the 36Ma, the Tibetean area uplifted several times, but it had been planed to lower area. The plateau with 4500m elevation formed in the Quaternary. While our recent research in the Kunlun Pass area suggest , the nearest uplift occurred at the border of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and before that time, the elevation of this area was no more than 1500 m.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Present Situation of Environmental Quality in the Sea Area near the Aojiang Estuary in Wenzou

Based on the monitoring results of environmental quality in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary in Wenzou during 2010-2012,the present situation of environmental quality in the sea area was analyzed and evaluated. The results show that p H,DO,CODMn,petroleum,and heavy metals( Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Hg,As and Cr) in the sea area near the Aojiang estuary did not exceed the second-class standard of Seawater Quality Standard( GB 3097-1997),but both inorganic nitrogen and reactive phosphate in the sea area exceeded the second-class standard seriously,and the water quality of the sea area was in an eutrophic state; domestic sewage and fertilizer loss were the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. The standard index of most evaluation factors of sediment quality except for Zn was smaller than 1,meeting the demands of sediment quality for environmental protection.

Selective Area Growth and Characterization of GaN Nanorods Fabricated by Adjusting the Hydrogen Flow Rate and Growth Temperature with Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

CaN nanorods are successfully fabricated by adjusting the flow rate ratio of hydrogen （H2）/nitrogen （N2） and growth temperature of the selective area growth （SAG） method with metal organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The SAG template is obtained by nanospherical-lens photolithography. It is found that increasing the flow rate of 1-12 will change the CaN crystal shape from pyramid to vertical rod, while increasing the growth temperature will reduce the diameters of GaN rods to nanometer scale. Finally the CaN nanorods with smooth lateral surface and relatively good quality are obtained under the condition that the H2：N2 ratio is 1：1 and the growth temperature is 1030℃. The good crystal quality and orientation of GaN nanorods are confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cathodoluminescence spectrum suggests that the crystal and optical quality is also improved with increasing the temperature.

Ultra-stable Cu-based catalyst for dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation to ethylene glycol

Dimethyl oxalate(DMO) hydrogenation is a crucial step in the coal to ethylene glycol(CTEG) process.Herein, Cu catalyst supported on fibrous mesoporous silica(Cu/FMS) was synthesized via liquid phase deposition technique and applied for the DMO hydrogenation to EG. The catalyst exhibited a remarkable EG selectivity of 96.95% and maintained its activity without deactivation for 1000 h. Fibers of FMS support and liquid phase deposition technology cooperated to give high dispersion of Cu species in the Cu/FMS catalyst, resulting in a high Cu surface area. The formation of Si—O—Cu during catalyst preparation process increased the Cu^(+)/(Cu^(0)+ Cu^(+)) ratio and enhanced the thermal and valence stability of Cu species.The high Cu^(+) surface area and Cu stability(thermal and valence stability) of the Cu/FMS catalyst were key factors for achieving superior EG selectivity and ultra-high stability.

Capacity Optimization Configuration of Hydrogen Production System for Offshore Surplus Wind Power

To solve the problem of residual wind power in offshore wind farms,a hydrogen production system with a reasonable capacity was configured to enhance the local load of wind farms and promote the local consumption of residual wind power.By studying the mathematical model of wind power output and calculating surplus wind power,as well as considering the hydrogen production/storage characteristics of the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank,an innovative capacity optimization allocation model was established.The objective of the model was to achieve the lowest total net present value over the entire life cycle.The model took into account the cost-benefit breakdown of equipment end-of-life cost,replacement cost,residual value gain,wind abandonment penalty,hydrogen transportation,and environmental value.The MATLAB-based platform invoked the CPLEX commercial solver to solve the model.Combined with the analysis of the annual average wind speed data from an offshore wind farm in Guangdong Province,the optimal capacity configuration results and the actual operation of the hydrogen production system were obtained.Under the calculation scenario,this hydrogen production system could consume 3,800 MWh of residual electricity from offshore wind power each year.It could achieve complete consumption of residual electricity from wind power without incurring the penalty cost of wind power.Additionally,it could produce 66,500 kg of green hydrogen from wind power,resulting in hydrogen sales revenue of 3.63 million RMB.It would also reduce pollutant emissions from coal-based hydrogen production by 1.5 tons and realize an environmental value of 4.83 million RMB.The annual net operating income exceeded 6 million RMB and the whole life cycle NPV income exceeded 50 million RMB.These results verified the feasibility and rationality of the established capacity optimization allocation model.The model could help advance power system planning and operation research and assist offshore wind farm operators in improving economic and environmental benefits.

