GIS-based flash flooding susceptibility analysis and water management in arid mountain ranges:Safaga Region,Red Sea Mountains,Egypt

The Safaga Region(SR)is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt.Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event,wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property.The majority of the floodwater,however,has been wasted as runoff to the Red Sea,which,if used wisely,could meet a fraction of the water demands for a variety of applications in this area.The current work aims to use GIS techniques to integrate remote sensing data for evaluating,mitigating,and managing flash floods in SR.The data set comprised Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)thematic rainfall data,1:50,000 scale topographical map sheets,geological maps,the ASTER Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper"(ETM7+),and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager.The flash flood risk model of SR is developed using ArcGIS-10.3 geoprocessing tools integrating all the causal factors thematic maps.The final flood risk model for the SR suggests that 57%of the total basins in the SR are at high risk of flooding.Almost 38%of all basins are at moderate flood risk.The remaining 5%of basins are less prone to flooding.Flood-prone zones were identified,suitable dam-building sites were located,and extremely probable areas for water recharge were recognized.On the basis of reliable scientific data,structural and non-structural mitigation strategies that might reduce the damage susceptibility,alleviate the sensitivity of the flash flood,and best utilize its water supply were recommended.

Land Characterization Analysis of Surface Temperature of Semi-Arid Mountainous City Abha, Saudi Arabia Using Remote Sensing and GIS

This knowledge of land surface temperature and its spatial variations within a city environment is of prime importance to the study of urban climate and human-environment interactions. Few studies have examined the influence of land use and terrain on the surface temperature effects of semi-arid mountainous urban areas. This study investigates the urban environment characterization and its effects on surface temperature using remote sensing. The methodologies adapted for this study are geometric and radiometric corrections of satellite data, extraction of land use/land cover and digital elevation model, estimation of vegetation density using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and estimation of surface temperature and emissivity using temperature emissivity separation (TES) algorithm. Finally geospatial model and statistical techniques are used for assessing the overall impact of urban environmental characterization on urban climate of semi-arid region of Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Herein, results reveal that the spatial distribution of surface temperature was affected by land use/land cover (LULC) and topography. The high dense built-up and commercial/industrial areas display higher surface temperature in comparison with surrounding lands. There is gradual decrease of LULC classes’ surface temperature with the increase in altitude. The cooling effect towards the surrounding urban built-up area is found increasing at the hill located vegetated area, the downward slope and valley terrain inside the recreational park. Therefore the spatial variation in surface temperature also reflected the effects of topography on LULC classes. Suitable mountainous land use utilization would help to expand the cooling effect. In the future, the outcomes of this study could be used to build environmentally sustainable urban planning suitable to semi-arid regions and to create practices that consider the local weather environment in urban planning.

Evaluation of the SMOS and SMAP soil moisture products under different vegetation types against two sparse in situ networks over arid mountainous watersheds, Northwest China

Assessment of the suitability of satellite soil moisture products at large scales is urgently needed for numerous climatic and hydrological researches, particularly in arid mountainous watersheds where soil moisture plays a key role in landatmosphere exchanges. This study presents evaluation of the SMOS(L2) and SMAP(L2_P_E and L2_P) products against ground-based observations from the Upstream of the Heihe River Watershed in situ Soil Moisture Network(UHRWSMN) and the Ecological and Hydrological Wireless Sensor Network(EHWSN) over arid high mountainous watersheds, Northwest China.Results show that all the three products are reliable in catching the temporal trend of the in situ observations at both point and watershed scales in the study area. Due to the uncertainty in brightness temperature and the underestimation of effective temperature, the SMOS L2 product and both the SMAP L2 products show "dry bias" in the high, cold mountainous area. Because of the more accurate brightness temperature observations viewing at a constant angle and more suitable estimations of single scattering albedo and optical depth, both the SMAP L2 products performed significantly better than the SMOS product.Moreover, comparing with station density of in situ network, station representation is much more important in the evaluation of the satellite soil moisture products. Based on our analysis, we propose the following suggestions for improvement of the SMOS and SMAP product suitability in the mountainous areas: further optimization of effective temperature; revision of the retrieval algorithm of the SMOS mission to reduce the topographic impacts; and, careful selection of in situ observation stations for better representation of in situ network in future evaluations. All these improvements would lead to better applicability of the SMOS and SMAP products for soil moisture estimation to the high elevation and topographically complex mountainous areas in arid regions.

