Numerical Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Deep-Embedded Large-Diameter Cylindrical Structure on Soft Ground Against Lateral Loads

Presented in this paper is a three-dimensional plastic limit analysis method of bearing capacity of the deeply-embedded large-diameter cylindrical structure in the cross-anisotmpic soft ground. The most likely failure mechanism is assumed to be of a composite rupture surface which is composed of an individual wedge in the passive zone or two wedges in both active and passive zones near the mudline, depending on the separation or bonding state at the interface between the cylindrical structure and neighboring soils in the active wedge, and a truncated spherical slip surface at the base of the cylinder when the structure tends to overturn around a point located on the symmetry axis of the structure. The cylindrical structure and soil interaction system under consideration is also numerically analyzed by the finite element method by virtue of the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, in which the soil is assumed to obey tie Hill＇s criterion of yield. Both the failure mechanism assumed and the plastic limit analysis predictions are validated by numerical computations based on FEM. For the K0-consolidated ground of clays typically with anisotropic undrained strength property, it is indicated through a parametric study that limit analysis without consideration of anisotropy of soil overestimates the lateral ultimate bearing capacity of a deeply-embedded cylindrical structure in soft ground in a certain condition.

Dynamic Response of A Group of Cylindrical Storage Tanks with Baffles Considering the Effect of Soil Foundation

The sloshing in a group of rigid cylindrical tanks with baffles and on soil foundation under horizontal excitation is studied analytically.The solutions for the velocity potential are derived out by the liquid subdomain method.Equivalent models with mass-spring oscillators are established to replace continuous fluid.Combined with the least square technique,Chebyshev polynomials are employed to fit horizontal,rocking and horizontal-rocking coupling impedances of soil,respectively.A lumped parameter model for impedance is presented to describe the effects of soil on tank structures.A mechanical model for the soil-foundation-tank-liquid-baffle system with small amount of calculation and high accuracy is proposed using the substructure technique.The analytical solutions are in comparison with data from reported literature and numerical codes to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the model.Detailed dynamic properties and seismic responses of the soil-tank system are given for the baffle number,size and location as well as soil parameter.

Large-area straight,regular periodic surface structures produced on fused silica by the interference of two femtosecond laser beams through cylindrical lens

Inhomogeneity and low efficiency are two important factors that limit the application of laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSSs),especially on glass surfaces.In this study,two-beam interference(TBI)of femtosecond lasers was used to produce large-area straight LIPSSs on fused silica using cylindrical lenses.Compared with those produced us-ing a single circular or cylindrical lens,the LIPSSs produced by TBI are much straighter and more regular.Depending on the laser fluence and scanning velocity,LIPSSs with grating-like or spaced LIPSSs are produced on the fused silica sur-face.Their structural colors are blue,green,and red,and only green and red,respectively.Grating-like LIPSS patterns oriented in different directions are obtained and exhibit bright and vivid colors,indicating potential applications in surface coloring and anti-counterfeiting logos.

Dynamic Analysis of Non-Symmetric Functionally Graded (FG) Cylindrical Structure under Shock Loading by Radial Shape Function Using Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) Method with Nonlinear Grading Patterns

In this paper,dynamic behavior of non-symmetric Functionally Graded(FG)cylindrical structure under shock loading is carried out.Dynamic equations in the polar coordinates are drawn out using Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG)method.Nonlinear volume fractions are used for radial direction to simulate the mechanical properties of Functionally Graded Material(FGM).To solve dynamic equations of nonsymmetric FG cylindrical structure in the time domain,the MLPG method are combined with the Laplace transform method.For computing the inverse Laplace transform in the present paper,the Talbot algorithm for the numerical inversion is used.To verify the obtained results by the MLPG method,these results are compared with the analytical solution and the Finite Element Method(FEM).The obtained results through the MLPG method show a good agreement in comparison to other results and the MLPG method has high accuracy for dynamic analysis of non-symmetric FG cylindrical structure.The capability of the present method to dynamic analysis of non-symmetric FG cylindrical structure is demonstrated by dynamic analysis of the cylinder with different volume fraction exponents under harmonic and rectangular shock loading.The present method shows high accuracy,efficiency and capability to dynamic analysis of non-symmetric FG cylindrical structure with nonlinear grading patterns,which furnishes a ground for a more flexible design.

