Crop yields and soil organic carbon dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment in an extremely arid region of northern Xinjiang, China

A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon （SOC） from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control （CK） and six different combinations of phosphorus （P）, potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, straw （S） and animal manure （M）. The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly （P〈0.05） higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate （NPK） and 1/3 N from farmyard manure （NPKM） had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields （over the 23 years） in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate （NP） did not differ significantly （P〉0.05） but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate （NK; P〈0.05）. The results also show that the highest increases in SOC （P〈0.05） occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/（hm2.a）. The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/（hm2.a） for NPKS （9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw）, NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fields of Northwest China.

Persistence of fertilization effects on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine wetlands in the Yellow River source region

In the restoration of degraded wetlands,fertilization can improve the vegetation-soil-microorganisms complex,thereby affecting the organic carbon content.However,it is currently unclear whether these effects are sustainable.This study employed Biolog-Eco surveys to investigate the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and soil microbial functional diversity in degraded alpine wetlands of the source region of the Yellow River at 3 and 15 months after the application of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic mixed fertilizer.The following results were obtained:The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and organic compost significantly affects the soil organic carbon content in degraded wetlands.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen addition increases soil organic carbon in both lightly and severely degraded wetlands,whereas after 15 months,organic compost enhanced the soil organic carbon level in severely degraded wetlands.Structural equation modeling indicates that fertilization decreases the soil pH and directly or indirectly influences the soil organic carbon levels through variations in the soil water content and the aboveground biomass of vegetation.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen fertilizer showed a direct positive effect on soil organic carbon.However,organic mixed fertilizer indirectly reduced soil organic carbon by increasing biomass and decreasing soil moisture.After 15 months,none of the fertilizers significantly affected the soil organic carbon level.In summary,it can be inferred that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer lacks sustainability in positively influencing the organic carbon content.

Planning for Integrative Management of Wastewater Disposal, Irrigation Water Supply and Fertilizer Use: A Case Study in an Arid Land of China

This work is a trans-disciplinary undertaking aiming at innovative water management in arid and semi-arid regions. Based on field studies on soil bacterial communities and irrigation water quality in an arid region of China where wastewater has been used for agricultural production decade long, this paper is intended to propose an integrative management scheme combining wastewater reuse in agriculture, wise use of wetlands and fertilizer management as an engine toward achieving sustainable development in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was also designed to address a key but very much neglected question about wastewater reuse in irrigation: does wastewater irrigation lead to reduction of chemical fertilizer use and increase of crop yield? Through a questionnaire, it revealed that there was a misperception among farmers about wastewater, which led to no-reduction or even increase in fertilizer use with wastewater irrigation as compared with river water irrigation. It also showed that crop yield was not increased with wastewater irrigation under the current practice. Besides, it sheds some light on an underreported health concern.

半干旱地区秸秆还田对土壤有机碳组分及产量的影响

为了探索半干旱区玉米秸秆还田对土壤有机碳组分和产量的影响,以黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院秸秆长期定位试验田为研究对象,对CK(常规种植)、FM(秸秆翻埋还田)和FG(秸秆覆盖还田)3种处理下土壤颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量及玉米产量进行分析。结果表明:不同处理各土层均是黏粒(<0.053μm)有机碳含量最高。FM处理4个土层砂粒(>0.250μm)和黏粒(<0.053μm)有机碳含量平均值分别提高了21.78%和20.51%,FG处理分别提高了25.87%和13.52%。FM处理在各土层水溶性有机碳含量最高,在0~10和>10~20 cm土层中顺序为FM>FG>CK,其中FM处理分别较CK增加22.73%和38.25%,FG处理分别较CK提高2.48%和26.32%。在>20~30和>30~40 cm土层中,土壤水溶性有机碳含量依次为FM>CK>FG,其中FG降低幅度分别为14.55%和9.41%,而FM处理增加幅度分别为10.68%和17.85%。不同处理之间穗长、穗粗和穗行数差异不明显。穗粒数顺序为FM>FG>CK,籽粒含水量顺序为FG>CK>FM;产量顺序为FM>FG>CK,FM和FG处理分别较CK增产5.20%和3.20%。