A study on environmental aridity over northern and southern to Qinling Mountains under climate warming

Based on the data up to 1999 from hydroclimatological departments, this pape analyzes the climatic divide implications of the Qinling Mountains in regional response to the process of climate warming, due to which the grades of dryness/wetness (GDW) in 100 years show that the northern region has entered a drought period, while the southern is a humid period. In a course of ten years, the D-value of annual average air temperature over southern Shaanxi (the Hanjiang Valley) and the Central Shaanxi Plain (the Guanzhong Plain) has narrowed, i.e., the former with a slight change and the latter with rapid increase in temperature. Both regions were arid with the decrease in precipition D-value, namely the plain became warmer while the south was drier. The Qinling Mountains play a pronounced role in the climatic divide. The runoff coefficient (RC) of the Weihe River decreases synchronously with that of the Hanjiang due to climate warming. The RC of Weihe dropped from 0.2 in the 1950s to less than 0.1 in the 1990s. The Weihe Valley (the Guanzhong Plain) is practically an arid area due to shortage of water. The successive 0.5, 1.0°C temperature anomaly over China marks, perhaps, the improtant transition period in which the environment becomes more vulnerable than before. The study shows the obvious trend of environmental aridity, which is of help to the understanding of regional response to global climate change.

Mapping Mountain Front Recharge Areas in Arid Watersheds Based on a Digital Elevation Model and Land Cover Types

A recent assessment that quantified potential impacts of solar energy development on water resources in the southwestern United States necessitated the development of a methodology to identify locations of mountain front recharge (MFR) in order to guide land development decisions. A spatially explicit, slope-based algorithm was created to delineate MFR zones in 17 arid, mountainous watersheds using elevation and land cover data. Slopes were calculated from elevation data and grouped into 100 classes using iterative self-organizing classification. Candidate MFR zones were identified based on slope classes that were consistent with MFR. Land cover types that were inconsistent with groundwater recharge were excluded from the candidate areas to determine the final MFR zones. No MFR reference maps exist for comparison with the study’s results, so the reliability of the resulting MFR zone maps was evaluated qualitatively using slope, surficial geology, soil, and land cover datasets. MFR zones ranged from 74 km2 to 1547 km2 and accounted for 40% of the total watershed area studied. Slopes and surficial geologic materials that were present in the MFR zones were consistent with conditions at the mountain front, while soils and land cover that were present would generally promote groundwater recharge. Visual inspection of the MFR zone maps also confirmed the presence of well-recognized alluvial fan features in several study watersheds. While qualitative evaluation suggested that the algorithm reliably delineated MFR zones in most watersheds overall, the algorithm was better suited for application in watersheds that had characteristic Basin and Range topography and relatively flat basin floors than areas without these characteristics. Because the algorithm performed well to reliably delineate the spatial distribution of MFR, it would allow researchers to quantify aspects of the hydrologic processes associated with MFR and help local land resource managers to consider protection of critical groundwater recharge regions in their development decisions.

干旱区气候变化及其对山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响研究进展

在干旱区,水是形成绿洲的根本要素。干旱区高寒山地是维系西北干旱区绿洲存在、是当地国民经济持续发展和生态环境稳定的水源地,山地森林生态系统具有重要的涵养水源功能,有“绿色水库”之称。气候变化将改变山地生态系统结构、组成和水循环,加剧水资源短缺,威胁干旱区绿洲安全。回顾并综述了干旱区气候变化及其对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程的影响研究进展,指出了研究中存在的问题,并提出未来在干旱区山地仍需要评估优于1 km空间分辨率的气候变化趋势,从多尺度、多界面、多学科、多方法开展气候变化对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响的综合研究,以促进干旱区山地生态学的发展,为干旱区管理部门提供适应和缓解气候变化、科学的制定气候变化条件下水资源管理方案、实现水资源的有效管理奠定理论基础,促进干旱区气候变化条件下的环境和社会经济可持续性发展。

