Correlation of pattern reversal visual evoked potential parameters with the pattern standard deviation in primary open angle glaucoma

AIM:To evaluate whether glaucomatous visual field defect particularly the pattern standard deviation(PSD)of Humphrey visual field could be associated with visual evoked potential(VEP)parameters of patients having primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:Visual field by Humphrey perimetry and simultaneous recordings of pattern reversal visual evoked potential(PRVEP)were assessed in 100 patients with POAG.The stimulus configuration for VEP recordings consisted of the transient pattern reversal method in which a black and white checker board pattern was generated(full field)and displayed on VEP monitor(colour 14')by an electronic pattern regenerator inbuilt in an evoked potential recorder(RMS EMG EP MARK II).RESULTS:The results of our study indicate that there is a highly significant(P【0.001)negative correlation of P100 amplitude and a statistically significant(P【0.05)positive correlation of N70 latency,P100 latency and N155 latency with the PSD of Humphrey visual field in the subjects of POAG in various age groups as evaluated by Student’s t-test.CONCLUSION:Prolongation of VEP latencies were mirrored by a corresponding increase of PSD values.Conversely,as PSD increases the magnitude of VEP excursions were found to be diminished.

Impact of Different Grinding Aids on Standard Deviation in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Cement Raw Meal

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis utilizes particle size which is resulted from milling of a material. The milling ensures uniform and fine grained powder. The finer and more uniform the particle size is, the better the result and easier it is for material quality control. To ensure uniformity in particle size and finer powder, a comparative analysis was conducted with different grinding aids and pressed pellet method was used in obtaining analysis results. Pressed pellets of cement raw meal sample milled with different grinding aids (graphite, aspirin and lithium borate) were subjected to XRF. Graphite produced better particle size uniformity with a corresponding standard deviation that made quality control of raw meal easier and better than aspirin and lithium borate.

The Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to outline the geometrical framework of a well known statistical problem, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, after a short exposition, three steps are performed as 1) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , as a function of the errors, , which, by themselves, are statistically independent;2) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the errors,;3) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , and the arithmetic mean rms error, . The integration domain can be expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the symmetry axis coincides with a coordinate axis. Finally, the solution is presented and a number of (well known) related parameters are inferred for sake of completeness.

Numerical investigation on the caving mechanism with different standard deviations of top coal block size in LTCC

The size distribution of the broken top coal blocks is an important factor,affecting the recovery ratio and the efficiency of drawing top coal in longwall top coal caving(LTCC)mining panel.The standard deviation of top coal block size(dt)is one of the main parameters to reflect the size distribution of top coal.To find the effect of dt on the caving mechanism,this study simulates experiments with 9 different dt by using discrete element software PFC.The dt is divided into two stages:uniform distribution stage(UDS)whose dt is less than 0.1(Schemes 1–5),and nonuniform distribution stage(NDS)whose dt is more than 0.1(Schemes 6–9).This research mainly investigates the variation of recovery ratio,drawing body shape,boundary of top coal,and contact force between particles in the two stages,respectively.The results showed that with the increasing dt,the recovery ratio of the panel increases first and then decreases in UDS.It is the largest in Scheme 3,which mainly increases the drawing volume at the side of starting drawing end.However,the recovery ratio decreases first and then increases quickly in NDS,and it is the largest in Scheme 9,where the drawing volume at the side of finishing drawing end are relatively higher.In UDS,the major size of top coal is basically medium,while in NDS,the size varies from medium to small,and then to large,with a distinct difference in shape and volume of the drawing body.When the major size of top coal is medium and small,the cross-section width of the initial boundary of top coal at each height is relatively small.Conversely,when the top coal size is large,the initial boundary of top coal has a larger opening range,the rotating angle of lower boundary is relatively small in the normal drawing stage,which is conducive to the development of drawing body and reduces the residual top coal,and the maximum particle velocity and the particles movement angle are both larger.This study lays a foundation for the prediction of recovery ratio,and suggests that the uniform top coal is more manageable and has a larger recovery ratio.

Unbiased Estimation Formula of Unit Weight Standard Deviation in Regularization Solution

Regularization method is an effective method for solving ill\|posed equation. In this paper the unbiased estimation formula of unit weight standard deviation in the regularization solution is derived and the formula is verified with numerical case of 1 000 sample data by use of the typical ill\|posed equation, i.e. the Fredholm integration equation of the first kind.

The Weighted Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to extend previous results, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, to the general case of the weighted mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, the integration domain is expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the axis coincides with a coordinate axis and the orthogonal section is an infinitely thin, homotetic (n-1)-elliptical corona. The semiaxes are formulated in two different ways, namely in terms of (1) eigenvalues, via the eigenvalue equation, and (2) leading principal minors of the matrix of a quadratic form, via the Jacobi formulae. The distribution and related parameters have the same formal expression with respect to their counterparts in the special case where the weighted mean coincides with the arithmetic mean. The reduction of some results to ordinary geometry is also considered.

