Study on Soil Microbiotic Crust and Its Influences on Sand-fixing Vegetation in Arid Desert Region

Based on secular fixed_site data in the artificial sand_fixing vegetation district at the southeast fringe of the Tengger Desert, the formative characteristics of soil microbiotic crusts and its influences on vegetation dynamics were analyzed. Once sand barrier and artificial vegetation have stabilized the surface of the sifting sand, could form aeolian deposition crust and then evolve into algae_dominated crust. Such processes result from the interactions of physical effects of atmospheric dust and silt deposition on sand surface, sinking and raindrop impact, and soil microorganism activities. Under the condition of less than 200 mm precipitation, the presence of microbiotic crust changes the soil hydraulic conductivity, alters the temporal and spatial distribution of the limited precipitation in sand layer and leads to the decline of deep_rooted shrubs. The development of microbiotic crust and subsurface soil affects the plant growth and seed rain distribution, as a result, the diversity of plant species gradually tend to become saturated and finally affects the vegetation stability.

Research Advances in Allelopathy of Plants in Arid Desert Regions of Northwest China

To investigate allelopathy of plants in desert ecosystems, related research achievements obtained in recent years, reported allelopathic plants, allelochemicals and releasing ways of alleochemicalds were summarized, and then the key problems of research into allelopathic plants in desert ecosystems were indicated. It was considered that the research of allelopathy of plants in desert regions has just started in China, and plants with atlelopathic potential were found in the Compositae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Gramineae; plants in desert regions re- lease allelochemicals mainly via natural volatilization, which is closely related to their growing environment; allelochemicals such as alkaloids, fla- vonoids, terpenoids have been identified. This study can provide theoretical basis and practical value for reasonable adoption of protection meas- ures of desert plants and comprehensive control of desertification.

2010–2020年塔里木盆地南部荒漠草地凋落物回收量月动态数据集

中国科学院新疆策勒荒漠草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(以下简称“策勒站”)地处塔里木盆地南缘,南依昆仑山,北临我国最大的塔克拉玛干沙漠。具有植被群落简单,土壤有机质积累缓慢等特点。凋落物是该区域重要的养分来源。基于对策勒站荒漠植物群落的长期定位观测,通过对不同植物凋落物器官(枝、叶、果)分组,本文整理统计得到2010–2020年塔里木盆地南部荒漠草地凋落物的回收量月动态数据,同时记载了观测场群落以及土壤养分的年度变化情况。数据的产生严格遵照CERN生物观测规范执行,数据的审核及质量控制由台站与分中心质控人员共同完成。本数据集以期为深入研究塔里木盆地南部荒漠草地凋落物动态变化提供基础数据,为了解和评估极端干旱荒漠生态系统养分循环过程提供理论支撑。

Noah-MP陆面模式对干旱区不同下垫面水热通量模拟评估

基于干旱区张掖国家气候观象台2021年1月-2022年6月和大满灌区绿洲农田站2020年1-12月的观测数据,评估Noah-MP模式对干旱区荒漠和农田两种下垫面的水热通量的模拟性能。结果表明:Noah-MP模式模拟的干旱区荒漠下垫面辐射与观测值的相关系数均>0.98,泰勒评分>0.93。感热的泰勒评分(0.809)>潜热的泰勒评分(0.504),对辐射及湍流通量的变化特征、峰谷值与观测值总体一致,模拟效果较好。模拟的5 cm土壤湿度对降水过程有明显的响应,表现出明显的冷暖季差异,但其模拟性能仍有待改进。Noah-MP模式模拟的干旱区农田下垫面辐射通量及各层土壤温度的相关系数均>0.98,泰勒评分>0.58,模拟效果较理想。但模拟的潜热通量及各层土壤湿度较观测值偏低,尤其在生长季模拟性能不理想。Noah-MP模式对干旱区荒漠下垫面水热通量的模拟性能优于农田下垫面,优化和发展模式水文过程的参数化方案,在模式中考虑人为作用,是提高干旱区陆面过程模式模拟能力的重要方向。