Numerical Simulation of Large Diameter Cylindrical Structure Slamming

The water entry of large diameter cylindrical structure is studied by applying numerical simulation method. The processes of different diameter cyhndrical structures impacting water with various constant velocities are calculated numerically. Thereafter, analyzed are the distribution of slamming pressure on structure during slamming course and the influence of slamming velocity and cylindrical diameter on slamming process. Furthermore, presented herein is an equation being used to forecast the peak slamming force on a large diameter cylindrical structure.

Structure design and characteristics analysis of a cylindrical giant magnetostrictive actuator for ball screw preload

In order to achieve automatic adjustment of the double-nut ball screw preload, a magnetostrictive ball screw preload system is proposed. A new cylindrical giant magnetostrictive actuator （CGMA）, which is the core component of the preload system, is developed using giant magnetostrictive material （GMM） with a hole. The pretightening force of the CGMA is determined by testing. And the magnetic circuit analysis method is introduced to calculate magnetic field intensity of the actuator with a ball screw shaft. To suppress the thermal effects on the magnetostrictive outputs, an oil cooling method which can directly cool the heat source is adopted. A CGMA test platform is established and the static and dynamic output characteristics are respectively studied. The experimental results indicate that the CGMA has good linearity and no double-frequency effect under the bias magnetic field and the output accuracy of the CGMA is significantly improved with cooling measures. Although the output decreased with screw shaft through the actuator, the performance of CGMA meets the design requirements for ball screw preload with output displacement more than 26 μm and force up to 6200 N. The development of a CGMA will provide a new approach for automatic adjustment of double-nut ball screw preload.

Dynamic Wave Pressures on Deeply Embedded Large Cylindrical Structures due to Random Waves

The response of dynamic wave pressures on structures would be more complicated and bring about new phenomena under the dynamic interaction between soil and structure. In order to better understand the response characteristics on deeply embedded large cylindrical structures under random waves, and accordingly to offer valuable findings for engineering, the authors designed wave flume experiments to investigate comparatively dynamic wave pressures on a single and on continuous cylinders with two different embedment depths in response to two wave spectra.The time histories of the water surface elevation and the corresponding dynamic wave pressures exerted on the cylinder were analyzed in the frequency domain. By calculating the transfer function and spectral density for dynamic wave pressures along the height and around the circumference of the cylinder, experimental results of the single cylinder were compared with the theoretical results based on the linear diffraction theory, and detailed comparisons were also carried out between the single and continuous cylinders. Some new findings and the corresponding analysis are reported in present paper. The investigation on continuous cylinders will be used in particular for reference in engineering applications because information is scarce on studying such kind of problem both analytically and experimentally.

Dynamic Structure-Fluid Interaction Response of a Composite Cylindrical Shell Submerged in Water

This paper analyzes the dynamic structure-fluid interaction response of a submerged composite cylindrical shell. Dynamic equations based on the first-order shear deformation theory include the initial stresses and structure-fluid interaction forces due to fluid. The field equation is solved by expanding the velocity potential into series similar to transverse deflection of the cylindrical shell and the structure-fluid interaction force is obtained. The dynamic response is investigated by means of series expansion method. The effects of structure-fluid interaction on dynamic response are discussed.

Improvement of Cylindrical Cloak by Layered Structure of Homogeneous Isotropic Materials

The perfect cylindrical cloak requires three spatial variant material parameters, which is very difficult to realize in practice [Science 312, 1780 (2006)]. The approach of realizing the electromagnetic cloaking by concentric layered structures instead of using the metamaterial was presented [Optics Express, Vol. 15, No. 18 (2007)]. We use the concentric layered structures to realize a simplified cylindrical cloak with improved parameters and an ideal cylindrical cloak with spatially invariant axial material parameters. Numerical simulation results validate that cloaking performance is significantly improved compared with previously proposed multilayered cloak.

