GIS-based flash flooding susceptibility analysis and water management in arid mountain ranges:Safaga Region,Red Sea Mountains,Egypt

The Safaga Region(SR)is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt.Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event,wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property.The majority of the floodwater,however,has been wasted as runoff to the Red Sea,which,if used wisely,could meet a fraction of the water demands for a variety of applications in this area.The current work aims to use GIS techniques to integrate remote sensing data for evaluating,mitigating,and managing flash floods in SR.The data set comprised Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)thematic rainfall data,1:50,000 scale topographical map sheets,geological maps,the ASTER Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper"(ETM7+),and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager.The flash flood risk model of SR is developed using ArcGIS-10.3 geoprocessing tools integrating all the causal factors thematic maps.The final flood risk model for the SR suggests that 57%of the total basins in the SR are at high risk of flooding.Almost 38%of all basins are at moderate flood risk.The remaining 5%of basins are less prone to flooding.Flood-prone zones were identified,suitable dam-building sites were located,and extremely probable areas for water recharge were recognized.On the basis of reliable scientific data,structural and non-structural mitigation strategies that might reduce the damage susceptibility,alleviate the sensitivity of the flash flood,and best utilize its water supply were recommended.

Land Characterization Analysis of Surface Temperature of Semi-Arid Mountainous City Abha, Saudi Arabia Using Remote Sensing and GIS

This knowledge of land surface temperature and its spatial variations within a city environment is of prime importance to the study of urban climate and human-environment interactions. Few studies have examined the influence of land use and terrain on the surface temperature effects of semi-arid mountainous urban areas. This study investigates the urban environment characterization and its effects on surface temperature using remote sensing. The methodologies adapted for this study are geometric and radiometric corrections of satellite data, extraction of land use/land cover and digital elevation model, estimation of vegetation density using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and estimation of surface temperature and emissivity using temperature emissivity separation (TES) algorithm. Finally geospatial model and statistical techniques are used for assessing the overall impact of urban environmental characterization on urban climate of semi-arid region of Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Herein, results reveal that the spatial distribution of surface temperature was affected by land use/land cover (LULC) and topography. The high dense built-up and commercial/industrial areas display higher surface temperature in comparison with surrounding lands. There is gradual decrease of LULC classes’ surface temperature with the increase in altitude. The cooling effect towards the surrounding urban built-up area is found increasing at the hill located vegetated area, the downward slope and valley terrain inside the recreational park. Therefore the spatial variation in surface temperature also reflected the effects of topography on LULC classes. Suitable mountainous land use utilization would help to expand the cooling effect. In the future, the outcomes of this study could be used to build environmentally sustainable urban planning suitable to semi-arid regions and to create practices that consider the local weather environment in urban planning.

Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the Heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest China.Results show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS product.Moreover, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

A study on environmental aridity over northern and southern to Qinling Mountains under climate warming

Based on the data up to 1999 from hydroclimatological departments, this pape analyzes the climatic divide implications of the Qinling Mountains in regional response to the process of climate warming, due to which the grades of dryness/wetness (GDW) in 100 years show that the northern region has entered a drought period, while the southern is a humid period. In a course of ten years, the D-value of annual average air temperature over southern Shaanxi (the Hanjiang Valley) and the Central Shaanxi Plain (the Guanzhong Plain) has narrowed, i.e., the former with a slight change and the latter with rapid increase in temperature. Both regions were arid with the decrease in precipition D-value, namely the plain became warmer while the south was drier. The Qinling Mountains play a pronounced role in the climatic divide. The runoff coefficient (RC) of the Weihe River decreases synchronously with that of the Hanjiang due to climate warming. The RC of Weihe dropped from 0.2 in the 1950s to less than 0.1 in the 1990s. The Weihe Valley (the Guanzhong Plain) is practically an arid area due to shortage of water. The successive 0.5, 1.0°C temperature anomaly over China marks, perhaps, the improtant transition period in which the environment becomes more vulnerable than before. The study shows the obvious trend of environmental aridity, which is of help to the understanding of regional response to global climate change.

