Land-Air Interaction over Arid/Semi-arid Areas in China and Its Impact on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Part I:Calibration of the Land Surface Model (BATS)Using Multicriteria Methods

To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.

Impact of climate change and human activities on the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province, China

Understanding the dynamics of surface water area and their drivers is crucial for human survival and ecosystem stability in inland arid and semi-arid areas.This study took Gansu Province,China,a typical area with complex terrain and variable climate,as the research subject.Based on Google Earth Engine,we used Landsat data and the Open-surface Water Detection Method with Enhanced Impurity Control method to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province from 1985 to 2022,and quantitatively analyzed the main causes of regional differences in surface water area.The findings revealed that surface water area in Gansu Province expanded by 406.88 km2 from 1985 to 2022.Seasonal surface water area exhibited significant fluctuations,while permanent surface water area showed a steady increase.Notably,terrestrial water storage exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,correlated with the dynamics of surface water area.Climate change and human activities jointly affected surface hydrological processes,with the impact of climate change being slightly higher than that of human activities.Spatially,climate change affected the'source'of surface water to a greater extent,while human activities tended to affect the'destination'of surface water.Challenges of surface water resources faced by inland arid and semi-arid areas like Gansu Province are multifaceted.Therefore,we summarized the surface hydrology patterns typical in inland arid and semi-arid areas and tailored surface water'supply-demand'balance strategies.The study not only sheds light on the dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province,but also offers valuable insights for ecological protection and surface water resource management in inland arid and semi-arid areas facing water scarcity.

The Effect of Polyvinyl Acetate Polymer on Reducing Dust in Arid and Semiarid Areas

Because the large areas of Iran are on arid and semiarid belt of the world, it has many problems due to windstorms. Wind storms cause dust and haze due to a mass of fine sand or silt soil elevated in the atmosphere. It makes heart disease-cardiovascular and respiratory and so is detrimental for the children. These have plagued the residents and so lives of them are disrupted every so often. In this research, the subject soil stabilization using adherence of poly vinyl acetate polymer as a way to reduce the production of dust is defined for prone area. In this paper, the effect of poly vinyl acetate polymer on silt soil has been studied. In this study the samples were uncompacted particles of soil with different amount of water-solvated polymer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 grams per meter squared) poured over them. These samples are kept in experimental environment for 7 days. After ensuring complete dryness, their stabilities are tested against wind flow with 20 m/s speed. Results showed that adding more polymers to soil would considerably increase its particles’ stabilities. This stability is due to positive reaction of polymer with soil particles. The effect of this stability is maintained during sample drying time in the lab and the soil maintains its characteristics during testing. The best results are obtained for 20 grams polymer per meter squared, where caused an increase in stability to about 15 times that of the soil without polymer.

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating land-scape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tip-ping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time （MIT） from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.

辽西半干旱地区油松人工林不同密度对其生长及土壤养分含量的影响

为探索促进油松人工林生长的最佳保留密度,以3年生油松人工幼龄林为研究对象,设置3个不同密度处理,测定不同密度设计下油松人工幼龄林的生长情况和土壤性状。结果表明:(1)不同密度设计下,油松人工幼龄林的生长情况有显著差异,在密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时,油松人工幼龄林树高、地径、冠幅等生长指标最佳,其次分别是1000和1400株·hm^(-2)。(2)不同密度设计下,有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和含水量等土壤养分指标中,1200和1400株·hm^(-2)比较差异不明显,而1000株·hm^(-2)各项指标较低;速效钾、有效磷在1200株·hm^(-2)密度设计下更高,1400株·hm^(-2)次之,1000株·hm^(-2)最低,差异显著。因此,油松人工幼龄林密度设计在1200株·hm^(-2)时,其生长情况最为理想,土壤性状也比较好,适宜辽西半干旱地区油松人工幼龄林造林密度。

Review on Leaf Water Use Efficiency of Major Trees Species in Arid and Semi-Arid Area

The tree specie selection is the critical part in the process of vegetation restoration and reconstruction in arid and semi-arid areas.As a reliable indicator of drought resistance and water use characteristics of tree species,water use efficiency（WUE） has become a hotspot in the research on tree specie selection.This paper introduced the concept and correspondingly research method of leaf WUE and summarized the research progress of leaf WUE in terms of the variation in leaf WUE between species,positions in the canopy,and characteristics of temporal and spatial variation,its influence on environmental factors like illumination,moisture,temperature, CO2 and O3 concentrations.Furthermore,it put forward the problems currently existing in the research and prospected the trend of future research on leaf WUE.