新疆农田和荒漠生态系统土壤有机碳储量及其影响因素

基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)长期监测数据,选取新疆维吾尔自治区代表暖温带干旱区的绿洲农田生态系统(阿克苏站)、代表暖温带荒漠区(策勒站)以及温带荒漠区(阜康站)的绿洲农田和荒漠生态系统综合观测场、辅助观测场和农户调查点2005—2020年0—100 cm土层的土壤有机碳(SOC)储量数据,分析新疆农田和荒漠生态系统SOC储量的影响因素。研究结果表明,2005—2020年0—100 cm土层SOC总储量平均值为阿克苏站(5.17 kg/m^(2))>阜康站(4.20 kg/m^(2))>策勒站(2.96 kg/m^(2))。0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm土层的SOC分别约占0—100 cm土层储量的27.3%—35.3%、23.1%—24.6%和15.8%—17.5%。在阿克苏站,施肥量最高、灌溉量最低的农户调查点SOC储量最高;而在策勒站和阜康站,农户调查点和辅助观测场的施肥和灌溉措施分别最有利于提高SOC储量。总体来看,土壤含水量、地上生物量与SOC储量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。在单一生态站的生态系统尺度,年平均气温与SOC储量相关性不显著;地上生物量与策勒站和阜康站的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但是与阿克苏站0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系;施纯钾量与策勒站0—60 cm土层的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但与阜康站40—100 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。总之,与自然状态下的荒漠和农田不施肥相比,灌溉和施肥的农田管理措施有利于增加干旱区SOC储量。不同生态站要根据自身区域特点制定合理的农田管理模式,以维持较高的SOC储量。

西北干旱区荒漠植物叶片和细根碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

植物的叶片和细根是植物地上部分和地下部分最重要的营养器官,其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征反映了植物的养分限制状况及叶片与细根间的协同作用,开展叶片与细根化学计量关系的研究,对认识植物养分利用策略及元素间平衡关系有重要意义。对西北干旱区21种荒漠植物叶片与细根C、N、P含量进行了测定,分析了C、N、P含量及其计量比在不同生活型及不同器官间的关系。结果表明:1)西北干旱区荒漠植物叶片与细根C含量相对稳定,叶N、P含量高于细根,说明在干旱生境中,植物对养分的分配侧重于地上部分,以完成其正常的生命活动;叶片与细根的N∶P无显著差异,有明显的保守性,表明植物地上与地下部分养分吸收策略与分配规律具有一致性;2)不同生活型植物叶片和细根的C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P存在显著差异,灌木与禾草具有较高的C∶N和C∶P,杂类草具有较高的N、P含量,说明灌木与禾草倾向于保守型养分适应策略,杂类草倾向于快速生长的资源竞争策略;3)21种荒漠植物叶片与细根N、P含量间均存在显著的正相关关系,表明西北干旱区荒漠植物体内N、P元素间存在相互作用;4)植物叶片与细根间C、N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P存在等速生长关系,表明植物光合产物和养分在地上与地下部分间的分配具有平行的比例关系,但这种关系受生活型影响。上述结果表明西北干旱区不同生活型植物在恶劣生境中存在不同的养分适应策略,且地上与地下部分的养分利用策略及分配规律存在协同作用,这为进一步认识西北干旱区荒漠植物的养分利用策略提供了试验基础。