Mapping Mountain Front Recharge Areas in Arid Watersheds Based on a Digital Elevation Model and Land Cover Types

A recent assessment that quantified potential impacts of solar energy development on water resources in the southwestern United States necessitated the development of a methodology to identify locations of mountain front recharge (MFR) in order to guide land development decisions. A spatially explicit, slope-based algorithm was created to delineate MFR zones in 17 arid, mountainous watersheds using elevation and land cover data. Slopes were calculated from elevation data and grouped into 100 classes using iterative self-organizing classification. Candidate MFR zones were identified based on slope classes that were consistent with MFR. Land cover types that were inconsistent with groundwater recharge were excluded from the candidate areas to determine the final MFR zones. No MFR reference maps exist for comparison with the study’s results, so the reliability of the resulting MFR zone maps was evaluated qualitatively using slope, surficial geology, soil, and land cover datasets. MFR zones ranged from 74 km2 to 1547 km2 and accounted for 40% of the total watershed area studied. Slopes and surficial geologic materials that were present in the MFR zones were consistent with conditions at the mountain front, while soils and land cover that were present would generally promote groundwater recharge. Visual inspection of the MFR zone maps also confirmed the presence of well-recognized alluvial fan features in several study watersheds. While qualitative evaluation suggested that the algorithm reliably delineated MFR zones in most watersheds overall, the algorithm was better suited for application in watersheds that had characteristic Basin and Range topography and relatively flat basin floors than areas without these characteristics. Because the algorithm performed well to reliably delineate the spatial distribution of MFR, it would allow researchers to quantify aspects of the hydrologic processes associated with MFR and help local land resource managers to consider protection of critical groundwater recharge regions in their development decisions.

The relationship between soil,climate and forest development in the mid-mountain zone of the Sangong River watershed in the northern Tianshan Mountains,China

The mountainous forests in arid regions, being sensitive to climate change, are one of the key research topics related to the mechanism of interaction between climate and the terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, the spatial distribution of a mid-mountain forest and its environmental factors were investigated by using a combination of remote sensing technology, field survey, climate indices and soil nutrient analysis in the Sangong River watershed of the northern Tianshan Mountains. The forest （Picea schrenkiana） was distributed between 1,510 and 2,720 m asl. Tree height and diameter at breast height （DBH） exhibited a bi-modal pattern with increasing elevation, and rested at 2,450 and 2,250 m asl, respectively. The two maxima of DBH appeared at 2,000 and 2,550 m asl, and the taller trees were observed at 2,100 and 2,600 m asl. For the annual mean temperature, the difference was approximately 5.8℃ between the lowest and the highest limits of the forest, and the average decreasing rates per hundred meters were 0.4g℃ and 0.55℃ with increasing altitude between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and above 2,000 m asl, respec- tively. The annual precipitation in the forest zone first increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude, and the maximum value was at 2,000 m asl. For per hundred meters, the annual precipitation increased with the rate of 31 mm between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and decreased by 7.8 mm above 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high between 2,000 and 2,700 m asl and low at the lower and upper forest limits. The minimum CaCO3 con- centration, pH value and EC coincided with the maximum precipitation belt at 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high in the topsoil （0-10 cm） and differed significantly from the values observed in the deep soil layers （〉10 cm）. The soil nutrients exhibited spatial heterogeneity and higher aggregation in the topsoil. In conclusion, soil and climate are closely related to each other, working synergistically to determine the development and spatial distribution of the mid-mountain forest in the study area. The order of the importance of environmental factors to forest development in this study is as follows： soil nutrients〉precipitation〉elevation〉temperature.