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计,于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验,设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素,灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平,施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^(-2) 4个水平,共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明:浅埋滴灌条件下,灌溉量在145.4～350.5 mm时,春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^(-2);灌溉量在350.5～436.2 mm时,产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^(-2);施氮量在0～146.9 kg·hm^(-2)时,产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^(-2),施氮量在146.9～195.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^(-2)。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量,水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应,当灌溉量为373.1 mm,施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^(-2)时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大,分别为115.64、127.50 mm;水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,降低幅度达到52.21%,随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势,增幅为14.73%～20.08%;其中处理6(灌溉量348.2 mm,施氮量195.0 kg·hm^(-2))最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素,初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式,参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^(-2)。

辽西半干旱地区春小麦农田水分循环特征的研究

一、研究地区的生态条件概述辽西属暖温带半干旱低山丘陵区,自然条件差,干旱少雨,干燥度为1.2左右,年均降水量为480.1mm,可能蒸散量为551.7mm,水分亏缺严重,而且70—75%的雨水降子6—8月份,春季偏少。舂季气温回升快,风速大,土壤水分蒸发损失严重,因此春旱频繁。

辽西半干旱区春玉米节水高产技术集成模式研究

此文针对辽西半干旱区农业生产因年降水量少且分布不均,使得春玉米种植低产低效的问题,集成了覆膜保苗节水模式和露地坐水种补灌节水模式,并对两种模式在田间进行了应用效果验证。应用结果表明,两种模式应用较对照均能显著提高籽粒产量、水分利用效率及经济效益:产量分别较对照增加48.5%和49.9%,水分利用效率提高30.9%和21.4%,经济效益增加34.7%和33.7%。集成模式适宜于试验区玉米生产中推广应用。

干旱胁迫对辽西半干旱区玉米生长和产量的影响

以玉米丹玉77为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对辽西半干旱区玉米不同生育期作物生长、产量和水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明,各生育期干旱处理均不利于玉米生长和产量形成;且随着干旱程度增大,作物生长受抑加重,减产加剧;苗期、拔节期和抽穗期玉米生长和最终产量较容易受干旱影响,而灌浆期受旱影响相对较小;苗期轻旱处理下水分利用效率(WUE)高于对照处理,但其他处理WUE均降低,且随着干旱的加重而减小。因此,在研究区当水资源难以得到保证时,建议在玉米苗期轻旱控制或灌浆期干旱胁迫,避免拔节期和抽穗期受旱。

辽宁半干旱区俄罗斯沙棘优质资源引种初步试验

为了丰富我国沙棘良种资源,提高沙棘种植建园质量和效益,增加农民及沙棘企业收益,引进俄罗斯优质大果沙棘,观察其在辽宁半干旱区的物候特征及生长表现显得十分重要。试验通过观测成活率、生长状况等相关因子,分析其在特定气候条件下的适应性,从中选择表现较好的资源深化研究,将为今后沙棘杂交育种提供丰富的种源材料。

辽西半干旱地区昭林六号杨人工林密度及经济效益的研究

杨树人工林密度是个争论很大的问题。初植密度不同,对林分未来产量和效益影响很大。根据营林目的确定合理的造林密度和轮伐期是杨树集约栽培中的一项重要技术措施和基本前提,它可以保证林木群体结构最大限度地利用空间,在单位面积上得到最大的生长量和经济效果。在辽宁西部半干旱区的建平县,用该区广为栽培的优良杂种无性系昭林六号杨(Populus Zhaoling 6′)进行集约栽培下的密度试验,旨在研究密度对杨树人工林生长量。