新疆农田和荒漠生态系统土壤有机碳储量及其影响因素

基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)长期监测数据,选取新疆维吾尔自治区代表暖温带干旱区的绿洲农田生态系统(阿克苏站)、代表暖温带荒漠区(策勒站)以及温带荒漠区(阜康站)的绿洲农田和荒漠生态系统综合观测场、辅助观测场和农户调查点2005—2020年0—100 cm土层的土壤有机碳(SOC)储量数据,分析新疆农田和荒漠生态系统SOC储量的影响因素。研究结果表明,2005—2020年0—100 cm土层SOC总储量平均值为阿克苏站(5.17 kg/m^(2))>阜康站(4.20 kg/m^(2))>策勒站(2.96 kg/m^(2))。0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm土层的SOC分别约占0—100 cm土层储量的27.3%—35.3%、23.1%—24.6%和15.8%—17.5%。在阿克苏站,施肥量最高、灌溉量最低的农户调查点SOC储量最高;而在策勒站和阜康站,农户调查点和辅助观测场的施肥和灌溉措施分别最有利于提高SOC储量。总体来看,土壤含水量、地上生物量与SOC储量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。在单一生态站的生态系统尺度,年平均气温与SOC储量相关性不显著;地上生物量与策勒站和阜康站的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但是与阿克苏站0—40 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系;施纯钾量与策勒站0—60 cm土层的SOC储量呈正相关关系,但与阜康站40—100 cm土层的SOC储量呈负相关关系。总之,与自然状态下的荒漠和农田不施肥相比,灌溉和施肥的农田管理措施有利于增加干旱区SOC储量。不同生态站要根据自身区域特点制定合理的农田管理模式,以维持较高的SOC储量。

部分有机肥代替化肥对中强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为探索淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦在保持产量和品质情况下的绿色施肥方式。以中强筋小麦‘徐麦44’为材料,研究设计3种施肥方式:单施化肥(T_(1))、1/3有机肥+2/3化肥配施(T_(2))、单施有机肥(T_(3)),通过对籽粒蛋白质含量、粉质质量指数、面粉吸水率、面团的形成时间和稳定时间、粉质质量指数等粉质参数、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化特性、籽粒容重进行测定,并进行差异显著性检验,分析施肥对产量及品质的影响。结果表明,T_(2)处理的产量及其三因素、籽粒容重、沉降值、吸水率、淀粉含量、糊化特性与T_(1)处理相比均无显著差异,而籽粒蛋白质含量、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数均显著高于T_(1)处理,弱化度显著低于T_(1)处理;与T_(1)、T_(2)处理相比,T_(3)处理显著降低了中强筋小麦的产量及其三因素、蛋白质含量、容重、沉降值以及粉质参数,但是增加了籽粒的淀粉含量和糊化特性相关参数。T_(2)处理在减少化肥施用量的情况下能够稳定小麦产量与品质,甚至在有些品质参数上有所提升,提高了中强筋小麦的面筋强度及加工品质,这在淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦生产绿色施肥方式的探索上有一定指导意义。