Development and Parallelization of an Improved 2D Moving Window Standard Deviation Python Routine for Image Segmentation Purposes

Two additional features are particularly useful in pixelwise satellite data segmentation using neural networks: one results from local window averaging around each pixel (MWA) and another uses a standard deviation estimator (MWSD) instead of the average. While the former’s complexity has already been solved to a satisfying minimum, the latter did not. This article proposes a new algorithm that can substitute a naive MWSD, by making the complexity of the computational process fall from O(N2n2) to O(N2n), where N is a square input array side, and n is the moving window’s side length. The Numba python compiler was used to make python a competitive high-performance computing language in our optimizations. Our results show efficiency benchmars

Improved Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Local Standard Deviation and Compared with Other Algorithms

An adaptive contrast enhancement (ACE) algorithm is presented in this paper, in which the contrast gain is determined by mapping the local standard deviation (LSD) histogram of an image to a Gaussian distribution function. The contrast gain is nonlinearly adjusted to avoid noise overenhancement and ringing artifacts while improving the detail contrast with less computational burden. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with radiological images and compared with other algorithms.

How to impute study-specific standard deviations in metaanalyses of skewed continuous endpoints?

AIM: To compare four methods to approximate mean and standard deviation(SD) when only medians and interquartile ranges are provided.METHODS: We performed simulated meta-analyses on six datasets of 15, 30, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 trials, respectively. Subjects were iteratively generated from one of the following seven scenarios: five theoretical continuous distributions [Normal, Normal(0, 1), Gamma, Exponential, and Bimodal] and two real-life distributions of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. For each simulation, we calculated the pooled estimates assembling the study-specific medians and SD approximations: Conservative SD, less conservative SD, mean SD, or interquartile range. We provided a graphical evaluation of the standardized differences.To show which imputation method produced the best estimate, we ranked those differences and calculated the rate at which each estimate appeared as the best, second-best, third-best, or fourth-best.RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the best pooled estimate for the overall mean and SD was provided by the median and interquartile range(mean standardized estimates: 4.5 ± 2.2, P = 0.14) or by the median and the SD conservative estimate(mean standardized estimates: 4.5 ± 3.5, P = 0.13). The less conservative approximation of SD appeared to be the worst method, exhibiting a significant difference from the reference method at the 90% confidence level. The method that ranked first most frequently is the interquartile range method(23/42 = 55%), particularly when data were generated according to the Standard Normal, Gamma, and Exponential distributions. The second-best is the conservative SD method(15/42 = 36%), particularly for data from a bimodal distribution and for the intensive care unit stay variable. CONCLUSION: Meta-analytic estimates are not significantly affected by approximating the missing values of mean and SD with the correspondent values for median and interquartile range.

Perceptual Gradient Similarity Deviation for Full Reference Image Quality Assessment

Perceptual image quality assessment(IQA)is one of the most indispensable yet challenging problems in image processing and computer vision.It is quite necessary to develop automatic and efficient approaches that can accurately predict perceptual image quality consistently with human subjective evaluation.To further improve the prediction accuracy for the distortion of color images,in this paper,we propose a novel effective and efficient IQA model,called perceptual gradient similarity deviation(PGSD).Based on the gradient magnitude similarity,we proposed a gradient direction selection method to automatically determine the pixel-wise perceptual gradient.The luminance and chrominance channels are both took into account to characterize the quality degradation caused by intensity and color distortions.Finally,a multi-scale strategy is utilized and pooled with different weights to incorporate image details at different resolutions.Experimental results on LIVE,CSIQ and TID2013 databases demonstrate the superior performances of the proposed algorithm.

2000—2020年非洲耕地资源时空格局变化分析

非洲地区面临严重的粮食安全问题,研究其耕地资源时空格局变化对于保障非洲粮食安全具有重要意义.基于2000—2020年间联合国粮农组织的统计数据,通过重心迁移、标准差椭圆及局部空间自相关等方法对非洲耕地资源时空格局的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1)非洲耕地整体数量呈稳定上升趋势,20年间耕地面积增加了6321.92万hm^(2),增长率为53.44%,但不同国家间存在差异;2)非洲耕地在几何中心以北区域分布较多,耕地重心迁移方向先向东北后转向偏西方向,移动总距离为111.86 km,偏移速率先快后慢,从前5年的平均10.27 km/a降至后15年的平均4.00 km/a左右;3)非洲耕地分布呈西北—东南向,20年来标准差椭圆转角有向水平方向倒伏趋势,椭圆面积不断缩小,向心性不断增强;4)非洲耕地分布集聚主要出现在西非的尼日尔和尼日利亚,异常区为南非及贝宁.