贺兰山东、西侧典型植物群落物种多样性差异及其影响因子

深入理解干旱与半干旱地区山地植物群落的物种多样性特征及其环境影响因子,是全球气候变化下区域生物多样性保护的基础。贺兰山脉地处中国温带草原与温带荒漠的过渡带,其东、西侧受不同气候影响,各植被类型的物种多样性特征也存在差异。选取贺兰山东、西侧广泛分布的5个森林群落类型,通过群落组成、环境因子调查,分析贺兰山东、西侧典型植物群落物种多样性的差异及主要影响因子。结果表明,1)东、西侧典型植物群落在物种丰富度、水分生态类型构成上均存在较大差异:西侧群落的环境比东侧更干旱,因此水分生态类型构成上旱生植物的占比更高;在灰榆林、山杨林、青海云杉林中,相同取样面积时位于西侧的植物群落的物种丰富度明显高于东侧。2)物种多样性在东侧表现为随海拔升高先升后降,西侧则沿海拔升高而下降。灰榆林、油松林的物种丰富度在东、西侧存在显著差异。3)东、西两侧总体植物多样性空间分布格局与土壤含水量、速效磷、土壤容重的相关性相对较高。其中,土壤容重、海拔与乔木层多样性的相关性较高,海拔、土壤速效磷与灌木层多样性的相关性较高,草本层的多样性则主要受土壤速效磷、含水量的影响。贺兰山东、西侧典型森林群落的物种多样性与海拔、土壤理化特征具有相关性,因此改善土壤理化性质的林地管理措施可能有助于提高群落物种多样性。研究结果有助于深入理解干旱与半干旱山地生态系统的结构与功能,为脆弱山地生态系统的保育与恢复提供理论依据。

Omni-Directional Distribution Patterns of Montane Coniferous Forest in the Helan Mountains of China

斜坡方面在山区的森林的发展和分发有重要效果，特别在干旱、半干旱的区域。用 SPOT5 图象和 1:50,000 DEM ，这份报纸数字地提取并且分析山区的具球果的森林的空间信息(主要 Qinghai 云杉)，并且从而探索上面、更低的限制和具球果的森林的高度的范围怎么变化并且具球果的森林的区域怎么与有在 Helan 山的所有方面的年度曝晒是相关的。结果显示出那：1 ) 在东方胁腹，具球果的森林的更低的限制在 1,600 m 和 2,000 m 之间是 a.s.l 和 3,000 m a.s.l；在西方的胁腹，具球果的森林的更低的限制在 2,000 m 和 2,300 m 之间是 a.s.l 和 3,100 m a.s.l 2 ) 具球果的森林的高度的范围分别地是 8061,435 m，为东方胁腹的 4381,140 m 和西方的胁腹。3 ) 具球果的森林的区域与方面呈现正常分布，并且它与年度曝晒有一种靠近的关系。在这纸份量上开发的这个分发模型在干旱、半干旱的土地在具球果的森林的分发上揭示斜坡方面的重要效果。

复合有机生物菌肥对寒旱山区藜麦生长及产量的影响

藜麦具有较高的营养价值,也是寒旱山区最具发展潜力的农作物之一。为探索藜麦生产中利用复合有机生物菌肥替代化肥的最佳施肥方案,实现藜麦绿色生产,以陇黎1号为指示品种,选用8种不同成分的复合有机生物菌肥,在不改变天祝寒旱山区藜麦生产施肥水平和方式的前提下,研究了不同复合有机生物菌肥对藜麦生长及产量的影响。结果表明,基施复合有机生物菌肥LNNK2020-FLPF004[有机质≥20%,总养分≥15%(5-6-4),中量元素≥5%(2-1-2),微量素≥2%(Fe+多效唑+Mn+Se),有效活菌数CFU≥5亿个/g,水分≤30%,微生物菌种为枯草芽孢杆菌、绿色木霉]1800 kg/hm^(2)时,藜麦折合产量最高,为3048.94 kg/hm^(2),较常规施肥(基施尿素60 kg/hm^(2)、磷酸二铵285 kg/hm^(2)、硫酸钾120 kg/hm^(2))增产74.29%,增产极显著;株高最高,为208.73 cm,较常规施肥高5.87 cm;单株粒重较重,为57.98 g,较常规施肥增加33.46 g;单株分枝数较常规施肥少0.5个;生育期与常规施肥相同,均为168 d。在天祝寒旱山区藜麦生产中,建议施用复合有机生物菌肥LNNK2020-FLPF0041800 kg/hm^(2),有利于实现藜麦产量提升。