旱作区农田土壤AM真菌对长期有机无机施肥的响应

AM真菌群落动态变化对于长期有效的土壤生态系统管理非常重要。为揭示旱作区农田土壤丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对长期有机、无机培肥管理的响应机制,利用单因素随机区组设计,基于连续11年的定位试验及高通量测序方法,研究了不施肥(T0)、长期单施化肥(T1)、长期化肥与牛粪有机肥(T2)和长期化肥与羊粪有机肥(T3)对土壤的影响,比较了土壤AM真菌群落组成及多样性间的差异,探究了驱动土壤AM真菌群落组成及多样性变化的土壤环境因子及其相互作用效应。结果表明:随培肥时间延长,与T0处理相比,T2、T3处理的土壤全氮、有机质含量显著增加,pH显著下降(P<0.05);与2018年相比,2021年的T0、T1和T3处理土壤全磷和速效钾含量显著下降。有机无机肥配施下,球囊霉属(Glomus)和类球囊霉属(Paraglomus)是土壤AM真菌的优势属,但近明球囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)的相对丰度显著下降,从优势属变为非优势属。近明球囊霉属较球囊霉属和类球囊霉属相对丰度而言,更容易受长期培肥影响而发生显著改变。连续有机无机肥配施到2018年后,T2、T3处理的土壤近明球囊霉属和两性球囊霉属(Ambispora)的相对丰度与T0间有显著差异(P<0.05);培肥至2021年后,T2、T3处理土壤近明球囊霉属和两性球囊霉属的相对丰度与T0处理间无显著差异。随培肥时间延长,不同处理间土壤AM真菌群落的α多样性差异消失。NMDS分析结果表明:长期培肥改变了土壤AM真菌群落的β多样性,但T2与T3处理间土壤AM真菌群落相似性较一致。连续培肥改变了土壤AM真菌群落结构组成和多样性,驱动AM真菌群落变化的土壤环境因子由土壤全氮、pH转变为土壤全磷。长期有机无机培肥没有同步提升土壤全磷、速效钾等主要理化性状。随培肥年限增加,驱动土壤AM真菌群落结构和多样性变化的土壤因子发生了显著改变,AM真菌群落会随土壤环境因子的变化倾向于更加敏感的驱动因子。

HPS生物有机肥显著提升阿克苏地区苹果园土壤和叶片养分含量及果实品质

以苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)为试验材料,以HPS生物有机肥为研究对象,设置2个HPS生物有机肥处理,施肥量分别为24、15 kg/株,并减施50%的化肥,同时以常规施肥管理为对照(CK),考察了HPS生物有机肥对苹果园土壤养分及苹果叶片养分和果实品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,2个HPS生物有机肥处理土壤养分含量、苹果叶片养分含量及果实品质均有提升,且以施用24 kg/株HPS生物有机肥处理最高,其土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及叶片全氮、全磷、全钾含量显著增加(P<0.05),果实单果重和纵径显著增加(P<0.05),可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量也显著增加(P<0.05)。这说明在化肥减施下施用HPS生物有机肥可提升土壤养分、叶片养分含量及果实品质,且以24 kg/株的施用量较佳。

甘南高寒地区施用有机肥对燕麦草产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同有机肥对高寒地区燕麦草产量及土壤肥力的影响,本试验共设置5个不同的施肥处理,生育期120 d后测定了燕麦鲜草产量和干草产量,并分析了土壤的理化性质。试验结果表明:不同的有机肥对高寒地区燕麦草产量影响较大,燕麦鲜草产量结合播种施1号燕麦专用有机肥作基肥,在分蘖期追施2号燕麦专用有机肥处理组最高,为82000 kg/hm^(2),本试验生产的有机肥处理组次之。此外,经土壤化学性质检测,各处理组有机质含量均较施肥前有所增加,本试验生产的有机肥处理组有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量最高,说明以牛羊粪为原料通过益生菌发酵自制的有机肥可以有效提高土壤肥力水平。

化肥与腐秆剂施用对秸秆还田下水稻土肥力和水稻产量的影响

为探明秸秆还田条件下,化肥和腐秆剂对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响,本研究选用在安徽省霍邱县麦稻轮作区的秸秆促腐还田定位试验,对比了秸秆完全破碎直接还田(S)、秸秆完全破碎直接还田+NPK优化施肥(SF),秸秆完全破碎直接还田+腐秆剂(SD)、秸秆完全破碎直接还田+NPK优化施肥+腐秆剂(SFD)处理后土壤活性有机碳库水平、土壤养分含量和作物产量的状况。研究结果显示:与对照S处理相比,仅SFD处理显著提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库指数、土壤速效磷、速效钾和水稻产量,增幅分别为38.12%、38.47%、40.63%、55.38%、24.73%和439.44%(P<0.05);水稻产量与活性有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与总有机碳、速效钾之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。腐秆剂是培肥增产的关键因子,腐秆剂的促腐效果需在化肥施用后才能得以充分发挥,化肥与腐秆剂同时施用能最大化提升土壤肥力,并增加水稻产量。