干旱荒漠区三种典型灌丛植物凋落物混合分解效应研究

为探究干旱荒漠区混合凋落物的分解特征,本研究以红砂(Reaumuria soongarica(Pall.)Maxim)、泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim)和珍珠(Salsola passerina Bunge)为研究对象,分析了单一和混合凋落物质量损失率和养分残留率的变化,揭示了混合凋落物分解的加性与非加性效应。结果表明:各凋落物质量损失率随分解时间延长呈增加趋势;各凋落物C和N残留率随分解时间推移为降低趋势,说明C和N养分元素呈释放模式;混合凋落物质量损失率表现为加性效应,C残留率在分解前期为加性效应,分解末期为拮抗的非加性效应,N残留率在分解前期为拮抗和协同的非加性效应,分解末期为加性效应;凋落物混合后,较高的物种丰富度会导致养分残留率的非加性效应增强。综上,混合凋落物分解中养分变化的混合效应因分解时间而不同,混合凋落物物种丰富度会影响养分元素的混合效应,能改善干旱荒漠生态系统的养分循环。

基于改进域对抗网络的新能源基地风光时序功率曲线生成方法

准确刻画风光时序功率曲线对于加快推动新能源大规模并网、指导联合发电系统规划运行具有重要意义。针对我国沙漠、戈壁、荒漠等地区新建大型风电光伏发电基地无历史功率数据可利用的现状,该文提出基于改进域对抗网络(improved domain adversarial neural networks,IDANN)的新能源基地风光时序功率曲线生成方法。以历史气象和功率数据充足的新能源场站作为源域,仅有气象数据的新建基地作为目标域。将源域上学习的输入气象信息到输出风光功率的非线性映射知识迁移到目标域,并添加最大均值差异(maximum mean discrepancy,MMD)作为度量域间特征分布相似性的损失函数以降低目标域泛化误差。最后采用实际风光场站算例验证所提方法的有效性,并进一步表明该方法的实用价值和意义。

西北干旱区荒漠戈壁两次极端沙尘事件的对比研究

为深入理解极端沙尘暴事件的演变过程和驱动因子,结合多源卫星遥感及再分析数据,挑选2007年3月31日(“3·31”事件)和2021年3月14日(“3·14”事件)爆发于西北干旱区荒漠戈壁的两次沙尘暴事件,对比分析了其时空演变、高低空环流配置、近地面气象要素的变化。结果表明:(1)两次极端事件分别爆发于塔克拉玛干沙漠及戈壁荒漠,均受高低层天气系统影响。其中,“3·31”事件受地面冷锋和高空脊控制,脊前西北冷空气与地面冷锋引起的垂直运动配合,将沙尘往下游输送;而“3·14”事件则受蒙古气旋和高空槽影响,气旋后的偏北风和气旋引发的垂直运动将沙尘卷起至高层大气,并通过槽后西北风将其往下游输送;(2)两次极端沙尘事件均有持续时间长的特点,区别在于“3·31”事件主要受高压脊、均压场和周边地形影响,大气层结稳定,沙尘不易沉降和输送,而“3·14”事件则因中国北部持续性高压导致的偏南风和偏东风阻止了沙尘向下游扩散;(3)两次极端沙尘事件爆发前,塔克拉玛干和戈壁荒漠均出现了高温、降水减少及土壤水分枯竭现象,即强风和干燥土壤。为极端沙尘事件的爆发创造了有利的动力条件和物质基础。

Evapotranspiration of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River, Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration is of great importance for water saving and irrigation-measure making, especially in arid or semiarid regions. Although studies of evapotranspiration have been conducted for a long time, studies concentrated on oasis-desert transition zone are very limited. On the basis of the meteorological data and other parameters（e.g. leaf area index（LAI）） of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River from 2005 to 2011, this paper calculated both reference（ET0） and actual evapotranspiration（ETc） using FAO56 Penman-Monteith and Penman-Monteith models, respectively. In combination with pan evaporation（Ep） measured by E601 pan evaporator, four aspects were analyzed：（1） ET0 was firstly verified by Ep;（2） Characteristics of ET0 and ETc were compared, while the influencing factors were also analyzed;（3） Since meteorological data are often unavailable for estimating ET0 through FAO56 Penman-Monteith model in this region, pan evaporation coefficient（Kp） is very important when using observed Ep to predict ET0. Under this circumstance, an empirical formula of Kp was put forward for this region;（4） Crop coefficient（Kc）, an important index to reflect evapotranspiration, was also analyzed. Results show that mean annual values of ET0 and ETc were 840 and 221 mm, respectively. On the daily bases, ET0 and ETc were 2.3 and 0.6 mm/d, respectively. The annual tendency of ET0 and ETc was very similar, but their amplitude was obviously different. The differences among ET0 and ETc were mainly attributed to the different meteorological variables and leaf area index. The calculated Kc was about 0.25 and showed little variation during the growing season, indicating that available water（e.g. precipitation and irrigation） of about 221 mm/a was required to keep the water balance in this region. The results provide an comprehensive analysis of evapotranspiration for an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River, which was seldom reported before.

