Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （Ningxia）, China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals （Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V） using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor （EF） and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating land-scape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tip-ping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time （MIT） from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.

2005-2020年中国西北干旱区典型生态系统土壤有机碳密度数据集

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库中最大、最为活跃的部分,在全球碳循环过程和全球气候变化中起着重要的作用。中国西北旱区位于欧亚大陆的腹地,生态系统极其脆弱,对气候变化的响应也极为敏感,是近年来众多学者关注的热点地区,土壤有机碳储量估算以及空间分布特征日益成为该区域的研究焦点之一,但是数据共享不足与实测数据相对缺乏是造成研究结果不确定性的重要因素。在收集中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)位于中国西北六省区的农田、荒漠、草地生态系统野外科学观测研究站土壤长期观测数据的基础上,通过筛选、质量控制后,采用有机碳估算模型计算生成了中国西北干旱区典型生态系统土壤有机碳密度数据集。本数据集涵盖了11个站点2005-2020年各类长期观测样地的表层(0-20 cm)和剖面分层土壤有机碳密度数据,以期为中国西北干旱区土壤碳储量估算和碳循环过程研究提供有价值的实测数据。

A data envelopment analysis of agricultural technical efficiency of Northwest Arid Areas in China

Severe resource shortage and waste of resource in agricultural production make it necessary to assess efficiency to increase productivity with high efficiency and ensure sustainable agricultural development. This paper adopted an input-oriented data envelopment analysis(DEA) method with the assumption of variable returns to scale to evaluate agricultural production efficiency of 100 major irrigation districts in Northwest China in 2010.Major findings of this paper were as follows: firstly, the average value of total technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of those irrigation districts in Northwest China were 0.770, 0.825 and 0.931,respectively; secondly, 30% of irrigation districts were technically efficient, while 42% and 32% of them showed pure technical and scale efficiency respectively. Among inefficient decision-making units, total technical efficiency score varied from 0.313 to 0.966, showing significant geographical differences, but geographical differences of pure technical efficiency was more consistent with that of total technical efficiency; thirdly, input redundancy was evident. Inputs of agricultural population, irrigation area,green water, blue water, consumption of fertilizer and agricultural machinery could be reduced by 34.88%,40.19%, 43.85%, 47.10%, 41.53% and 42.21% respectively without reducing agricultural outputs. Furthermore,irrigation area, green water and blue water had relatively high slack movement though Northwest China which is short of water resources. Based on these results, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, there is huge potential for Northwest China to improve its agricultural production efficiency, and agro-technology not input scale had greater influence on improvement. Second, farmers needed proper guidance in order to reduce agricultural inputs and it is time to centralize agricultural management for overall agricultural inputs regulation and control.

基于生境及其植被特征的西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计途径

【目的】在地域自然资源的约束及可持续城市绿地建设的现实诉求下,探索能够指导西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计实践的方法策略,为该地区建立人工干预下的新城市生态过程提供支持。【方法】分别从中、小尺度对城市生境的异质性特征进行认知,并对其与城市绿地设计层级、内容的匹配性关系进行分析。【结果】构建出中小尺度城市绿地生态设计框架,并针对西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地建设,划分出4种典型城市绿地生态设计类型及其生态设计分区,提出相应的场地生境多样性优化设计、植物群落多样性设计和科普展示系统设计策略。【结论】将中、小尺度城市生境及其植被特征的形成与维持机制转化为城市绿地生态设计途径,可为西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态建设提供理论支持和技术指导。

加气对西北旱区膜下滴灌棉花光合及水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北旱区滴灌棉花适宜的加气灌溉模式,试验以不加气灌溉为对照(CK),设置5个加气灌溉处理:苗期加气(AS)、蕾期加气(AB)、花铃期加气(AF)、蕾期加气+花铃期加气(ABF)、苗期加气+蕾期加气+花铃期加气(AW);研究了不同生育期加气灌溉对西北旱区棉花光合作用及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,所有加气处理的光合特性及地上部生物量都显著提高,其中处理AW较CK的净光合速率显著增加22.68%,蒸腾速率显著增加41.19%,气孔导度显著增加33.42%,胞间CO 2浓度显著降低16.22%;花铃期加气灌溉使西北旱区棉花地上部茎、叶、蕾/铃干物质累积量分别显著增加29.26%,11.15%和33.41%.不同生育期加气灌溉下,棉花光合特性、地上部生物量以及产量最优的处理为AW和AF,且差异不具有统计学意义;但是处理AF的水分利用效率最高,为1.51 kg/m 3,显著高于处理AW.因此,从高效节水增产的角度考虑,在棉花花铃期进行加气(AF)可作为西北旱区膜下滴灌棉花的最佳加气灌溉模式.