Changes in aggregate-associated organic carbon and nitrogen after 27 years of fertilization in a dryland alfalfa grassland on the Loess Plateau of China

Changes in the distribution of soil aggregate sizes and concentrations of aggregate-associated organic carbon （OC） and nitrogen （N） in response to the fertilization of grasslands are not well understood. Understanding these changes is essential to the sustainable development of artificial grasslands. For understanding these changes, we collected soil samples at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths from a semi-arid artificial alfalfa grassland after 27 years of applications of phosphorus （P） and nitrogen＋phosphorus＋manure （NPM） fertilizers on the Loess Pla- teau of China. The distribution of aggregate sizes and the concentrations and stocks of OC and N in total soils were determined. The results showed that NPM treatment significantly increased the proportions of 〉2.0 mm and 2.0-0.25 mm size fractions, the mean geometric diameter （MGD） and the mean weight diameter （MWD） in the 0-20 cm layer. Phosphorous fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of 〉2.0 mm size fractions, the MGD and the MWD in the 0-20 cm layer. Long-term application of fertilization （P and NPM） resulted in the accumulation of OC and N in soil aggregates. The largest changes in aggregate-associated OC and N in the 0-20 cm layer were found at the NPM treatment, whereas the largest changes in the 20-40 cm layer were found at the P treatment. The results suggest that long-term fertilization in the grassland leads to the accumulation of OC and N in the coarse size fractions and the redistribution of OC and N from fine size fractions to coarse size fractions.

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil carbon（C） and nitrogen（N） play a crucial role in determining the soil and environmental quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of 26 years（from 1984 to 2010） of farmland management on soil organic carbon（SOC） and soil N in abandoned, wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） non-fertilized, wheat fertilized（mineral fertilizer and organic manure） and alfalfa（Medicago Sativa L.） non-fertilized treatments in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.29（24.4%） and 1.39 Mg/hm2（100%）, respectively, after the conversion of farmland to alfalfa land. Compared to the wheat non-fertilized treatment, SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.64（26.4%） and 1.18 Mg/hm2（85.5%）, respectively, in the wheat fertilized treatment. In addition, we found that the extents of changes in SOC, soil total N and mineral N depended on soil depth were greater in the upper soil layer（0–30 cm） than in the deeper soil layer（30–100 cm） in the alfalfa land or fertilizer-applied wheat land. Fertilizer applied to winter wheat could increase the accumulation rates of SOC and soil total N. SOC concentration had a significant positive correlation with soil total N concentration. Therefore, this study suggested that farmland management, e.g. the conversion of farmland to alfalfa forage land and fertilizer application, could promote the sequestrations of C and N in soils in semi-arid regions.

长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯农田土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳含量的影响

以国家土壤质量安定观测实验站黄绵土区的农田长期定位试验为研究平台,研究长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯农田土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:耕层土壤团聚体占比随着粒径的减小呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,团聚体有机碳含量随粒径减小呈增加趋势。施肥显著影响马铃薯农田土壤团聚体分布及有机碳含量。长期化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+OM)和单施有机肥(OM)较单施化肥(NPK)显著增加>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R0.25)和平均质量直径(MWD),显著提高大团聚体(>1 mm)对有机碳的贡献率。长期施用有机肥(NPK+OM和OM)较单施化肥(NPK)显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤团聚体有机碳储量,增幅达63.5%~82.8%。长期覆膜导致>2 mm粒径的大团聚体数量和MWD显著下降,覆膜与单施化肥(NPK)对团聚体有机碳含量及其储量影响不明显。综上所述,在西北黄土丘陵半干旱区和黄绵土质地条件下,长期化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+OM)或单用有机肥(OM)可显著提高耕层土壤大团聚体含量(R0.25)及其稳定性,促进新碳向大团聚体富集,增加团聚体有机碳储量,有利于农田土壤固碳。地膜覆盖影响土壤团聚体的分布和稳定性,但对团聚体有机碳影响不明显。