Sectoral Features of the Tenir-Too Mountains

For the first time, the separating issues of the Tenir-Too mountains into sectors in contrast to the accepted schemes of physical geography as a province and sub-province were discussed. Since the term province is more acceptable in political science than in physical geography, the main factors in the process of sector formation were determined. The purpose of this article is not only to describe the high altitudes of the Tenir-Too mountains, but theoretically substantiate their formation, ecological and genetic features, and distribution patterns. Until today the Tenir-Too mountain area is not divided into sectors and subsectors with significant changes to the stencil scheme, which has been used to date in the physical geographical zoning. Research methods in this work are based on the recent study materials collected from meteorological stations of Tenir-Too region. Hypsometric and topographic maps were used to identify high altitude ranges, and climatic factors were separated by zones. Plant species and genus divisions were identified. In some areas of the Tenir-Too the range of altitudes along the routes was studied.

干旱区气候变化及其对山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响研究进展

在干旱区,水是形成绿洲的根本要素。干旱区高寒山地是维系西北干旱区绿洲存在、是当地国民经济持续发展和生态环境稳定的水源地,山地森林生态系统具有重要的涵养水源功能,有“绿色水库”之称。气候变化将改变山地生态系统结构、组成和水循环,加剧水资源短缺,威胁干旱区绿洲安全。回顾并综述了干旱区气候变化及其对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程的影响研究进展,指出了研究中存在的问题,并提出未来在干旱区山地仍需要评估优于1 km空间分辨率的气候变化趋势,从多尺度、多界面、多学科、多方法开展气候变化对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响的综合研究,以促进干旱区山地生态学的发展,为干旱区管理部门提供适应和缓解气候变化、科学的制定气候变化条件下水资源管理方案、实现水资源的有效管理奠定理论基础,促进干旱区气候变化条件下的环境和社会经济可持续性发展。

贺兰山东、西侧典型植物群落物种多样性差异及其影响因子

深入理解干旱与半干旱地区山地植物群落的物种多样性特征及其环境影响因子,是全球气候变化下区域生物多样性保护的基础。贺兰山脉地处中国温带草原与温带荒漠的过渡带,其东、西侧受不同气候影响,各植被类型的物种多样性特征也存在差异。选取贺兰山东、西侧广泛分布的5个森林群落类型,通过群落组成、环境因子调查,分析贺兰山东、西侧典型植物群落物种多样性的差异及主要影响因子。结果表明,1)东、西侧典型植物群落在物种丰富度、水分生态类型构成上均存在较大差异:西侧群落的环境比东侧更干旱,因此水分生态类型构成上旱生植物的占比更高;在灰榆林、山杨林、青海云杉林中,相同取样面积时位于西侧的植物群落的物种丰富度明显高于东侧。2)物种多样性在东侧表现为随海拔升高先升后降,西侧则沿海拔升高而下降。灰榆林、油松林的物种丰富度在东、西侧存在显著差异。3)东、西两侧总体植物多样性空间分布格局与土壤含水量、速效磷、土壤容重的相关性相对较高。其中,土壤容重、海拔与乔木层多样性的相关性较高,海拔、土壤速效磷与灌木层多样性的相关性较高,草本层的多样性则主要受土壤速效磷、含水量的影响。贺兰山东、西侧典型森林群落的物种多样性与海拔、土壤理化特征具有相关性,因此改善土壤理化性质的林地管理措施可能有助于提高群落物种多样性。研究结果有助于深入理解干旱与半干旱山地生态系统的结构与功能,为脆弱山地生态系统的保育与恢复提供理论依据。

云雾山自然保护区不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征研究

就云雾山草原自然保护区4种土壤的不同土层、植物群落和利用方式下土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性在土壤发生层次上的变化是随着土壤深度的增加而降低;在封禁条件下各种酶活性均表现为表层0—20cm大于表下层20—40cm,表层0—20cm脲酶、蔗糖酶中性磷酸酶活性表现长芒草+大针茅>铁杆蒿>长芒草>百里香,过氧化氢酶活性大小为铁杆蒿>长芒草+大针茅>长芒草>百里香。长芒草群落2种土地利用方式下,脲酶活性为开垦地>封禁地,中性磷酸酶则表现为封禁地>开垦地,蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶差别不大。铁杆蒿群落放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶含量均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶高于封禁地。在保护区内,无明显的土壤侵蚀发生,开垦地与封禁地在酶活性整体上差异不明显,说明合理的土壤利用方式对防止土壤退化是十分关键的。