Impact of Irrigation Methods on Soil Salt Content and Their Differences in Whole Cotton Growing Season in Arid Area of Northwest China

Research for changes of soil water and salt is an important content of land sciences and agriculture sciences in arid and semi arid regions. In this paper, sampling in actual agricultural fields, laboratory analysis of soil samples and statistical analysis methods are used to quantitatively analyze soil salinity changes under different ir- rigation methods throughout the cotton growing season in Shihezi reclamation area. The results show that irrigation methods play an important role in soil salt content in the surface soil （0-20 cm） and sub-deep soil （40-60 cm）, fol- lowed by deep soil layer （60-100 cm） and root soil layer （20-40 cm）. Furrow irrigation yields the maximum soil salt content in deep layer （60-100 cm） or sub-deep layer （40-60 cm） and the maximum salinity occurs in the first half of the cotton growing season （June or earlier）. In contrast, drip irrigation yields the maximum soil salinity in the root layer （20-40 cm） or sub-deep （40-60 cm）, and this usually appears in the second half growing season （July or af- ter）. The ratio of chloride ion to sulfate ion （Cl-/SO2- 4） and its change in the soil are on the rise under furrow irrigation while the value first increased and then decreased with a peak point in June under drip irrigation. This suggests that furrow irrigation may shift the type of soil salinization to chloride ion type moreso than drip irrigation. Potassium and sodium ion contents of the soil show that soil sodium＋potassium content will drop after the first rise under furrow irrigation and the value is manifested by fluctuations under drip irrigation. Potassium＋sodium content change is relatively more stable in the whole cotton growth period under irrigation methods. The maximum of sodium and potassium content of the soil usually occur in deep soil layer （60-100 cm） or sub-deep soil layer （40-60 cm） in most sample points under furrow irrigation while it is inconsistent in different sample points under drip irrigation. A non- parametric test for paired samples is used to analyze differences of soil salt content under different irrigation methods. This analysis shows that the impact of irrigation on soil salinity is most significant in July, followed by August, June, May, and April in most sample points. The most significant impact of irrigation methods occurs in the surface soil layer （0-20 cm）, followed by deep layer （60-100 cm）, root layer （20-40 cm） and sub-deep （40-60 cm）. These conclusions will be benefitial for mitigation of soil salinization, irrigation and fertilization and sustainable land use.

我国西北干燥区地面气象站观测环境代表性思考

气候观测环境代表性和观测资料质量是开展大尺度气候变化监测和研究的前提。为了解我国干燥区气象观测环境变化和台站代表性,对河西走廊和北疆9个国家级气象站观测环境开展了调研。结合先前研究结果,从气候变化监测和研究的视角,提出了针对西北干燥区地面观测站代表性问题的几点思考。目前我国西北地区气象站地面观测,对于干燥区的城市和绿洲区域气候及其变化,具有较高的代表性,但对更广大的荒漠和半荒漠背景气候及其变化,代表性仍显不足。早期研究中指出的北疆等地区城镇站地面气温序列负向城市化影响,应与观测场周围局地甚至区域尺度绿洲扩大有直接联系,较难反映绿洲以外干燥区地带性气温变化。针对地面观测环境调研发现的问题及其思考,提出几点建议,希望对未来国家基准气候站网设计和建设提供一定参考。

