Dry Breeding and Dry Planting Techniques for Indica Hybrid Rice in Karst Mountain Areas of Gejiu City

Based on the arable land situation in Gejiu City,upland dry planting of indica hybrid rice is being expanded in Karst mountain areas with a rainfall of over 1400 mm and an altitude of 1100-1600 m to develop grain production.This paper gives a specific description of hybrid rice upland dry seedling technology,upland transplanting technology,fertilization technology,field management,weed prevention and control technology,and disease and pest control.

Analysis of plant resources and diversity in Shennongjia Area of Hubei Province,China

Shennongjia Area is located in northwest of Hubei Province with Shennongding,the highest peak(3105.4 m above sea level)in central China.The unique geographical location and complex terrain of this region make it rich in plant resources.After field investigation,th literature review,and specimen identification,the 7 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Chinese Medicine Resources Scientific Expedition Team studied the plant resources and diversity of Shennongjia Area.454 species of vascular plants belonging to 106 families and 275 genera were collected from July to August in 2013.The dominant families are Lamiaceae,Ranunculaceae,Rosaceae,and Asteraceae,with 20,21,37 and 48 species respectively.At the genus level,Rubus is the dominant one with 11 species.3 species of national first-class protective plants,13 species of“Huan yang yao”and 36 species of“Qi yao”were collected.In all,our research has updated the plant recources and diversity in Shennongjia Area.Furthermore,by putting forward practical and meaningful suggestions on strengthening the protection and utilization of plant resources in Shennongjia Area,our research will help to protect the diverse ecosystem there.

Analysis of Application Status and Recommendations for Shade-Tolerant Lawns and Ground Cover Plants in the West Lake Scenic Area

Taking 8 parks in Xihu Scenic Area as the survey objects, this study found that there are 77 kinds of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants under the forest in good growth condition, and there are 3 types of application forms: dense forest, sparse forest and forest edge. In response to the existing problems, it is proposed that it is necessary to adhere to principles of ecology, adapt to local conditions and plant suitable varieties in accordance with local conditions, develop and use new varieties of wild shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, and strengthen the promotion of the mixed planting model of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, so as to provide guidance for the better use of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover under the forest in the West Lake Scenic Area in the future.

Characteristics,classification and ordination of riparian plant communities in the Three-Gorges areas

Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species richness (s), Simpson index (D), and Shannon-Weiner index (H) were used to study the biodiversity and the hierarchical classification was carried out by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA ordination. The results showed that the components of flora were complex and dominated by the temperate type in the riparian plant communities. Species diversity was not different between the communities, but Shannon-Weiner indexes of different layers in some grassland were significantly different. TWINSPAN and DCA indicated that riparian plant communities distributed along the gradient of moisture.

Landscape Design and Application of Plants in Modern Residential Area

Based on the present situation of plant landscape in residential areas, this study aimed to analyze the development trend, deficiencies in constructing landscape environment and the basic designing principles, and put forward corresponding countermeasures.

Study on the Introduction of Plants with Colored Foliage in Zhengzhou Area and Their Adaptability

[Objective] This study aimed to preliminarily select the plants with colored foliage adaptable to Zhengzhou area. [Method] An introduction trial on 42 varieties with colored foliage was conducted, in which major ornamental characteristics, phenological phases and stress resistance of all the introduced plants with colored foliage were observed and the introduced plants were comprehensively evaluated. [Result] Golden-and Compound-leaved Maple, Red-leaved Sakura, Pink-and Compound-leaved Maple, Amur Maple, Purple-leaved Canadian Redbud with good performance were selected preliminarily, which can be applied for landscape in Zhengzhou area. Among them, Golden- and Compound-leaved Maple, Golden- and Silvery-leaved Maple and Purple-leaved Smoketree can either be planted separately, or in a line as boulevard trees, or in groups as ornamental forest; Red-leaved Sakura, Pink- and Compound-leaved Maple and Purple-leaved Canadian Redbud can be planted in groups or separately in gardens, parks or alongside streets or in front of buildings; Amur Maple with high adaptability is a excellent tree species for afforesting barren mountain. [Conclusion] This study has not only provided new excellent germplasm sources for the landscaping in Zhengzhou area, thus favoring the improvement of local landscaping level, but also provides examples and references for the introduction of plants with colored foliage in the other areas.