新能源用钢管的应用现状、需求分析及思考

“双碳”战略下新能源及相关产业发展给钢管带来新的应用场景,对钢管的功能和性能提出新的需求。聚焦于碳捕获、利用与封存技术领域中的CO_(2)输送用管、氢能领域中的氢气输送用管和储能领域中的盐穴压缩空气储能用注采管,总结了新能源用钢管的应用现状和研究进展,分析了各领域用管需求,并就“双碳”背景下新能源用钢管的基础理论研究、关键技术开发和标准体系建设等方面进行了思考,提出了建议。

黄河南岸灌区玉米根系吸水来源研究

【目的】明晰玉米根系吸水来源。【方法】采用液态水稳定氢氧同位素技术,通过监测黄河南岸灌区上、中、下游灌域的分层土壤水和玉米根系土壤水中的氢氧稳定同位素组成,结合直观图法和MIXSIAR模型确定玉米根系吸水来源,分析各供给水源的贡献比例。【结果】拔节期玉米生长较快,需水量较大,灌区上、中、下游干旱程度不同,导致玉米根系主要吸水深度也不同。上游主要吸收0~20 cm土层的土壤水,其水源贡献率为38.1%,20~40cm土层贡献率为23.7%;中游主要吸收20~40 cm土层的土壤水,贡献率为43.6%,0~20 cm土层贡献率为27.4%;下游主要吸收20~40 cm土层的土壤水,贡献率为63%,0~20 cm土层贡献率为20%。【结论】干旱环境下玉米会改变根系吸水深度,整个生育期内玉米根系吸水深度由浅入深再变浅;且玉米对各潜在水源的利用比例与其根系吸水深度以及不同水源对土壤水的补给密切相关。

川渝地区氢能产业政策环境研究

具有零碳排放且可再生的氢能,是促进传统油气行业转型升级和推进“双碳”目标顺利实现的重要载体和抓手。作为新能源体系的重要支柱,氢能产业的健康可持续发展离不开政策的引导和支持。为了给各级政府提供决策参考、指导行业健康发展,从氢能产业制储运加用全产业链角度出发,调研了川渝地区氢能发展现状,重点对2019—2023年川渝地区氢能产业政策进行了梳理和深入研究。研究结果表明:(1)近几年川渝地区密集出台涉及氢能的扶持政策,基本涵盖了氢能全产业链的关键节点;(2)在发展路线方面,四川地区重点集中发展氢气的制备,重庆地区侧重发展氢能应用端;(3)在氢能消纳方面,两地政策都重点集中在氢燃料电池汽车领域;(4)在氢能补贴方面,两地氢能产业补贴包括氢能产业发展补贴、科技创新平台奖励等,不同城市的补贴领域、具体要求及补贴标准都各有不同;(5)在安全管理方面,川渝地区氢能管理办法相对保守,都将氢气纳入危险化工用品;(6)在加氢站建设与管理方面,川渝地区仅成都和攀枝花两市出台了关于加氢站建设与管理的具体办法,而在其他地区尚未制定相关政策。

赣州梅窖镇岩溶区浅层地下水水化学特征及形成机制

查明岩溶地区地下水的补给来源和水岩相互作用过程,对合理开发利用水资源、保护岩溶水资源和水生态具有重要意义.本文综合利用数理统计、Gibbs图、正向演替模型-端元混合模型等方法,定性和定量分析了赣州梅窖镇岩溶区浅层地下水水化学特征及演化过程.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水整体上呈弱碱性,TDS分布范围为27.61—360.75 mg·L^(−1),平均值为179.13 mg·L^(−1),水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型为主;地下水氢氧稳定同位素分布在当地大气降水线附近,指示大气降水是主要补给来源,蒸发作用不明显;地下水化学组成的主控因素是岩石风化和人类活动,其中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)以及HCO_(3)^(−)主要来源于碳酸盐、硅酸盐和蒸发盐的溶解,Na^(+)、K^(+)主要源于硅酸盐溶解,Cl^(−)、SO_(4)^(2−)及NO_(3)^(−)反映了人类活动的影响.通过正向演替-端元混合模型可知,岩石风化平均贡献为78.74%,大气输入和人类活动分别占12.50%和8.76%,而岩石风化中碳酸盐岩对地下水成分的贡献最大(67.64%),硅酸盐岩(7.33%)和蒸发盐岩(3.77%)的贡献较小.碳酸盐岩风化以灰岩贡献为主,平均贡献率达60.33%,其次为白云岩,平均贡献率达29.76%.