西北干旱荒漠地区退耕还林还草工程综合效益评价

为对西北干旱荒漠地区新一轮退耕还林还草工程的实施提供科学指导,以吐鲁番市为研究区域,建立包含表征该区域特点的15个指标的综合效益评价指标体系,基于云模型与变异系数法组合确定指标权重,运用比重法无量纲化指标数据,采用加成综合法进行退耕工程综合效益评价分析,并通过灰色系统预测模型GM(1,1)对2021—2025年生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和政策响应指数进行了预测。结果表明:(1)在2004—2019年,综合效益指数逐年提高,新一轮退耕提升幅度是前一轮的两倍。(2)森林覆盖率提高、水土流失治理面积扩大、农民人均纯收入增加和人均林业产值增加,是生态效益和经济效益提高的主要因素。(3)退耕工程的实施促使产业结构和就业结构呈良性发展趋势。退耕所涉农户再退耕意愿的提升巩固了退耕成果,使其具有长效性。(4) 2021—2025年的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和政策响应指数预测值均呈上升趋势,且经济效益指数>政策响应指数>生态效益指数>社会效益指数。依据预测结果,西北干旱荒漠地区在新一轮退耕工程的实施中应以生态建设为重点,加强生态补偿和乡村振兴战略的有效衔接,促进农业转移人口市民化,实现生态、经济、社会和政策响应间的协调发展。

干旱地区“代表性人口格网数据集”精度研究——以甘宁青地区为例

高精度的人口格网数据集在风险评价、灾害应急、生态环境保护、区域发展与规划等领域具有重要价值。输入数据精度和模型选择的不同导致其具有不同的特点与优势,因此评价代表性数据集的精度,分析数据集的适用条件意义重大。研究评估了世界人口(WorldPop)数据集和世界第四版网格化人口(GPWv4)数据集在中国西北干旱地区甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和青海省的精度;以中国人口普查数据的最佳可用单位(乡镇行政区划)为研究单元,将WorldPop和GPWv4数据集与2020年第七次人口普查数据进行相关性分析,计算统计误差和相对误差的空间分布,定量地评价各个数据集的精度;通过目视估计定性地分析数据集的映射性能,最后讨论了数据集的误差来源。统计误差结果表明:WorldPop数据集的精度更高,其相关系数(r)、均方根误(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别达到0.76、23016、0.73和0.60,而GPWv4数据集的上述统计结果分别为0.70、22297、0.75和0.58。同时,由相对误差的空间分布可知,WorldPop数据集准确估计的区域更多。目视估计结果表明:2种人口格网数据集的映射性能类似,都具有东部人口稠密、西部人口稀疏的特点。针对干旱地区人口格网数据集精度的评价研究,有利于分析数据集的误差来源,指导数据集的合理使用。在未来研究中,使用人类生活的辅助数据,生成干旱地区特有的人口分布模式,从而提高西北干旱区域人口数据集的精度。

Water resource formation and conversion and water security in arid region of Northwest China

Climate change and water resource issues are global problems of common concern to the international community, and they are major bottlenecks affecting the eco-environment and sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China. On the basis of results from previous studies, this paper points out that the unique landscape of Northwest China increases the complexity and uncertainty of the climate system. This paper analyzes the key constraints on socio-economic development and ecological security in the region, discusses the impact of climate change on water resources in Northwest China, identifies common themes and the main problems present in research on climate change and water resources in the arid northwest region, and finally, based on the importance and urgency of conducting research on the region＇s water resources, proposes scientific problems that need to be addressed： first, the impact of climate change on the formation, conversion and future trends of water resources in the region; second, bidirectional coupling of high-resolution regional climate models and water cycle models of arid region land surface patterns; third, the impact of climate change and human activities on water resources of the arid northwest region. Through consideration and discussion of the above, this paper seeks to further clarify specific areas of research on pressing issues related to climate change and water resources in Northwest China, so as to establish a solid scientific basis for significantly enhancing our ability to respond to climate change and water shortages.