寒冷半干旱草原景观大比例尺微沟系测量样品粒级试验——以锲墨格山锂铍稀有矿为例

青海省天峻县锲墨格山地区属寒冷半干旱草原景观,地表发育宽300~500 m、断续延伸达7 km的伟晶岩带。目前勘查工作已发现了锲墨格山锂铍稀有矿,为了能够在后续同类景观区稀有稀土找矿中提供可靠的地球化学依据,本文在锲墨格山地区开展了大比例尺微沟系地球化学测量技术方法的样品粒级试验和有效性研究。本次通过1∶2.5万地球化学测量,选取-4~+20目、-4~+40目、-10~+40目和-10~+60目采样截取粒级,在伟晶岩脉发育地段进行试验研究,分析Cu、W、Sn、Be、Li、Nb、Rb、Zr、La、Y元素含量。结果显示,Be、Li、Nb、Rb、Zr稀有元素选取-4~+40目和-10~+40目采样截取粒级,La、Y等稀土元素选择-10~+40目采样截取粒级,Cu、W、Sn等有色金属元素选择-10~+60目采样截取粒级时,元素富集离散特征更明显,地球化学分布与地质矿产特征吻合度更高,证明该技术方法可以在同类景观区稀有稀土找矿工作中获得显著的地球化学找矿效果。

The relationship between soil,climate and forest development in the mid-mountain zone of the Sangong River watershed in the northern Tianshan Mountains,China

The mountainous forests in arid regions, being sensitive to climate change, are one of the key research topics related to the mechanism of interaction between climate and the terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, the spatial distribution of a mid-mountain forest and its environmental factors were investigated by using a combination of remote sensing technology, field survey, climate indices and soil nutrient analysis in the Sangong River watershed of the northern Tianshan Mountains. The forest （Picea schrenkiana） was distributed between 1,510 and 2,720 m asl. Tree height and diameter at breast height （DBH） exhibited a bi-modal pattern with increasing elevation, and rested at 2,450 and 2,250 m asl, respectively. The two maxima of DBH appeared at 2,000 and 2,550 m asl, and the taller trees were observed at 2,100 and 2,600 m asl. For the annual mean temperature, the difference was approximately 5.8℃ between the lowest and the highest limits of the forest, and the average decreasing rates per hundred meters were 0.4g℃ and 0.55℃ with increasing altitude between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and above 2,000 m asl, respec- tively. The annual precipitation in the forest zone first increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude, and the maximum value was at 2,000 m asl. For per hundred meters, the annual precipitation increased with the rate of 31 mm between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and decreased by 7.8 mm above 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high between 2,000 and 2,700 m asl and low at the lower and upper forest limits. The minimum CaCO3 con- centration, pH value and EC coincided with the maximum precipitation belt at 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high in the topsoil （0-10 cm） and differed significantly from the values observed in the deep soil layers （〉10 cm）. The soil nutrients exhibited spatial heterogeneity and higher aggregation in the topsoil. In conclusion, soil and climate are closely related to each other, working synergistically to determine the development and spatial distribution of the mid-mountain forest in the study area. The order of the importance of environmental factors to forest development in this study is as follows： soil nutrients〉precipitation〉elevation〉temperature.

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林坡面土壤含水量的降雨响应

在宁夏六盘山外围半干旱区,土壤含水量是影响林木成活与生长的关键因子,需深入理解森林坡面不同坡位的土壤含水量对降雨量的响应差异。本文在宁夏六盘山叠叠沟小流域,选择一个华北落叶松人工林典型坡面,于2021年5—10月利用自动气象站和土壤水分仪连续监测降雨等气象条件和坡面土壤含水量变化,分析土壤含水量的坡位差异及对降雨量级的响应。观测期间总降水量为443.7 mm,虽然接近多年平均值,但夏季干旱严重。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量存在明显的生长季内变化,整体表现为先降低后升高的趋势,8月最低(0.112 m^(3)·m^(-3))。(2)土壤含水量存在明显的坡位差异,整体表现为:上坡[(0.191±0.044)m^(3)·m^(-3)]>中坡[(0.158±0.045)m^(3)·m^(-3)]>下坡[(0.146±0.034)m^(3)·m^(-3)],表明土壤含水量的坡位变化因处于干旱年,主要受植被蒸散耗水量大小的影响,而受坡面汇流影响不大。(3)在同一降雨量级时,因受土壤孔隙度和持水能力、林下草本截持、优先流等的影响差异,中坡的土壤含水量对降雨量增加的响应最敏感,其次是上坡,下坡最不敏感。(4)在本研究区,降雨以<10 mm的小降雨事件为主,7 mm是形成有效降雨的阈值,超过此阈值的降雨才有可能缓解0~20 cm土层土壤干旱和补给该层土壤水分。本研究有助于理解半干旱山区森林坡面的土壤含水量大小变化与分布特征,指导确定基于坡面土壤水分的植被承载力和进行林水综合管理。