半干旱山区采矿扰动植被指数时空变化规律

选取潞安矿区7个生产矿井中的8个试验工作面,采用概率积分法预测开采沉陷值;对2004—2007年7个时相(分别为2004年7月8日、11月1日,2005年2月1日、8月26日,2006年5月22日,2007年4月9日和6月1日)的SPOT24卫星遥感数据进行大气校正及波段运算,提取工作面开采沉陷前后的NDVI(归一化植被指数)平均值,经离散傅立叶变换得到NDVI时间序列曲线,以研究采矿扰动区植被指数的时空变化规律.结果表明:①试验工作面地表覆被NDVI变化与采矿扰动区具有空间相关性.非采矿扰动区(伪不变特征区)森林冠层的NDVI最大值由2004年的0.619 451增至2007年的0.739 987,平均年净增加6.18%.在采矿扰动区,虽然开采前地表NDVI最大值呈增加趋势,但开采当年却显著下降,年均降幅达11.91%.②试验工作面地表NDVI变化与采矿扰动具有时间相关性.NDVI在开采前表现相对稳定,受开采扰动虽出现下降但却滞后4～6个月,并且持续1～2 a,其后转入上升期.常村矿的S1-1#、S3-2#、N1-4#,漳村矿的2101#、2102#、2201#,五阳矿的5100#,王庄矿的5210#等8个试验工作面NDVI最大值年均降幅分别为12.24%、27.81%、15.79%、19.19%、7.19%、21.48%、13.25%和1.66%,平均值为14.83%.在气候、耕作、采矿扰动等诸多因素影响下,采矿扰动是半干旱山区采矿区地表NDVI变化的主要诱因.

干旱地区山地荒漠草原阴坡植物群落空间异质性

在样线调查基础上 ,以 Shannon- Wiener指数 ,群落盖度 ,DCA排序轴为区域化随机变量 ,应用半方差、分形分析等方法 ,对干旱地区山坡植物群落空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明 ,在整个山坡尺度上植被格局的空间异质性不大 ,小尺度上植被格局的空间异质性较大 ,尺度依赖性较强 ,不同群落类型的空间格局不同 ,随尺度变化的规律也不一样。严重放牧干扰强烈影响干旱山地植物群落的空间格局 ,生境中的牧道格局 ,斑块格局使山坡植物群落多样性空间异质性更加复杂 ,牧道效应是导致群落空间格局周期性振荡的重要因子。去势对应分析 (DCA)排序第一轴特征值体现了综合生态因子对群落格局作用的结果 ,DCA第二轴半方差变化包含了大量信息 ,其变化具有周期性。群落多样性空间格局强烈影响着干旱山地生态系统的各种生态学过程 。

干旱半干旱区黄土台地侧柏抗旱造林技术

为提高祁连山中部干旱、半干旱区黄土台地侧柏造林成活率和生长量,实现抗旱造林,将传统春季开穴造林技术改进为秋季开穴、冬季积雪、春季早栽和夏季覆膜造林技术。综合应用此技术后,提高了侧柏栽植穴土壤含水量、苗木成活率和生长量。并对侧柏抗旱造林相关配套技术肥水调控、病虫害防治、树冠修剪、树穴维护和中耕除草进行系统总结,此技术对干旱半干旱区侧柏抗旱造林具有一定的指导作用。