陇东半干旱区果园间作绿肥对土壤肥力的影响研究

传统清耕果园土壤肥力下降的问题严重威胁着苹果产业的可持续发展,通过研究陇东半干旱区果园间作绿肥种植模式下土壤养分及土壤微量元素的变化,为陇东半干旱区果园科学间作套种、提高果园土壤肥力提供指导。以静宁县苹果园为研究对象,选取7种果园不同绿肥间作种植模式,研究了间作绿肥对果园土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,果园间作绿肥时,土壤肥力总体表现为有机质、氮素水平偏低,土壤速效氮和速效磷含量相对丰富。3年生果园间作绿肥后土壤养分均显著高于6年生果园。不同果园间作绿肥模式下,土壤有效锌、有效锰、有效铁的差异均呈极显著水平,3年生果园间作绿肥模式的土壤有效锌含量均普遍高于6年生果园。不同果园间作绿肥模式下土壤有效锰和有效铁含量均处于中等偏上水平,且随果园年限的增加而增加;不同果园间作绿肥模式下土壤有效铜含量处于中等水平,受果园年限的增长差异不大。综上所述,陇东半干旱区3年生果园以间作2年毛叶苕子+1年扁豆为最优模式,该模式既经济又环保,可在当地生产中推广应用。

长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和有机碳的影响

以国家土壤质量安定观测试验站黄绵土区的农田长期定位试验为研究对象,研究长期施肥与覆膜对半干旱区马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率和有机碳的影响。结果表明,在欠水年和正常平水年份,地膜覆盖可显著提高马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,而丰水年份效果不明显。施肥显著影响马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率,且以有机肥与化肥配施(NPKM)效果最好;在定位施肥初期(前2年),单施化肥(NPK)的效果优于单施有机肥(OM),在第3年两者无差异,而第4年之后则相反。长期施用有机肥(NPKM和OM)较NPK处理0~20 cm土壤有机碳含量显著提高了77.35%和69.65%,有机碳储量分别显著增加了70.68%~76.55%和62.09%~63.31%。不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量碳的影响表现为NPKM>OM>NPK>CK,且差异显著,NPKM和OM较NPK处理土壤微生物量碳含量分别显著增加了43.99%和31.82%,单施有机肥较单施化肥效果显著。长期覆膜与NPK处理可显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量,而对有机碳含量及其储量影响不明显。综上所述,长期有机肥与化肥配施(NPKM)或施用有机肥(OM)可显著提高旱地黄绵土总有机碳和微生物量碳含量,增加有机碳储量,有利于农田土壤固碳,提高马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率。地膜覆盖对旱地马铃薯产量及其水分利用效率的影响与年际降水密切相关。

基于土壤修复的旱区沙化土地生态修复技术综述

旱区沙化土壤的修复和重建是保护农业生产和实现农业可持续发展的必然要求。虽然现阶段旱区沙化土壤地力提升与生态修复技术研究已取得丰硕成果,但是仍有诸多科学与技术问题尚未有效解决。笔者在综合分析国内外研究进展的基础上,围绕土壤物理、化学修复与生物修复3个层面的焦点和热点问题进行了总结分析。总体而言,生物质材料还田是农田废弃物循环利用的有效途径,但微生物菌群耐旱性和活性差等问题仍未得到有效解决,故筛选出高效与耐旱的功能微生物组对旱区生物质材料修复沙化土壤是未来研究的重要内容。筛选出适应干旱半干旱环境且稳定性强的无害“土著功能微生物”群落,结合生物质材料自身优势,构建生物质材料和土著功能微生物资源可协同修复沙化农田土壤技术体系,进而保障农田生态系统健康发展。本文明确了现阶段旱区沙化土壤地力提升与生态修复技术局限,提出了未来研究的侧重方向,可为相关学者提供参考。考虑旱区沙化土地土壤生态修复技术可被引入建设工程损毁土地的复垦,有助于实现耕地占补平衡的目标。