干旱区绿洲城市群地表温度时空变化及其影响因素——以天山北坡城市群为例

基于2005—2019年的MYD11A2时间序列LST遥感数据,首先采用均值标准差法对LST进行分级,分析了天山北坡城市群的LST空间分布格局;其次利用Sen′s斜率分析法、Mann-Kendal趋势检验法和Hurst指数揭示了天山北坡城市群LST在2005—2019年和未来的变化趋势;最后借助地理探测器模型并综合考虑地表覆盖、气候、社会经济和地形因素分析了多空间尺度下LST的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)天山北坡城市群的吐鲁番市是高温(HT)和极高温(EHT)的主要集聚地;白天和夜间的LST格局差异大,在绿洲区域表现为典型的“昼冷岛,夜热岛”特征。(2)LST在白天和夜间的变化率分别为0.04℃/a和0.03℃/a,白天的升温幅度强于夜间;在乌鲁木齐市、昌吉回族自治州、石河子市和五家渠市LST表现出显著的升高趋势,且在未来也具有相同的趋势。(3)在不同的空间尺度上,LST的主要影响因素不同;从整个天山北坡城市群来看气候因素和地形因素是LST的主要影响因素,而在在石河子市、五家渠市和奎屯市LST的主要影响因素是社会经济因素。

天山南坡山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对环境因子的响应——以拜城县为例

为探明天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布对地形与土壤因子的响应,本研究选取了拜城山前荒漠草地典型区域进行调查,采用优势度法和典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)法,研究山地荒漠草地植物群落分布与地形和土壤因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)不同调查样点灌木层和草本层物种多样性存在差异,东坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为灌木大于草本,西坡和北坡调查样点Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均表现为草本大于灌木;(2)典范对应分析法分析结果表明,地形因子对植物群落的影响大小顺序为:坡向(SA)>坡度(SG)>坡位(SP),土壤因子对植物群落的影响大小为:30~100 cm土层土壤水分(SMC-2)>土壤总孔隙度(STP)>0~30 cm土层土壤水分(SMC-1)。地形和土壤因子对不同植物群落的形成具有一定的筛选作用,30~100 cm土层土壤水分和坡向是影响天山南坡拜城县山前荒漠草地植物群落分布的关键因子。

Sectoral Features of the Tenir-Too Mountains

For the first time, the separating issues of the Tenir-Too mountains into sectors in contrast to the accepted schemes of physical geography as a province and sub-province were discussed. Since the term province is more acceptable in political science than in physical geography, the main factors in the process of sector formation were determined. The purpose of this article is not only to describe the high altitudes of the Tenir-Too mountains, but theoretically substantiate their formation, ecological and genetic features, and distribution patterns. Until today the Tenir-Too mountain area is not divided into sectors and subsectors with significant changes to the stencil scheme, which has been used to date in the physical geographical zoning. Research methods in this work are based on the recent study materials collected from meteorological stations of Tenir-Too region. Hypsometric and topographic maps were used to identify high altitude ranges, and climatic factors were separated by zones. Plant species and genus divisions were identified. In some areas of the Tenir-Too the range of altitudes along the routes was studied.

不同地膜覆盖栽培对寒旱山区藜麦生长发育的影响

天祝县是国内最适宜种植藜麦的地区之一,近年来随着覆膜栽培技术的应用,藜麦产量得到大幅提高,但土壤生态环境遭到一定程度的破坏,为筛选出适宜寒旱山区藜麦栽培应用且环保的覆盖材料。以露地种植为对照,研究了白色地膜、黑色地膜、银灰色可降解地膜等不同地膜覆盖栽培对藜麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖不同地膜均能使藜麦的生育时期提前、生育期缩短、产量提高。其中覆盖白色地膜时促使藜麦生育时期提前和生育期缩短的效果较为明显;覆盖黑色地膜、银灰色可降解地膜时灭草效果相对较好。覆盖白色地膜、黑色地膜、银灰色可降解地膜的平均折合产量分别为2748.37、3483.66、3088.24 kg/hm2,较对照露地种植分别增产7.41%、36.14%、20.69%。综上认为,银灰色可降解地膜可作为既增产又环保的藜麦覆膜栽培覆盖材料在寒旱山区应用。