Application of Wild Plant Resources of Qin-ba Mountainous Area for Vertical vrescence in Landscape Architecture

Based on introducing wild plant resources of vertical greening in Qin-ba Mountainous area, the application of vertical greening plants of Qin-ba Mountainous area in garden greening were analyzed, the measures of utilization and development were suggested.

Direct measurement of the three-dimensional distribution of leaf area density and light conditions in a mature oak stand by the cube method

Although the distributions of foliage and light play major roles in various forest functions,accurate,nondestructive measurement of these distributions is difficult due to the complexity of the canopy structure.To evaluate the foliage and light distributions directly and nondestructively in a mature oak stand,we used the cube method by dividing the forest canopy into small cubes(50 cm per side)and directly measured leaf area density(LAD,the total one-sided leaf area per unit volume,i.e.,cube)and relative irradiance(RI)within each cube.The distribution of LAD and of RI was highly heterogeneous,even at the same canopy height.This heterogeneity reflected the presence of foliage clusters associated with multiple forking branches.The relationship between cumulative LAD at the canopy surface and average RI followed the Beer-Lambert law.The mean light extinction coefficient(K)was 0.32.However,K was overestimated by more than double(0.80)when calculated based on the classical method using RI at the forest floor.This overestimation was caused by the lower RI due to light absorption by nonleaf plant parts below the canopy.Our findings on the complex foliage and light distributions in canopy layers should help improve the accuracy of RI and K measurements and thus more accurate predictions of environmental responses and forest functions.

Effects of Plant Spacing and Finger Sticking Area Settings for Machine Transplanting on Yield of Double-season Early Rice

The effects of rice transplanters＇ transplanting settings（plant spacing and finger sticking area） on rice yield were investigated in two early-season rice cultivars：hybrid rice cultivar（Zhuliangyou 819） and conventional rice cultivar（Zhongjiazao 17）.The results showed that,different transplanting settings resulted in different numbers of transplanted basic seedlings,and the rice yield was significantly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The number of transplanted basic seedlings increased with the decrease of plant spacing and the increase of finger sticking area.The rate of lost hills of machine transplanting decreased with the increase of finger sticking area.The leaf area index and amount of dry matter accumulation were highly correlated with the number of transplanted basic seedlings.The average yield of the rice transplanted with a plant spacing of11.5 cm was higher than that with a plant spacing of 13.8 cm.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 13.8 cm,the rice yield increased with the increase of finger sticking area,and the finger sticking area of 2.23 cm2 showed the highest rice yield of 8 174.16 kg/hm2 of Zhuliangyou 819 and 7 925.54kg/hm2 of Zhongjiaozao17.In the field transplanted with the rice under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the rice yield was the highest with the finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,and then decreased with the large finger sticking area.Under the plant spacing of 11.5 cm,the highest rice yields of Zhuliangyou 819 and Zhongjiaozao17 were 8 492.94 kg/hm2 and 8 000.23 kg/hm2,respectively.Therefore,the preferred machine transplanting settings for double-season early rice are a plant spacing of11.5 cm and a finger sticking area of 1.83 cm2,while the finger sticking area should be increased to 2.23 cm2 for conventional rice cultivars.

Investigation of Plant Species and Their Application in Residential Area of Chongqing City

The paper had investigated major plant species in residential areas from 2000 to 2010,and analyzed different plants' allocation modes in different places of residential area like the entrance,waterscape space,pavilion and green belt,so as to provide reference for the future planting design in residential areas of Chongqing City.

Study on Application of Landscape Plants in Residential Area—A Case Study of "Senqiao Yinxiang" Residential Area in Chizhou City

With ecological theory followed during disposition and application of landscape plants in residential area as the guidance,ecological landscape concept was established.It emphasized that landscape plants disposition should aim at making the nature reappear,ameliorating and maintaining ecological balance in residential area,with harmonious coexistence between human and nature as the goal,and with systematicness of landscape greening,diversity of biological development and sustainability of plant landscaping as the mission,so as to achieve plane systematicness,spatial hierarchy and temporal relevance.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Rice Planting Area and Their Relationship to Climate Change in Northeast China: A Model-Based Analysis