氢氧同位素组成对丰沛平原区水循环的指示意义

丰沛平原区包括丰县、沛县与铜山区北部,近年来该地区出现地下水超采、地下水氟污染等严重的问题。为调查该地区水循环情况,采集了地表水与地下水样品共28个,分析了氢氧同位素组成的分布规律及其影响因素,并讨论了丰沛平原区浅层地下水与地表水转化关系以及各自的蒸发损失情况。研究结果表明:大气降水的云下二次蒸发程度较小,地下水的蒸发比附近地区更强烈。地下水同位素含量呈现总体沿地下径流方向逐渐富集的趋势,且地下水^(18)O与CO_(2)存在微弱的交换作用导致^(18)O贫化。结合水文地质调查与氢氧同位素特征,推断出河流中上游更倾向于地下水补给地表水,河流下游地表水对地下水大量渗漏。利用两端元法计算得出,总体上地表水受到地下水补给的比例为20%~40%左右,部分地区补给比例达60%以上。河流下游河水对地下水的补给比例大多介于25%~50%不等,部分点位可达90%。采用非平衡分馏条件下的Rayleigh模型计算蒸发比例,河水的蒸发损失约为23%~28%,地下水蒸发损失约为15%~20%。结果可为丰沛平原区及周边相似地区的水资源管理提供科学参考。

大宁—吉县地区5号煤层现今地应力预测及其对煤层气开发的影响

现今地应力场对煤储层渗透率具有极其重要的控制作用。中国鄂东大宁—吉县地区煤层气资源丰富,然而该区现今地应力研究程度较低,限制着该区煤层气的高效开发。为查明大宁—吉县地区主采煤层现今地应力场特征,利用三维有限元数值模拟方法对下二叠统山西组5号煤层现今地应力分布进行预测。结果表明,5号煤层现今地应力表现为正断型应力机制。鄂东大宁—吉县5号煤层最大水平主应力在15.4~21.6 MPa,最小水平主应力在9.8~14.4 MPa,构造变形的复杂性影响地应力分布。现今地应力控制压裂裂缝扩展,研究区现今地应力状态下的压裂缝沿NNW-SSE向垂直扩展。研究区5号煤层应力差大部分小于6 MPa,具备形成复杂裂缝网络的地应力基础。煤层渗透率随有效地应力的增大呈指数减小,有效地应力越大,煤储层的渗透性越差。研究区东南部远离断层,地应力值相对较低,有利于形成煤层气富集区。研究成果可为大宁—吉县地区煤层气效益开发提供地质基础与科学指导。

考虑制氢效率优化的氢-储-风直流微网功率协调控制

利用风电等新能源制氢是提高新能源消纳能力的一种有效技术手段。为适应风电及负荷功率的波动性并确保制氢电解槽高效运行,提出一种考虑制氢效率优化运行需求的氢-储-风直流微网功率协调控制方法。根据制氢电解槽优化运行区间和直流母线电压波动范围,将直流微网划分为正常运行模式(即制氢电解槽优化运行)和极端运行模式(即制氢电解槽非优化运行)。在正常运行模式下,通过电解槽的自适应下垂控制和电池储能含虚拟电容的变系数下垂控制,将电解槽运行点维持在优化运行区间内,保证电解槽高效安全运行;在极端运行模式下,通过氢/储控制策略灵活切换以确保直流微网电压安全。所提协调控制方法不但可快速抑制风电及负荷功率波动所引发的直流母线电压波动,而且可维持制氢效率处于较高水平。最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

芜湖农村地区老年人生活满意度和家庭功能现状调查及影响因素分析

目的调查芜湖地区农村老年人家庭功能和生活满意度现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法2020年1月至2021年9月通过多阶段分层整群随机抽取芜湖市及周边乡镇10个调查点采用入户问卷调查形式,调查芜湖市农村地区884位老年人的家庭功能和生活满意度现状,并分析其影响因素。结果芜湖农村老年人呈现中度家庭功能(5.98±2.37)和生活满意度(22.39±5.88),其中受教育水平、月收入、近期是否患病及居住情况在生活满意度有显著性差异,而近期是否患病及居住情况在家庭功能上存在显著性差异。spearman相关分析显示,情感度与生活满意度呈现为中等相关,在5个维度(适应度、合作度、成长度、情感度、亲密度)当中得分最高(r=0.464,P<0.05)。多因素二元logistic回归方程分析显示月收入和居住情况均影响家庭功能和生活满意度。结论芜湖农村老年人拥有中等水平的家庭功能和生活满意度,情感度是影响农村老年人生活满意度的最关键因素,应重点关注农村地区老人家庭功能和生活满意度的提高。