肥料对山旱地核桃叶片矿质元素与光合特性的影响

为给西北山旱地核桃土壤养分管理提供科学依据,以6年生核桃品种‘鲁光’为试料,采用随机区组设计方法,研究不同肥料(核桃专用肥ZY_1、核桃专用肥ZY_2、复合肥FH、不施肥CK)处理对山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量和光合特性的影响,并探讨核桃叶片矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量及净光合速率(Pn)间的相关性。结果表明:不同肥料处理下核桃叶片Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,4个肥料处理按照光合性能由强到弱排列依次为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。CO_2饱和浓度下的最大净光合速率比饱和光强下的高,说明核桃叶片强光下(接近或超过光饱和点)光合速率的增加主要是受CO_2供应的限制。叶片矿质营养中大量及中量元素含量均为ZY_1处理最高,CK最低;微量元素中除Fe元素含量ZY_2处理高于ZY_1处理外,Mn、Cu、Zn含量均为ZY_1处理最高,其次为ZY_2处理,CK最低。4个肥料处理按照叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)含量由高到低排列依次均为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。核桃叶片的各矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量和Pn之间大多呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。其中,N含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P<0.01),Mg含量与叶绿素b含量的相关性达显著水平(P<0.05),叶绿素b含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P<0.01),相关系数为0.757。综合来看,核桃专用肥优于复合肥,能显著提高山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量,有效提高叶片的光合能力,且ZY_1肥料效果最佳。

模拟氮沉降对天山云杉细根分解及其养分释放的影响

采用野外模拟试验,设计4种氮处理——对照(不施氮,CK)、低氮(施氮5kg·hm-2·a-1,LN)、中氮(施氮10kg·hm-2·a-1,MN)、高氮(施氮15kg·hm-2·a-1,HN),研究氮沉降对天山云杉细根分解及养分释放的影响。结果表明:(1)不同氮处理分解2年后天山云杉细根残留率依次为74.044%(HN)、71.967%(MN)、68.156%(CK)、61.933%(LN),且差异显著。(2)天山云杉的细根月分解速率在试验前期不同氮处理下规律不明显;而在试验后期呈现为对照>中氮>低氮>高氮。(3)4种氮处理下天山云杉细根分解50%需要的时间依次为3.31年(LN)、3.67年(CK)、4.28年(MN)、4.64年(HN),分解95%需要的时间依次为14.39年(LN)、15.93年(CK)、18.58年(MN)和20.17年(HN)。(4)天山云杉细根C元素迁移模式总体表现为直接释放,N元氮为富集-释放模式,残留率呈现波动式下降趋势。(5)不同氮处理下天山云杉细根分解率与C元素浓度间均呈线性负相关关系;对照和低氮处理下,天山云杉细根分解率与N元素浓度间均为线性负相关关系,中氮和高氮处理下,细根分解率随N元素浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。

水分调控对干旱山地苹果树生长发育和结实的影响

人为灌溉补水是改善干旱山地果园水分供应状况的有效措施。为给山地果树精准灌溉提供科学依据,以陕北米脂山地6年生红富士苹果树为研究对象,以苹果树物候期为时段,以土壤田间持水量为标准进行了水分调控试验,研究分析了水分调控对干旱山地苹果树生长及果实生长发育的影响。结果表明,陕北山地苹果树萌芽期（3月下旬-4月中旬）、开花期（4月下旬-5月初）、新稍生长和幼果发育期（5月初-7月上旬）及果实膨大期（7月中旬-10月上旬）适宜的土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的50%-60%、50%-60%、50%-60%和70%-80%。在一般水文年,陕北山地苹果树萌芽期适宜的灌溉量为56.50mm,开花期为22.20mm,新稍生长和幼果发育期为92.63mm,其中5月初-6月上旬宜灌水75.16mm,6月中旬-7月上旬宜灌水17.47mm,果实膨大期降雨量可满足苹果树的需水量,不需灌溉。