Rice is one of the most important grain crops in Northeast China （NEC） and its cultivation is sensitive to climate change. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the NEC rice planting area over the period of 1980-2010 and to analyze their relationship to climate change. To do so, the CLUE-S （conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent） model was ifrst updated and used to simulate dynamic changes in the rice planting area in NEC to understand spatio-temporal change trends during three periods： 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The changing results in individual periods were then linked to climatic variables to investigate the climatic drivers of these changes. Results showed that the NEC rice planting area expanded quickly and increased by nearly 4.5 times during 1980-2010. The concentration of newly planted rice areas in NEC constantly moved northward and the changes were strongly dependent on latitude. This conifrmed that climate change, increases in temperature in particular, greatly inlfuenced the shift in the rice planting area. The shift in the north limit of the NEC rice planting area generally followed a 1＆#176;C isoline migration pattern, but with an obvious time-lag effect. These ifndings can help policy makers and crop producers take proper adaptation measures even when exposed to the global warming situation in NEC.

Plant Landscape in Residential Area and Geomantic Omen

This study introduces the application of geomantic omen theory in ancient plant landscape,including planting place,symbolic meaning of plant,equilibrium of plant collocation and seasonal appearance of plant,and the theory is used for plant landscape in modern residential area.

Plant Type and Its Effects on Canopy Structure at Heading Stage in Various Ecological Areas for a Two-line Hybrid Rice Combination,Liangyoupeijiu

A two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu, was used to estimate several factors of plant type, and environmental models for these factors at the heading stage were established using the data of eight ecological experimental sites in 2006 and 2007. According to climatic data from 1951 to 2005, the differences in those factors and their effects on plant canopy were analyzed for four rice cropping areas in China, including South China, the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin, and river valley in Yunnan, China. The thickness of leaf layer （the distance from pulvinus of the third leaf from the top to the tip of flag leaf） and distribution of leaf area could be used as candidate indices for the plant type of a rice canopy.

Influence of tourist disturbance on soil properties, plant communities, and surface water quality in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China

The impact of tourist disturbance on the environment has become a focal issue of environmental science, ecology, and travel management studies. To assess the influence of tourist disturbance on soils and plants in the Tianchi scenic area of Xinjiang, China, we compared soil properties and plant community characteristics at 0, 5, 10, and 20 m from the tourist trail within areas at three different altitudes, where the intensities of tourist disturbance are distinct. Surface water quality was also studied at three different levels relative to the Tianchi Lake. The results showed that tourist disturbance significantly increased soil pH within 10 m from the trail and soil bulk density on the edge of the trail, but significantly reduced soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents within 5 m from the trail. The number of tree seedlings on the edge of the trail and the shrub coverage and height of herbaceous plants within 5 m from the trail significantly decreased due to tourist disturbance. Changes in herbaceous plant diversity differed by soil zones. In the high altitude region, tourist disturbance led to a remarkable increase in the herbaceous plant diversity on the edge of the trail, while in the low altitude region, tourist disturbance had a low impact on the diversity of herbaceous plants. In addition, tourist activities polluted the surface water, significantly reducing water quality. Thus, current tourist activities have a significant negative impact on the ecological environment in the Tianchi scenic area.

Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas-still problematic and future uncertain

Against a background of continuing loss of biodiversity, it is argued that for the successful conservation of threatened plant species we need to ensure the more effective integration of the various conservation actions employed, clarify the wording of the CBD targets and provide clearer operational guidance as to how they are to be implemented and their implementation monitored. The role and effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and in particular plant species in situ are discussed as are recent proposals for a massive increase of their extent. The need for much greater effort and investment in the conservation or protection of threatened species outside protected areas where most plant diversity occurs is highlighted. The difficulties involved in implementing effective in situ conservation of plant diversity both at an area-and species/population-based level are discussed. The widespread neglect of species recovery for plants is noted and the desirability of making a clearer distinction between species recovery and reintroduction is emphasized. Key messages from a global overview of species recovery are outlined and recommendations made, including the desirability of each country preparing a national species recovery strategy. The projected impacts of global change on protected areas and on species conservation and recovery, and ways of addressing them are discussed.