INVESTIGATION ON INSTABLE STANDARD OF EMBEDDED CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE

The control value of the deflection of the embedded cylindrical structure, which is the maximum deflection allowed for stability of the cylinder, is a vital quantity of stability calculation. The deflection and the soil pressure on the embedded cylinder were investigated by model experiment. When the inclined angle of cylinder is less than or equal to 0.25°, the effective anti-overturning ratio increases gradually and reaches the maximum. When the inclined angle of cylinder is more than 0.25°, the effective anti-overturning ratio decreases gradually. The control value of instability of the cylindrical structure approximates 0.2°. and the bearing stress at the back edge of the cylinder is equal to zero.

Structural optimum design of bistable cylindrical shell for broadband energy harvesting application

The shallow cylindrical structure is suitable to develop broadband vibration energy harvesters due to the property of the inherent mechanical bistability. In this letter, the optimum design of the bistable cylindrical shell for broadband energy harvesting application is investigated from the structural point of view. The output power is evaluated by the concept of the harvestable power, which balances the frequency of snap through and the referred output energy associated with each snap through. The non- dimensional harvestable power is analytically expressed as the function of the non-dimensional curvature parameter and one constructed parameter. The universal dependence of the optimal curvature parameter and the associated optimal harvestable power on the constructed parameter is derived, which can be well aooroximated by the linear relation in double logarithmic coordinate.

Active Control of Structurally Radiated Sound from an Elastic Cylindrical Shell

A numerical and experimental study was presented on active control of structurally radiated sound from an elastic cylindrical shell.An analytical model was developed for the active structural acoustic control (ASAC) of the cylindrical shell.Both global and local control strategies were considered.The optimal control forces corresponding to each control strategy were obtained by using the linear quadratic optimal control theory.Numerical simulations were performed to examine and analyze the control performance under different control strategies.The results show that global sound attenuation of the cylindrical shell at resonance frequencies can be achieved by using point force as the control input of the ASAC system.Better control performance can be obtained under the control strategy of minimization of the radiated sound power.However,control spillover may occur at off-resonance frequencies with the control strategy of structural kinetic energy minimization in terms of the radiated sound power.Considerable levels of global sound attenuation can also be achieved in the on-resonance cases with the local control strategy,i.e.,minimization of the mean-square velocity of finite discrete locations.An ASAC experiment using an FXLMS algorithm was implemented,agreement was observed between the numerical and experimental results,and successful attenuation of structural vibration and radiated sound was achieved.

Elastic Buckling of Bionic Cylindrical Shells Based on Bamboo

High load-bearing efficiency is one of the advantages of biological structures after the evolution of billions of years. Biomimicking from nature may offer the potential for lightweight design. In the viewpoint ofrnechanics properties, the culm of bamboo comprises of two types of cells and the number of the vascular bundles takes a gradient of distribution. A three-point bending test was carried out to measure the elastic modulus. Results show that the elastic modulus of bamboo decreases gradually from the periphery towards the centre. Based on the structural characteristics of bamboo, a bionic cylindrical structure was designed to mimic the gradient distribution of vascular bundles and parenchyma cells. The buckling resistance of the bionic structure was compared with that of a traditional shell of equal mass under axial pressure by finite element simulations. Results show that the load-bearing capacity of bionic shell is increased by 124.8%. The buckling mode of bionic structure is global buckling while that of the conventional shell is local buckling.

BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING OF LAMINATED THIN CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER HYGROTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

The influence of hygrothermal effects on the buckling and postbuckling of composite laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression is investigated using a micro-to-macro-mechanical analytical model. The material properties of the composite are affected hy the variation of temperature and moisture, and are hosed on a micromechanical model of a laminate. The governing equations are based on the classical laminated shell theory, and including hygrothermal effects. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell were both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling was extended to the case of laminated cylindrical shells under hygrothermal environments, and a singular peturbation technique was employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells under different sets of environmental conditions. The influences played by temperature rise, the degree of moisture concentration, fiber volume fraction, shell geometric parameter, total number of plies, stacking sequences and initial geometric imperfections are studied.

ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED PIEZOELECTRIC CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

A new method is developed for three-dimensional stress analysis of laminated piezoelectric cylindrical shell with simple support. The shell can be subjected to various applied loadings, including distributed body force, inner and outer surface traction and potential. Each layer of the shell can be piezoelectric or elastic/dielectric, with perfect bonding assumed between each interface. The governing equations are solved by the state-space technique. Numerical results are presented to show the sensing and actuating effects of three-layered piezoelectric cylindrical shell.

Strength Reliability Analysis of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Considering Failure Correlation

The stiffened cylindrical shell is commonly used for the pressure hull of submersibles and the legs of offshore platforms. There are various failure modes because of uncertainty with the structural size and material properties, uncertainty of the calculation model and machining errors. Correlations among failure modes must be considered with the structural reliability of stiffened cylindrical shells. However, the traditional method cannot consider the correlations effectively. The aim of this study is to present a method of reliability analysis for stiffened cylindrical shells which considers the correlations among failure modes. Firstly, the joint failure probability calculation formula of two related failure modes is derived through use of the 2D joint probability density function. Secondly, the full probability formula of the tandem structural system is given with consideration to the correlations among failure modes. At last, the accuracy of the system reliability calculation is verified through use of the Monte Carlo simulation. Result of the analysis shows the failure probability of stiffened cylindrical shells can be gained through adding the failure probability of each mode.

Postbuckling of Imperfect Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Under Combined External Liquid Pressure and Axial Compression

posthuckling analysis is presented for the stilTened cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to combined loading of external liquid pressure and axial compression. The formulations are based on a boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, nonlinear large deflections in the postbuckling range and initial geometrical imperfections of the shell. The 'smeared stifl'cner' approach is adopted for the stiffencrs. In the analysis a singular perturbation technique is used (o determine the interactive buckling loads and the postbuckling paths. Numerical examples cover the performance of perfect and imperfect, stringer and ring stiffened cylindrical shells. Typical results arc presented in the dimcnsionless graphical form.

BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING OF STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION

Buckling and postbuckling behaviors of perfect and imperfect, stringer and ortho/ropically stiffened cylindrical shells have been studied under axial compression. Based on the boundary la ver theory for the buckling oj thin elastic shells suggested in ref. [1], a theoretical analysis is presented. The effects of material properties of stiffenefs and skin, which are made of different materials, on the huckling load and postbuckling behavior of stiffened cylindrical shells have also been discussed.

A NOVEL SEMI-ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING ACOUSTIC RADIATION FROM LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED INFINITE NON-CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS IN WATER

Based on the extended homogeneous capacity high precision integration method and the spectrum method of virtual boundary with a complex radius vector, a novel semi-analytical method, which has satisfactory computation efectiveness and precision, is presented for solving the acoustic radiation from a submerged infnite non-circular cylindrical shell stifened by longitudinal ribs by means of the Fourier integral transformation and stationary phase method. In this work, besides the normal interacting force, which is commonly adopted by some researchers, the other interacting forces and moments between the longitudinal ribs and the non-circular cylindrical shell are considered at the same time. The efects of the number and the size of the cross-section of longitudinal ribs on the characteristics of acoustic radiation are investigated. Numerical results show that the method proposed is more efcient than the existing mixed FE-BE method.

POSTBUCKLING OF PRESSURE-LOADED SHEAR DEFORMABLE LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL PANELS

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a shear deformable laminated cylindrical panel of finite length subjected to lateral pressure. The governing equations are based on Reddy's higher order shear deformation shell theory with von Krmn_Donnell_type of kinematic nonlinearity. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the panel are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell, is extended to the case of shear deformable laminated cylindrical panels under lateral pressure. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect, moderately thick, cross_ply laminated cylindrical panels. The effects played by transverse shear deformation, panel geometric parameters, total number of plies, fiber orientation, and initial geometric imperfections are studied.