Microclimate and CO_2 fluxes on continuous fine days in the Xihu desert wetland,China

The Xihu desert wetland is located in an extremely arid area in Dunhuang,Gansu province of Northwest China.The area is home to an unusual geographic and ecological environment that is considered unique,both in China and the world.Microclimate is not only related to topography,but is also affected by the physical properties of underlying ground surfaces.Microclimate and CO2 flux have different characteristics under different underlying surface conditions.However,until now,few studies have investigated the microclimate characteristics and CO2 flux in this area.The eddy covariance technique（ECT） is a widely used and effective method for studying such factors in different ecosystems.Basing on data from continuous fine days obtained in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland between September 2012 and September 2013,this paper discussed and compared the characteristics of daily microclimate variations and CO2 fluxes between the two periods.Results from both years showed that there was a level of turbulent mixing and updraft in the area,and that the turbulent momentum flux was controlled by wind shear under good weather conditions.The horizontal wind velocity,friction wind velocity and vertical wind velocity were commendably consistent with each other.Air temperature in the surface layer followed an initial decreasing trend,followed by an increasing then decreasing trend under similar net radiation conditions.With changes in air temperature,the soil temperature in the surface layer follows a more obvious sinusoidal fluctuation than that in the subsoil.Components of ground surface radiation during the two study periods showed typical diurnal variations.The maximum diurnal absorption of CO2 occurred at around 11：00（Beijing time） in the Xihu desert wetland,and the concentrations of CO2 in both periods gradually decreased with time.This area was therefore considered to act as a carbon sink during the two observation periods.

Nutrient status of Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests of northwestern China

Seasonal and microhabitat variations of chemical constituents of foliar organic carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, total phosphorus （P）, and total potassium （K）, in Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests in northwestern China and their correlations were studied. Results show that ranges of C, N, P and K contents in the leaves ofP. euphratica were 39.08%-46.16%, 0.28%-2.81%, 0.05%-0.18% and 0.35%-2.03%, with means of 43.51%, 1.49%, 0.102% and 1.17%, respectively. The ratio of C/N, C/P and N/P changed from 16.26 to 146.61, from 258.08 to 908.67 and from 2.89 to 26.67; the mean was 37.24, 466.27 and 15.14, respectively. The mean N content was significantly lower than of deciduous trees in China, but the mean P content was nearly equivalent. The ratio of C/N was remarkably higher than of global land plants. The ratio of N/P indicated that growth ofP. euphratica was jointly limited by N and P nutrient deficiency. During the growth season, total trends of leaf C, N, P and K contents decreased. The max- imum appeared in May, and the minimum in September. Among microhabitats, C, N and K contents gradually increased from ri- parian lowland, flatland, sandpile, Gobi and dune, but C/N ratio was opposite, and P content was not apparent. Foliar C content was extremely, significantly and positively correlated with N and K contents, respectively. The relationships of N-K and P-K were both significantly positive.