Division of hydroclimatic area over China seas—Ⅱ．Cluster analysis and fuzzy ISODATA．

In this paper, the tree cluster analysis and ISODATA of fuzzy cluster are made on the basis of the results(Chen et al, 1993) obtained by using the principal component analysis based on the hydroclimatic values over the years of the China seas,where the climatic field may be divided into three climatic zones, 9 hydroclimatic regions and 1 climatic subregion Comparison of the distribution characteristics of hydrologic seasons with those of marine fauna and flora indicates that each climatic region possesses its inherent seasonal characteristics and biota distribution, and corresponds with each other. This fact proves that the division of the above-mentioned 10 climatic regions is reliable.

Salt ions accumulation and distribution characteristics of pioneer plant species at a bauxite residue disposal area, China

Bauxite residue disposal areas(BRDAs)are physically degraded and hostile to plant growth.Nevertheless,natural plant colonization was observed in an abandoned BRDA in Central China.The pioneer plant species at the disposal area were identified,whilst distribution characteristics of salt ions such as Na^+,K^+,and Ca^2+in plant tissues and rhizosphere residues were investigated.The mean concentration of exchangeable Na^+in the rhizosphere soils was 19.5 cmol/kg,which suggested that these pioneer plants had relatively high salinity resistance.Sodium content varied from 0.84 cmol/kg(Digitaria sanguinalis)to 39.7 cmol/kg(Kochia scoparia),whilst K to Na ratio varied from 0.71(Myricaria bracteata)to 32.39(Digitaria sanguinalis)in the shoots,which demonstrated that the salinity tolerance mechanisms of these pioneer species differed significantly.Accumulation factors of Na^+in local plant species ranged from 0.04(D.sanguinalis)to 3.29(M.bracteata),whilst the translocation factor varied from 0.13(D.sanguinalis)to 2.92(M.bracteata).The results suggested that four pioneer plant species including K.scoparia,M.bracteate,Cynodon dactylon and D.sanguinalis could be suitable for revegetation at other disposal areas.

Ecological and habitat ranges of orchids in the northernmost regions of their distribution areas:A case study from Ural Mountains,Russia

The Orchidaceae,which is one of the most interesting families of angiosperms,contains a large number of rare species.Despite their acknowledged importance,little attention has been paid to the study of orchids distributed in northern territories.In this study,we determined the syntaxonomical diversity and ecological parameters of orchid habitats in two of Europe's largest protected areas,the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve and the Yugyd Va National Park(northeastern European Russia),and then compared our findings to those in other parts of orchid distribution ranges.For this purpose,we studied 345 descriptions of plant communities(releves) containing species from Orchidaceae and defined habitat parameters using Ellenberg indicator values with the community weight mean approach,nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMS),and relative niche width.We found that orchids were distributed in eight habitat types and 97 plant associations.The largest number of orchid species is found in forest communities.Half of the orchid species under study occur in the mires and rock habitats with open vegetation.Several orchids consistently occur in areas disturbed by human activity.In addition,our study indicates that the main drivers of orchid distribution across the vegetation types are light and soil nitrogen.Our analysis of the ecological parameters of orchid habitats indicates that some orchid species can be classified as habitat specialists that are confined to a relatively narrow ecological niche in the Urals(e.g.,Goodyera repens,Cypripedium guttatum and Dactylorhiza maculata).Several other species(e.g.Neottia cordata and Dactylorhiza fuchsia) grow under diverse ecological parameters.

Patterns and determinants of plant richness by elevation in a mountain ecosystem in South Korea: area, mid-domain effect,climate and productivity

We examined patterns of plant species richness on an elevation gradient and evaluated the effects of cli- matic variables including mean annual temperature and precipitation, area, the mid-domain effect and productivity on species richness along two transects on Mt. Seorak, South Korea. A total of 235 plant species of 72 families and 161 genera were recorded from 130 plots along the two transects. Two different patterns, monotonic decline and a unimodal shape, were observed for woody plants with the change in elevation along the two transects, whereas multimodal patterns were observed for all plant species considered together and for herbaceous plants. Area and productivity showed significant relationships with total plant richness. Climatic variables were better predictors than other variables for variation by elevation in woody plant richness, whereas productivity was a more important variable for herbaceous plant richness. Although area was an important variable for predicting species richness pat- terns, the effects differed by transect and plant group. No empirical evidence was linked to the mid-domain effect.Different elevational patterns may characterize different groups in the same taxon and there might be fundamental differences in the mechanisms underlying these richness patterns.