辽西半干旱区玉米有限补灌制度研究初探

对辽宁省西部半干旱地区对该区玉米的有限补灌制度进行了初步研究。在不同的补灌定额和补灌次数条件下对玉米的产量效应和耗水量以及水分利用效应进行了分析,通过分析表明,补灌定额与产量之间差异显著水平,耗水量与产量之间差异显著。开花期为作物需水最敏感的时期。并且补灌效果最好的是在开花期1次补灌,其次是灌浆期和拔节期2次补灌。并且以高产和节水以及水分高效利用为目地,确定出试验年降水量条件下的补灌制度为:补灌时间为开花期补灌,补灌定额为67.5 mm。

Influence of vegetation parameters on runoff and sediment characteristics in patterned Artemisia capillaris plots

Vegetation patterns are important in the regulation of earth surface hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas. Laboratory-simulated rainfall experiments were used at the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Yangling, northwestern China, to quantify the effects of Artemisia capillaris patterns on runoff and soil loss. The quantitative relationships between runoff/sediment yield and vegetation parameters were also thoroughly analyzed using the path analysis method for identifying the reduction mechanism of vegetation on soil erosion. A simulated rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h was applied on a control plot without vegetation （Co） and on the other three different vegetation distribution patterns： a checkerboard pattern （CP）, a banded pattern perpendicular to the slope direction （BP）, and a single long strip parallel to the slope direction （LP）. Each patterned plot received two sets of experiments, i.e. intact plants and roots only, respectively. All treatments had three replicates. The results showed that all the three other different patterns （CP, BP and LP） of A. capillaris could effectively reduce the runoff and sediment yield. Compared with Co, the other three intact plant plots had a 12%-25% less runoff and 58%-92% less sediment. Roots contributed more to sediment reduction （46%-70%）, whereas shoots contributed more to runoff reduction （57%-81%）. BP and CP exhibited preferable controlling effects on soil erosion compared with LP. Path analysis indicated that root length density and plant number were key parameters influencing runoff rate, while root surface area density and root weight density were central indicators affecting sediment rate. The results indicated that an appropriate increase of sowing density has practical significance in conserving soil and water.

干旱及半干旱地区地表能量通量的卫星遥感参数化(英)

Dealing with the regional land surfaces heat fluxes over inhomogeneous land surfaces in arid and semi-arid areas is an important but not an easy issue. In this study, one parameterization method based on satellite remote sensing and field observations is proposed and tested for deriving the regional land surface heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes. As a case study, the method is applied to the Dunhuang experimental area and the HEIFE (Heihe River Field Experiment, 1988-1994) area. The Dunhuang area is selected as a basic experimental area for the Chinese National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences: Research on the Formation Mechanism and Prediction Theory of Severe Climate Disaster in China (G1998040900, 1999-2003). The four scenes of Landsat TM data used in this study are 3 June 2000, 22 August 2000, and 29 January 2001 for the Dunhuang area and 9 July 1991 for the HEIFE area. The regional distributions of land surface variables, vegetation variables, and heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes in arid and semi-arid areas are obtained in this study.

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10^(8)m^(3).This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.

Phenotypic plasticity of Artemisia ordosica seedlings in response to different levels of calcium carbonate in soil

Plant phenotypic plasticity is a common feature that is crucial for explaining interspecific competition, dynamics and biological evolution of plant communities. In this study, we tested the effects of soil CaCO_3(calcium carbonate) on the phenotypic plasticity of a psammophyte, Artemisia ordosica, an important plant species on sandy lands in arid and semi-arid areas of China, by performing pot experiments under different CaCO_3 contents with a two-factor randomized block design and two orthogonal designs. We analyzed the growth responses(including plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass) of A. ordosica seedlings to different soil CaCO_3 contents. The results revealed that, with a greater soil CaCO_3 content, A. ordosica seedlings gradually grew more slowly, with their relative growth rates of plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass all decreasing significantly. Root N/P ratios showed significant negative correlations with the relative growth rates of plant height, shoot-leaf biomass and root length of A. ordosica seedlings; however, the relative growth rate of root length increased significantly with the root P concentration increased, showing a positive correlation. These results demonstrate that soil CaCO_3 reduces the local P availability in soil, which produces a non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity to A. ordosica seedlings. This study should prove useful for planning and promoting the restoration of damaged/degraded vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas of China.