甘肃北山华窑山一带1/5万水系沉积物地球化学特征及金、钨找矿远景

勘查地球化学作为一种重要的勘查技术手段,近年来在矿产勘查工作中取得了显著成效。通过在华窑山一带开展1/5万水系沉积物测量工作,初步查明了研究区内元素地球化学特征,结合成矿地质背景及元素组合特征,圈定出综合异常5处。通过对地球化学异常进行查证,先后发现了华窑山钨矿点、大口子东山钨矿点和华窑山毒砂矿点,划分出3处找矿远景区,分别是华窑山北钨、金远景区,华窑山钨、金、砷多金属远景区,以及鱼脊山钨、金、锡多金属远景区。在综合分析成矿地质背景和成矿规律的基础上,结合近年来区域找矿新突破,提出了华窑山一带新的找矿方向和下一步工作建议。

大型风电光伏基地开发政策形势分析及有关建议

在“双碳”背景下,当前我国正在大力推进以沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区为重点的大型风电光伏基地规划布局,为更好指导企业大型风光电基地开发建设工作,通过政策分析及实际工程调研,总结基地开发建设面临的要素协同、创新示范、规范用地等方面的形势、特点及问题,并针对性在开发思路、开发模式等方面给出建议。

Sap Flow of Populus euphratica in a Desert Riparian Forest in an Extreme Arid Region During the Growing Season

In the present study, the heat pulse technique was applied to investigate the stem sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region from April to October 2003 and from May to October 2004. The experimental sites were in Qidaoqiao （101 °10′ E, 41°59′ N） and Bayantaolai farm （101°14′ E, 42°01′ N） in Ejina county, in the low reaches of the Heihe River, China. The results indicated that the diurnal change in the velocity of sap flow showed minor fluctuations. At night, the rising of sap flow could be observed in the main tree species because of root pressure. During the growing season, the maximum average velocity was observed in July, followed by August, and the same velocity was observed in September and May; the minimum velocity was observed in October. The transpiration from June to August during the growing season accounted for approximately 70% of the annual total transpiration. The sap flow velocity of P. euphratica trees of different ages could be arranged in the order： 15 yr 〉 25 yr 〉 50 yr. Sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing a significant linear correlation with net radiation, air temperature and relative humidity.

甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠区柠条树干液流的日季变化

采用基于热补偿原理的SF100热脉冲茎秆液流自动监测系统,监测了柠条树干液流的日季变化规律,利用TubeTDR监测柠条根区3m土层深度的含水量变化,利用自动气象站同步监测太阳辐射、最高与最低气温、相对湿度、风速、风向等气象因子,同时输出相应的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0。以上述资料为基础,对柠条树干液流的昼夜变化、日际动态、木质部径向不同位点液流速率、不同天气条件下的液流变化及液流的季节变化规律进行了分析。利用SPSS11.0统计软件,分析了液流量与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明:柠条树干液流昼夜变化显著;木质部径向液流速率随探针插入深度的增加而减小;晴天液流变化幅度较大,雨天液流变化幅度较小;气象因素对柠条树干液流量影响的大小表现为空气水汽压差>太阳辐射>气温>风速。

我国干旱沙漠地区人工植被与环境演变过程中植物多样性的研究

以我国干旱沙漠区流沙治理的成功模式包兰铁路沙坡头地段人工植被防护体系作为研究对象 ,研究了区域人工植被与环境演变过程中植物多样性的变化特点。研究表明 :该区人工植被经过 40余年的演变其植物种的组成趋于动态平衡 ;植物多样性在时间尺度上的变化表现为随群落演替的进行而增大 ,42年前 (195 6年 )建立的人工植被多样性指数达到 D=0 .70 6～ 0 .82 2或 H′=1.393～ 1.893,10年前 (1987年 )建立的人工植被其多样性仅为 D=0 .5 0 1～ 0 .70 2或 H′=0 .819～ 1.0 74;β多样性的测度表明 ,沙坡头地区人工植被在其演变的历程中经历了 2次物种周转速率相对较快的阶段 ,这一特点与植被演替密切相关 ,对干旱沙漠地区的生态恢复和人工绿洲建设与管理具有重要的参考价值。本文还进一步研究了土壤基质条件等变化对植物多样性的影响。