不同种植密度对施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特性的影响

明确不同种植密度对施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征的影响,对通过种植密度调控玉米个体光合作用与群体产量关系,实现玉米稳产丰产具有理论和实践指导意义。在甘肃河西走廊,通过3 a田间试验,以施氮360 kg/hm^(2)(N360)和不施氮(N0)为主区,玉米种植密度75000株/hm^(2)(D1)、87000株/hm^(2)(D2)和99000株/hm^(2)(D3)为副区,研究施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征对不同种植密度的响应。结果表明,试区玉米灌浆期光合有效辐射和大气温度最大值出现在14:00,最小值出现在6:00,而空气相对湿度最大值出现在6:00,最小值出现在14:00。施氮能够显著增加玉米灌浆期叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、叶片蒸腾速率(T_(r))和气孔导度(G_(s)),N360较N0在8:00-18:00的P_(n)平均增加19.5%~41.7%、T_(r)平均增加27.4%~44.1%、G_(s)平均增加27.4%~44.1%,但叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))显著降低;随着种植密度的增大,玉米灌浆期8:00―18:00的P_(n)、T_(r)、G_(s)呈降低趋势;N360D2与N360D1玉米灌浆期P_(n)差异不显著,显著大于其他处理。施氮水平和种植密度对玉米灌浆期8:00―16:00的叶片水分利用效率均无显著影响。N360较N0同时增加玉米籽粒产量和生物产量,但使玉米收获指数降低3.5%~5.3%;在N0中D2玉米籽粒产量大于D1和D3,而在N360中D2玉米籽粒产量与D3无显著差异,均显著大于D1;N360D2与N360D1的玉米籽粒产量无显著差异,均大于其他处理。总之,在施氮360 kg/hm^(2)条件下,种植密度从75000株/hm^(2)增加到87000株/hm^(2),能够使玉米灌浆期叶片光合速率保持在较高水平,提高收获指数,促进生物产量向籽粒产量的转化效率,获得最大籽粒产量。

宁夏干旱带油用向日葵水肥耦合效应研究

在滴灌条件下采用“312-D”最优饱和设计,在宁夏中部干旱带开展油用向日葵氮磷肥施入量和灌水量的大田试验。对油葵产量建立的水肥回归数学模型表明,油葵产量对氮磷水单因素都变现为正效应,增产程度表现为水﹥氮﹥磷。交互作用表现为氮水﹥氮磷﹥磷水,其中磷水交互为负效应。最优水肥用量:纯氮投入量248.03kg/hm^(2),P2O5投入量104.06kg/hm^(2),K2O投入量60 kg/hm^(2),灌水量888.05m3/hm^(2),产量达4 918.15 kg/hm^(2)。与当地农民未进行水肥耦合处理相比,增产29.4%,增收5 287元/hm^(2)。

长期施肥对旱作区农田土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

为阐明长期有机、无机施肥对旱作区土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响机制,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,利用长期定位试验(11年)和高通量测序的方法,研究了不施肥(对照,T0)、单施化肥(T1)、化肥配施羊粪有机肥(T2)和化肥配施生物有机肥(T3)对土壤的影响,分析了处理间土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的差异,探究了驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:与T0相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施能显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮的含量,其中T2处理效果最显著(P<0.05)。各施肥处理下土壤放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)细菌为优势菌门;羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了土壤放线菌门的相对丰度,增加了绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,T2处理与T0处理间有显著差异(P<0.05)。与T1处理相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配合施用使土壤硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度显著降低。类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、KD4-96和Subgroup_6为土壤细菌群落的优势菌属。T2处理较T3处理更显著地降低了土壤类诺卡氏菌属(41.15%)、芽球菌属(41.67%)和红杆菌属(27.45%)的相对丰度。与T0处理相比,T2处理更显著增加了细菌群落物种数、群落辛普森指数、香农指数和Chao1指数(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(P=0.001)、pH(P=0.003)是驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要因素。土壤pH以及有机质含量高低对驱动旱作区土壤细菌群落组成以及土壤细菌多样性变化均产生直接效应。因此,化肥与羊粪有机肥相结合的长期施肥管理是优化旱作区区域农田养分管理、提升土壤肥力的有效途径。