考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷变化特性

为探索侧向环境风作用下列车气动载荷变化特性,对任意风向角下随车移动点处的风速纵、横分量进行建模,研究考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷计算方法,并分析在列车速度200~400 km/h、平均风速10~35 m/s及风向角30°~150°时的列车气动载荷特性.研究发现:在不同风向角下,考虑风速横向分量后,高速列车气动载荷波动变大,作用于列车上的瞬时气动载荷极值增大;风速横向分量主要影响列车气动载荷的标准差,且影响程度与风向角有关;随着风向角接近临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变小,随着风向角远离临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变大;列车气动载荷的标准差/均值主要与侧偏角有关,且在风向角为30°及150°时较大,其次是风向角60°和120°,而在风向角90°时则较小.

嫦娥4/5号月球探测器VLBI观测数据质量分析

在中国探月工程(China’s Lunar Exploration Program,CLEP)中,甚长基线干涉测量技术(very long baseline interferometry,VLBI)具有重要作用。为获得月球探测器的准确定位、实现精确的测定轨功能并以此在探测器飞行过程中完成轨道修正,需要利用VLBI测站对月球探测器进行实时观测。首先以均值(arithmetic mean,AM)以及标准差(standard deviation,STD)作为主要的精度指标,对来源于上海天文台的嫦娥4号探测器、中继星以及嫦娥5号探测器的VLBI实测数据进行总观测时段的数据稳定性分析,并基于嫦娥4号探测器同时段S、X双频段观测,着重进行该探测器不同频率各项数据的质量分析;然后对探测器各工作时段分别进行时延、时延率测量形式误差以及残差分析,了解各时段探测器运动情况与数据变化的相关性。结果表明,3类探测器中,嫦娥4号的实测精度最高,达到1 ns量级;嫦娥5号的观测稳定性优于其他两类探测器;不同地面站对探测器的观测精度有所差异,并且在探测器不同的工作时段,实测数据表现出不同特征。

中国乳制品加工业集聚水平与空间集聚演化特征研究

借助区位熵指数、空间自相关模型、标准差椭圆等方法分析2014~2021年我国乳制品加工业空间集聚特征、空间依赖性与动态演化特征。结果表明,我国乳制品加工业呈现相对平稳的集聚态势,产业布局呈现出与原料奶基地的布局相衔接的合理布局;新型冠状病毒感染疫情降低了乳制品行业集聚程度,但隔离政策的取消和行业振兴计划的提出减缓了这种下降趋势;我国乳制品加工业在空间上形成以晋鲁豫为核心的一体化发展格局,尽管内蒙古、黑龙江、宁夏的乳制品加工业集聚态势显著,却未对相邻省份形成有效辐射带动作用;整体空间分布格局以“东北-西南”方向为主导,产业重心呈现向西移动趋势,空间溢出效应有减弱趋势。

C波段双偏振天气雷达偏振参量标准差分析与改进

标准偏差分析方法是有效评估雷达数据质量的关键。本文采用标准差分析法对C波段双极化雷达偏振参数进行了深入分析,以找出主要影响因素并优化参数配置。通过观测实验考察了典型天气过程中极化参数标准差的改善效果。结果表明:现有观测模式对C波段偏振参数的精度较低,并且不同仰角之间存在显著精度差异。其中,在1.5°仰角处,极化参数数据的精度高于0.5°仰角处。驻留时间、脉冲重复频率和脉冲数直接影响C波段双线极化雷达极化参数的标准差。通过优化脉冲重复频率和脉冲数,在不改变观测模式的情况下,提高了在相同停留时间内偏振标准差的精度。对两个典型天气过程中极化参数标准差的分析表明,在进行参数优化之前,冰雹过程中极化标准差普遍高于强降水事件;然而,在改进后,强降水事件中极化标准差精度通常优于冰雹事件。经过改进后的观测模式在一定程度上提升了C波段双极化雷达偏振参数数据的精确性。