西北地区沙丘凝结水形成机制及对生态环境影响初步探讨

西北地区沙漠及荒漠化地区,包气带的水分来源除来自大气降水外,还来自凝结水,凝结水对包气带中水分的保存、运移及荒漠植被生态起到至关重要的作用。作者在甘肃省河西走廊高台县西的流动沙漠边缘的半固定沙丘上,采用TSCⅡ智能化土壤水分快速测试仪,SN2202数字温度计、CENTER1300相对湿度仪进行了凝结水观测试验。对沙丘表层0～30cm范围内的气温、地表温度、地温和含水量进行连续观测,每2h观测一次,试验历时5d。试验结果表明,在西北沙漠、荒漠化地区有凝结水存在,它的形成不仅对包气带中水分的保存及分布起着重要的作用,并且对维系荒漠化地区的植被生态系统的稳定至关重要。并对凝结水形成机制进行了初步探索;初步确定,日气候变化造成的地表温度与地温温差是凝结水形成的主控因素,包气带中的含水量分布则控制着凝结水的多寡,凝结水主要出现在干沙层与湿润砂层界面上。

干旱区土遗址病害的分类研究

我国西北干旱区分布大量的土遗址,在分析干旱区土遗址病害的基础上,建立了按病害成因、病害表现形式和形成机理分类的土遗址病害3级分类体系和定义。将土遗址的病害分为两大类即自然破坏和人为破坏。自然破坏有5个亚类14个病害表现形式,包括片状剥蚀:雨蚀剥离病害、风蚀剥离病害和裂隙剥离病害;淘蚀:酥碱、风力淘蚀和流水淘蚀;裂隙(缝):卸荷裂隙、构造缝、变形裂隙、建筑工艺裂缝;冲沟:裂隙型冲沟和径流型冲沟;生物破坏:动物病害和植物病害。人为破坏有两种即历史破坏和近现代破坏。

西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨

城市化是西北干旱区实现小康目标的必由之路 ,然而最大的自然障碍因素是水资源严重短缺 ,现实的城市化与水资源及生态环境保护之间存在着各种矛盾与胁迫。从城市化过程及其生态效应研究的重要性出发 ,通过对国内外研究进展的分析与评述 ,把水资源作为西北干旱区先决约束条件 ,提出了水资源约束下西北干旱区城市化过程及其生态效应的研究思路 ,包括选择水资源变化过程与城市化过程之间相互胁迫的驱动因子 ,揭示水资源变化对城市化过程的胁迫机制与规律 ;分析城市化过程引起的与水相关的生态效应 ;建立城市化过程及其生态效应预警指标体系 ,对不同强度水资源约束下城市化过程进行动态预警和情景分析 ;选择最节水的城市化发展模式和建设节水型城镇体系等。进而为加快西北干旱区城市化发展进程、改善干旱区生态环境、实现小康目标提供科学的决策依据。

西北干旱区生态用地概念及其功能分类研究

阐明了西北干旱区生态用地概念与定义 ,并依据功能将其划分为人工型与自然型两大类。其中人工型生态用地包括农业绿洲型和城镇绿洲型 ,自然型生态用地包括自然保护区型、山区水源涵养林型、天然绿洲型、湿地型、荒漠植被型和夹荒地型 ,分析了每种类型生态用地服务于主体生态系统的功能。并指出该区近期生态用地的研究重点应集中于生态用地资源评价 ,掌握其数量、质量及其空间分布规律 ;确定生态用地在西北干旱区以及区内不同流域中所占合理比例 ;定量化研究生态用地与生态用水间的关系。

中国西北干旱区潜在植被模拟与动态变化分析

潜在植被是指在没有人为干扰、在现有的环境条件下,植被的全部演替系列完成时立地应该存在的植被状况。西北干旱区生态环境问题突出,以潜在植被为研究对象来探究西北干旱区植被背景及其变化规律,成为西部生态环境恢复重建的基础性工作。本研究以IOCSG(integrated orderly classification system of grassland)模型为潜在植被评定模型,在GIS研究方法的支持下,对西北干旱区潜在植被进行了模拟,并对其动态变化进行了分析,得出以下结论:1)采用IOCSG评定模型对中国西北干旱区潜在植被分布进行了模拟,通过检验得出,IOCSG评定模型对研究区植被模拟精度达到了78%,较好的重现了研究区潜在植被分布格局。2)分布在研究区的潜在植被类型有21类,不同区域植被的多样性差异较大。天山、阿尔泰山一带及大兴安岭地区植被分布较为丰富。相比之下,准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、巴丹吉林沙漠地区分布比较单一,主要以荒漠、半荒漠为主。3)由于立地气候环境的改变,区域植被系统表现出不稳定性,主要表现为4个特点:扩展变化、缩减变化、波动性变化以及消亡变化。4)气候环境适应性的改变使潜在植被发生了演替过程,从2个周期的变化来看,天山、阿尔泰山、大兴安岭及以西地区以及呼伦贝尔高原地区成为植被演替的敏感区。