不同滴灌水量对干旱荒漠区酿酒葡萄光合及产量的影响

在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠区研究了覆膜与不覆膜条件下不同滴灌水量对酿酒葡萄生长、光合特征及产量的影响。结果表明:在不同滴灌水量下,葡萄新梢长、二次新梢长和主蔓基部直径均随滴灌水量的增加而增大,且覆膜处理下,滴灌水量低于不覆膜处理时,上述3项指标等于或略大于不覆膜处理,说明覆膜有利于葡萄生长。不同滴灌水量下,葡萄净光合速率和蒸腾速率、气孔导度的日变化规律相近,均总体呈下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度呈降低-升高趋势;滴灌水量为240 mm和300 mm覆膜处理(T1和T2)的光合指标值低于灌水量为360 mm和420 mm的覆膜处理(T3和T4)和滴灌水量为360 mm的不覆膜CK处理。T1处理的水分利用效率高于T2、T3、T4和CK处理。回归分析表明,不同滴灌水量下,葡萄的胞间CO2浓度与土壤水分相关性最高,气孔导度次之,净光合速率和蒸腾速率较低。对不同处理下葡萄产量和品质的研究结果表明,覆膜各处理的葡萄产量高于不覆膜的CK处理,且含糖量以不覆膜的CK处理最高,灌水量最低(240 mm)的覆膜T1处理次之。T1处理是实现葡萄高品质、产量和水分利用效率的最优组合。

沙漠地区人工固沙植被对土壤温度与土壤导温率的影响

通过分析人工固沙植被区与流动沙丘区不同部位 (沙丘迎风坡、丘间低地、沙丘背风坡 )各层土壤温度梯度分布 ,及其月平均值变化与日变化特点 ,计算不同地表覆盖 (人工植被与裸沙区 )条件下的沙土导温率。结果表明 ,沙坡头地区 7～ 10月平均地温变化的振幅 ,在地面约为 16 2℃ ,振幅变化随深度的递增而迅速减小。在 0 0 5m深度处 ,地温年振幅为地面振幅的一半。 7～ 10月中地温最高最低出现的月份 ,随深度增加都呈滞后现象 ,但滞后的情况两者并不相同。另外 ,在 2 0cm以下深度内 ,7～ 10月月平均温度都高于 0℃。当观测深度按算术级数增加时 ,地温日振幅则以几何级数减小。尽管地温振幅日变化因天气情况不同大有差别 ,在相同的气象条件 (连续四日晴天 )下的研究发现 ,下垫面的影响作用不容忽视 ,尤其是由于植被覆盖度的差异而引起的地温日振幅与地温剖面分布变化。根据 1992年 8月观测记录 ,流沙区丘间地温日振幅最高达 2 6 2℃ (表层 ) ,最小值只有 1 8℃ (1m深 )。固沙植被区丘间低地最高日振幅为 2 5 9℃ (表层 ) ,最低值 4 3℃ (1m深 )。植被区地表层温度变幅小于流沙区 ,而深层温度波动显著。在 5cm深度处 ,植被区地温降至最低值的时间滞后于流沙区 2h以上 ,2

干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛扩展对策

通过对内蒙古干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿集群的灌丛结构、分株特征、繁殖倾向和分枝特征的调查,探讨荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿的繁殖特点和灌丛扩展对策。研究表明:在荒漠区,狭叶锦鸡儿的营养繁殖占主导地位,主要是由根萌蘖产生无性系分株,其克隆生长构型为密集型。根系萌蘖、枝条的不定根繁殖、地上枝条不断分枝和新老个体形成复合灌丛是荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿冠幅增大的主要原因。狭叶锦鸡儿通过克隆繁殖、灌丛扩大化和发达的根系适应荒漠区的干旱贫瘠环境,使其成为荒漠区的优势种。