中卫山羊核心产地植物群落的数量分类与排序

应用数量分类(TWINSPAN)和DCA排序方法,对我国特有裘皮用山羊(中卫山羊)核心产地——宁夏香山地区植物群落进行多元分析,根据TWINSPAN分类结果,并结合生态特征将所调查的28个样地植被分为6组,代表了该山地在海拔、地形、土壤、山坡坡度等环境作用下植被空间的分布格局。TWINSPAN分类结果与DCA排序结果较一致,DCA排序第一轴结果主要体现出海拔和山坡坡度对植被分布的作用,第二轴结果主要体现了地形(坡向)和土壤基质(沙地、石质山坡、土质山坡)对植被分布的作用。影响该干旱山地植被分布的主要环境因子有海拔和山坡的坡度,另外长期过度放牧对植被的空间分布影响较大,导致了该山地系统植被空间结构紊乱,并干扰了群落数量分析结果的准确性。

宁夏香山荒漠草原区的昆虫多样性

采用典型样地捕网调查方法,对整个山地主要放牧地区昆虫物种和群落进行分析,结果表明:鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、直翅目(Orthoptera AxeDgb)、鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)、膜翅目(Hymmenoptera)是构成宁夏香山荒漠草原区的主要昆虫类群;该地区的天敌昆虫数量较少,环境十分适合蝗虫类(Acrididae)和拟步甲类(Tenebrionidae)生存。而蝗虫类和拟步甲类对植被的取食,造成植被破坏,使得环境进一步恶化。

干旱山地集雨装置系统研制及其应用效应分析

针对我国北方年降雨时空分布不均和山地缺水、造林困难的特点,设计适宜干旱瘠薄山地推广应用的连接式集雨系统。该装置主要由雨水径流面、沉淀池、雨水中转池和集雨池组成,集雨池之间通过导水管相连接以扩大集雨量。丰水季节集水,枯水季节浇灌。连接式集雨池集雨的方式具有集水量大、使用寿命长、结构简单的特点。在莱芜苗山修建3个50m3的集雨池,结合径流面整治等费用,总投资约14 776.49元,可集水150m3,用于侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)的造林试验。结果表明:每株苗木每次浇水4L,每年灌溉4次,造林成活率提高12.7%以上,翌年的保存率提高41.3%以上,翌年造林苗木的干物质积累量增加64.2%以上。在新泰市龙庭镇樱桃种植中,带来的直接经济效益达10万余元。因此,该设计可有效收集雨水,解决了干旱瘠薄山地造林难以成活的难点,且可充分有效地利用干旱瘠薄山地,为农民带来较大的经济效益。

降水强度变化对天山云杉地表凋落物和细根分解的影响

为了探明不同降水条件下干旱区山地森林主要优势树种凋落物分解特征,采用野外模拟试验,通过设计3种降水强度处理[ZP(去除降水)、CK(自然降水,对照)、DP(双倍降水)],研究了降水强度变化对天山云杉地表凋落物(叶和枝)和细根分解的影响。研究结果表明:分解24个月后对照凋落叶、凋落枝和细根干重损失率比去除降水损失率分别高24.79%、2.54%和23.09%,比双倍降水损失率低7.04%、0.68%和10.70%,去除降水对凋落叶和细根分解的抑制作用显著,对凋落枝抑制作用较微弱,双倍降水对分解具有促进作用,但仅对细根分解的促进作用显著。对照和双倍降水处理下凋落叶和细根月平均分解率均表现为双峰型曲线,凋落枝为单峰曲线,去除降水处理下地表凋落物和细根月平均分解率相对平缓。木质素和纤维素残留率也表现为去除降水>对照>双倍降水。不同降水处理下分解过程中N元素释放模式不同,但C释放模式基本一致。相关分析表明,凋落物月分解率与0~10 cm土层温度的相关性不显著(P>0.05),但与土壤含水量间为线性极显著正相关(P<0.05)。我们研究结果发现云杉凋落物与根系分解对降水强度变化存在明显差异,未来气候变化对土壤碳周转影响应该充分考虑这种器官间差异。