顾及城市发展和生态保护均衡的宜昌市生境质量多情景模拟研究

城市发展过程中不同的发展方向与生态保护目标往往会产生不同的矛盾冲突,通过均衡城市发展和生态保护之间的关系,能够促进城市发展和生态保护的耦合协调。以宜昌市为研究对象,耦合PLUS—InVEST模型并结合标准差椭圆分析,以2020年土地利用现状数据为基础,模拟自然发展、经济发展以及生态保护3种情景下2040年宜昌市生境质量变化情况。研究结果表明:1)2000—2020年宜昌市主要发生变化的地类为耕地、林地以及建设用地,其中林地与耕地为主要的转出地类,建设用地为主要的转入地类;2)在不同模拟情景下,建设用地扩张方向均由西南向东北收缩,城市扩张强度减缓,建设用地扩张强度重心并开始由东向西进行迁徙;3)在自然发展和经济发展情景下,宜昌市生境质量在未来均呈现衰退的趋势,而在生态保护情景下,宜昌市生境质量有所恢复。通过模拟未来不同政策下土地利用方式改变来反映宜昌市生境质量变化情况,为均衡城市发展与生态保护产生的矛盾和冲突有着重要意义。

基于CFD的干法手套箱内气体流场的数值模拟研究

在乏燃料干法后处理中,将氧化物制备成金属时,可采用熔盐电解工艺技术,由于核燃料具有较高的毒性和放射性,为了确保操作过程的安全,整个工艺过程必须在干法手套箱内进行,干法手套箱是干法后处理熔盐电解工艺研究的必要保障。在以往的实际使用过程中,气量的设计理念是加大通风量,这就造成需要处理的废气量增加,能耗增多,运行成本提高。本文基于CFD以及统计学标准差的概念,研究了箱体内气体流场受到出入口位置、流速等因素的影响,建立了风机流量与箱体体积的函数关系式,为干法手套箱和热室的设计提供了重要的参数。

局部标准差优化的密度峰值聚类算法

密度峰值聚类(clustering by fast search and find of density peaks,DPC)算法是一种基于密度的聚类算法,它可以发现任意形状和维度的类簇,是具有里程碑意义的聚类算法。然而,DPC算法的样本局部密度定义不适用于同时发现数据集的稠密簇和稀疏簇;此外,DPC算法的一步分配策略使得一旦有一个样本分配错误,将导致更多样本的错误分配,产生“多米诺骨牌效应”。针对这些问题,提出一种新的样本局部密度定义,采用局部标准差指数定义样本局部密度,克服DPC的密度定义缺陷;采用两步分配策略代替DPC的一步分配策略,克服DPC的“多米诺骨牌效应”,得到ESDTS-DPC算法。与DPC及其改进算法KNN-DPC、FKNN-DPC、DPC-CE和经典密度聚类算法DBSCAN的实验比较显示,提出的ESDTS-DPC算法具有更好的聚类准确性。

一种抑制后续换相失败的电流偏差控制参数整定方法

电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter-based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统若发生后续换相失败,将严重影响交直流混联电网的安全稳定运行。文中首先针对LCC-HVDC系统故障恢复过程中电流偏差控制作用阶段易再次发生换相失败的问题,对电流偏差控制参数与换相失败之间的关系进行理论分析,发现此阶段系统若不发生换相失败,逆变侧LCC直流电压和交流换相电压须满足一定的约束关系,且该约束关系受电流偏差控制参数的直接影响。然后,基于理论分析结果,提出一种电流偏差控制参数整定方法,可改善系统故障恢复过程中对直流电压恢复速度和程度的控制要求,使系统更易满足直流电压与交流换相电压稳定运行约束关系,以降低后续换相失败概率。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台CIGRE标准测试模型验证了理论分析的正确性以及参数整定方法的有效性。

2000—2021年黄河流域化肥使用量与粮食产量时空变化特征

[目的]研究黄河流域化肥使用时空变化特征及其与粮食生产的关系,为该流域化肥施用管控提供理论依据。[方法]基于2000—2021年黄河流域化肥使用量和粮食产量相关数据,采用空间自相关分析、核密度分析和标准差椭圆等方法对黄河流域化肥使用的时空变化特征进行了分析,并探讨化肥使用量和粮食产量的关系。[结果]2000—2021年黄河流域粮食产量增长49.55%,大于化肥使用量增速(24.87%),2013年后流域化肥使用量开始波动下降,粮食产量依然保持增长趋势,化肥使用效率明显提升。近22 a来黄河流域化肥使用的区域集聚态势在持续减弱,黄河流域化肥使用量在空间上具有一定的非均衡性,热点区域主要集中在河南和山东省,冷点区域集中在青海和甘肃省,22 a来黄河流域化肥使用热点区域减少,高值聚集区向西移动,冷点区域增加。近22 a来黄河流域上中下游地区化肥使用量分别增长46.52%,38.68%和9.50%,西部地区化肥使用量快速增长,推动了流域化肥使用重心向北西西方向移动57.40 km。近22 a来黄河流域粮食产量重心向北北西方向移动22.06 km,与化肥使用量重心趋于分离。[结论]黄河流域化肥减量增效行动成效显著,但整体化肥使用强度仍为超标状态,未来仍需减少化肥使用。