氢内燃发电机组爆炸性气体环境分析

氢内燃发电机组是重要的氢能发电设备,但氢气的使用给机组的安全运行带来额外风险。同时,考虑设备增效降本的需求,科学合理的爆炸性危险区域划分将为零部件选型、控制系统设置和操作流程规划提供指导性意见。有必要对机组箱体内氢气泄漏及通风进行量化,结合安全控制逻辑和特定操作流程,确认机组内部的危险区域等级,避免大量使用防爆部件,降低设备成本。

“华龙一号”PCS系统对氢气风险的影响研究

“华龙一号”(Hualong pressurized reactor 1000,HPR1000)设置了多种严重事故预防与缓解措施,有必要对氢气风险控制相关的缓解措施与其他缓解措施综合作用下的氢气风险进行研究。利用严重事故一体化软件建立了“华龙一号”电厂模型,结合严重事故后安全壳内氢气可燃性判断准则,研究了典型事故后非能动安全壳热量导出系统(passive containment heat removal system,PCS)作用下的安全壳内氢气浓度分布,分析了PCS对严重事故后氢气风险的影响。研究结果可为“华龙一号”严重事故管理措施的有效性论证提供支持。

洱海流域典型农灌区地下水水文地球化学特征

洱海流域位于澜沧江、金沙江和元江三大水系分水岭地带,属澜沧江—湄公河水系。近年来,流域快速城镇化、农村生活方式改变、高强度种植业增加、环湖旅游业“井喷式”无序发展等因素导致洱海流域污染负荷快速增加(张浩霞,2020)。洱海流域污染主要来源于工业、城镇生活、农村生活、养殖业、农业面源、服务业、水土流失、干湿沉降等(张浩霞,2020)。

临港新片区中运量T2线工程总体设计

作为国内首条应用氢能源动力的中运量公共交通线路,需要从客流、道路、运营、线网和车辆五方面综合考量确保其成功实施。首先,通过对公交客流的梳理,确定临港中运量的线路走向及车站布置。其次,经过对现状道路条件的分析,提出车道断面布置方案和交叉口节点优化方案;根据建设进度及运营要求,提出切实可行的运营组织方案。再次,对常规公交线网进行优化,进一步提升专用道的使用效率。最后,使用新型数字轨道胶轮电车,构建了临港多模式公共交通准点出行网络。

民用建筑中常用蓄电池室及其爆炸危险性定义的讨论

针对土建设计时是否将蓄电池室定义为“爆炸危险场所”这一存在争议的问题,梳理国内外标准、规范对铅酸蓄电池室、锂离子蓄电池室的相关条文规定并进行总结,结合实际案例分析蓄电池可能引起“爆炸”的原因,提出设计建议。

Highly reversible lead-carbon battery anode with lead grafting on thecarbon surface

A novel C/Pb composite has been successfully prepared by electmless plating to reduce the hydrogenevolution and achieve the high reversibility of the anode of lead-carbon battery （LCB）. The depositedlead on the surface of C/Pb composite was found to be uniform and adherent to carbon surface. Becauselead has been stuck on the surface of C/Pb composite, the embedded structure suppresses the hydrogenevolution of lead-carbon anode and strengthens the connection between carbon additive and sponge lead.Compared with the blank anode, the lead-carbon anode with C/Pb composite displays excellent charge-discharge reversibility, which is attributed to the good connection between carbon additives and leadthat has been stuck on the surface of C/Pb composite during the preparation process. The addition of CIPb composite maintains a solid anode structure with high specific surface area and power volume, andthereby, it plays a significant role in the highly reversible lead-carbon anode.

Countermeasures and Investigation of Land Circulation in Less Developed Agricultural Area of Henan Province,China

Some places in Henan Province are investigated by using sample surveys and interviews. Result shows that land circulation in less developed agricultural area of Henan Province has the characteristics of small scale,single form,short period,and circulation land in economic core region. Problems in land circulation are as follows:slow transfer of rural surplus labor force,hard implementation of fundamental land circulation,complicated mentality towards rural land circulation,many misgivings about land circulation,the unformed social service system of land circulation,and imperfect agricultural risk prevention mechanism for circulated land use. Based on the characteristics of land circulation,suggestions for promoting the land circulation of less developed agricultural areas are put forward in order to solve the problems in land circulation and to lay the foundation for effective implementation of land circulation,such as speeding up the development of urbanization,developing the circulation of collective land,effectively implementing the laws and regulations of rural collective land circulation,transferring land according to law,establishing market mechanism of agricultural land circulation,promoting the agricultural industrialization,establishing market mechanism of agricultural land circulation,promoting the agricultural industrialization,energetically readjusting rural industrial structure,and developing economy with local characteristics.