试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展

绿洲是干旱区特有的生态系统,尤其是通过灌溉发展起来的人工绿洲,成为干旱区人类生存和繁衍的基地,它是由山地、绿洲和荒漠构成的干旱区三大生态系统的核心,发展绿洲是遏制土地沙漠化的重要措施。我国西北干旱区的绿洲形成,经历了三个时期:受到人类轻微干扰的自然水系时期,很多古代绿洲多分布在河流下游;受到人类较强干扰的半人工水系时期,在山前地带形成旧绿洲,下游古代绿洲衰亡;受到人类强烈干扰的人工水系时期,新扩大的绿洲多在旧绿洲边缘和外围。由于绿洲发展改变了水资源的时空分配和消耗方式,使得人工绿洲与沙漠同时扩大,而处于两者之间的自然水域、林地、草地面积和野生动物数量减少,形成沙漠危逼绿洲的态势。所带来的有利影响是水资源利用效益提高,土地生产潜力得到发挥,人工绿洲小气候条件改善,人口承载能力增加;不利方面是水土、水盐平衡失调,生物多样性减少,沙漠与绿洲间过渡带缩小。为了适应西北地区人口和经济增长,预测未来绿洲发展,将以提高现有绿洲生产潜力为主,重点是加强中低产田改造;通过节水及水资源合理调配,适度扩大新绿洲。以保护自然生态来维护人工绿洲生态的稳定性,以发展人工绿洲生态来减轻自然生态的压力,实现可持续发展。

1961-2008年中国西北东部旱涝异常分布及干旱变化特征

应用主成分分析和旋转主成分分析方法,利用陕、甘、宁、青四省(区)170个测站,对1961-2008年大气干旱指数S=ΔT/δT-ΔR/δR的地域相关和年际变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:西北地区东部旱涝异常在空间上表现为较高的整体一致性,其次表现为东西相反和南北相反的变化趋势。西北地区东部旱涝异常存在三个基本相关的区域:甘肃东南部及陕西、河西走廊及河套地区、青海区。50 a来,各区在1974-1977年间和1982-1985年间湿润多雨,1994年以后相对少雨干旱。进一步分析发现,研究区域中西部尽管降水是增加的,但干旱指数变化不明显,而区域东部地区干旱指数变化很明显,说明区域中西部地区变湿不明显,而区域东部暖干化趋势明显。

历史时期西北干旱区生态环境演变过程和演变阶段

在历史时期,西北干旱区的生态环境演变过程是绿洲化与沙漠化并存,人进沙退和沙进人退皆有。灌溉绿洲是通过人工水系(渠、库、井)、栽培植物和耕作土壤,逐步替代自然水系、自然植被和土壤形成的。沙漠化则是由于人类活动改变了水资源的地域分配,使河流中下游地表水减少,地下水位下降,植被衰败而发展扩大。在受人类干扰很少的自然水系情况下,本区生态处自然平衡;在较强干扰下的半自然水系时,生态平衡失调;在强烈干扰的人工水系时期,河流上游生态改善,下游急剧恶化。

包气带中温度变化对水分分布影响的实验研究

笔者在高180cm、宽50cm的砂槽中,做了温度对水分运移影响的模拟试验。试验结果表明,在包气带一定深度以下,孔隙相对封闭,孔隙内液态水与气态水处于动态平衡,相对湿度接近或达到饱和状态。在此条件下,砂柱内温度场的任何微小变化都会导致孔隙系统内的水分发生蒸发或凝结。当包气带内温度场发生变化时,气态水在温度梯度作用下,向最低温度界面运移,蒸发或是凝结取决于最低温度界面的性质。在不发生聚集的开放性界面上出现蒸散,消耗包气带内水分。在聚集性封闭界面上则出现凝结,使包气带内水分增加。在温度场控制下,包气带中气态水凝结或蒸发是水分运移的另一重要形式,它在一定程度上决定着水分的分布状态,尤其在温差巨大的地区,这种作用显得十分重要。