干旱山区饲草高粱品种(系)引种试验初报

为筛选适宜环县干旱山区种植的饲草高粱品种,以促进当地畜牧业发展,在全膜栽培条件下,对引进的7个饲草高粱品种(系)在环县干旱山区进行了品比试验。结果表明,折合鲜草产量以惊喜最高,为102705.14kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产30.66%;其次是晋生粱1号,为101505.08 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产29.13%;大卡排第3位,为100205.01 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产27.48%。折合干草产量以晋生粱1号最高,为25062.98kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产21.16%;其次是惊喜,为23556.22 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产13.88%;大卡排第3位,为23522.30 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种海牛增产13.72%。这3个饲草高粱品种在环县种植全生育期营养生长时间长,鲜草产量高,抗旱性极强,综合性状好,建议在环县干旱山区大面积种植。

不同藜麦品种(系)在寒旱山区的种植表现

为探明不同藜麦品种在寒旱山区的适应性与丰产性,筛选出适宜种植的优良藜麦品种。以陇藜1号、陇藜4号为对照,对引进的8个藜麦品种(系)在天祝县松山镇进行种植试验。结果表明,8个藜麦品种(系)均能成熟,折合产量为1529.02~3391.76 kg/hm^(2),其中LYLM-5折合产量最高,为3391.76 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇黎1号、陇黎4号分别增产13.79%、20.98%;青藜4号、蒙藜4号折合产量较高,分别为3313.53、3255.10 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种陇黎1号分别增产11.16%、9.20%,较对照品种陇黎4号分别增产18.19%、16.11%;黑藜1号、GSQ-9的农艺性状及产量表现最差。综合评价认为,LYLM-5、蒙藜4号适宜在天祝县松山镇范围内推广种植。

微地形改造对天山南麓寒旱矿区土壤水分动态的影响

[目的]明确微地形改造对(0—50 cm)土壤水分时空动态影响的变化规律,为天山南麓寒旱矿区的土地复垦及生态系统重建提供科学依据和理论支撑。[方法]以拜城润华煤矿区覆土平台和边坡改造后的微地形为试验对象,监测了2022年5—11月的土壤水分,并进行对比试验分析。[结果]平台集水坡面和蓄水沟改造土壤含水率分别比对照提高了37.03%和25.85%,提升效果表现为:集水坡面>蓄水沟;蓄水沟和集水坡面改造方式提高了土壤水分的时间稳定性,其作用效果表现为:蓄水沟>集水坡面。边坡反坡梯田和鱼鳞坑改造土壤含水率分别提高了6.48%和13.22%,提升效果表现为:鱼鳞坑>反坡梯田;鱼鳞坑改造方式提高了土壤水分的时间稳定性,反坡梯田改造方式降低了土壤水分的时间稳定性。[结论]在平台和边坡2种地形条件下,集水坡面改造更有利于受损矿区平台生态治理,鱼鳞坑改造更有利于受损矿区边坡生态治理。

云雾山自然保护区不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征研究

就云雾山草原自然保护区4种土壤的不同土层、植物群落和利用方式下土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性在土壤发生层次上的变化是随着土壤深度的增加而降低;在封禁条件下各种酶活性均表现为表层0—20cm大于表下层20—40cm,表层0—20cm脲酶、蔗糖酶中性磷酸酶活性表现长芒草+大针茅>铁杆蒿>长芒草>百里香,过氧化氢酶活性大小为铁杆蒿>长芒草+大针茅>长芒草>百里香。长芒草群落2种土地利用方式下,脲酶活性为开垦地>封禁地,中性磷酸酶则表现为封禁地>开垦地,蔗糖酶与过氧化氢酶差别不大。铁杆蒿群落放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶含量均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶高于封禁地。在保护区内,无明显的土壤侵蚀发生,开垦地与封禁地在酶活性整体上差异不明显,说明合理的土壤利用方式对防止土壤退化是十分关键的。