Human AKR1A1 involves in metabolic activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acidⅠ

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether aldo-keto reductases(AKRs)can act as a nitrore⁃ductase(NR)and bioactivate aristolochic acidⅠ(AA-Ⅰ)to produce AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts.METHODS①Human-induced hepatocytes(hiHeps)and human bladder RT4 cells were used as tool cells and treated with AA-Ⅰ0,0.5,1.0 and 2μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 method,and the half maximal inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was calculated using the CCK-8 method and the level of DNA adduct production was calculated.②hiHeps and RT4 cells were treated with AKR inhibitor luteotin(0,5,10 and 25μmol·L^(-1))+AA-Ⅰ0.2 and 1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h,respectively,and the levels of DNA adducts were detected by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).③hiHeps cells were incubated with 80 nmol·L^(-1)small interfering RNAs(si-AKRs)for 48 h and treated with AA-Ⅰ1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Real-time qualitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression of AKRs gene and LC-MS/MS technology was used to investigate the effect of specific AKR gene knockdown on DNA adduct levels.④500 nmol·L^(-1)human AKR recombinant proteins AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰwere incubated in vitro under anaerobic conditions and the formation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts was detected.RESULTS①The IC_(50)of AA-Ⅰto hiHeps and RT4 cells was 1.9 and 0.42μmol·L^(-1),respec⁃tively.The level of DNA adduct production of the two cell lines was significantly different(P<0.01).②Luteolin≥5μmol·L^(-1)significantly inhibited the production of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts in both cells(P<0.05),and there was a concentration-dependent effect in hiHeps cells(P<0.01,R=0.84).③In the AKR family,the knockdown of AKR1A1 gene up to 80%inhibited the generation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts by 30%-40%.④The AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts were detected in the incubation of recombinant protein AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰunder anaerobic conditions in vitro,approximately 1 adduct per 107 nucleotides.CONCLU⁃SION AKR1A1 is involved in AA-Ⅰbioactivation,providing a reference for elucidation of the carcino⁃genic mechanism of AA-Ⅰ.

Pharmacokinetica studies of aristolochic acid-I and-II in rats after intragastrical administration of Radix Aristolochiae and Muskone

The pharmacokinetic parameters of aristolochic acid-Ⅰ （AA-Ⅰ） and -Ⅱ （AA-Ⅱ） in rat serum after intragastrical administration of the crude drug powders of Radix Aristolochiae （RA） and Muskone containing equal amounts of RA were compared. The pharmacokinetic profiles of AA-Ⅰ and AA-Ⅱ could be fitted with a two-compartment model The elimination half time （T1/2β） of AA-Ⅰ in Muskone was 1573.2 min and that of AA-Ⅰ in RA was 475.8 min; T1/2β of AA-Ⅱ in Muskone was 2344.8 min and that of AA-Ⅱ in RA was 427.8 rain. The area under the concentration-time curve （AUC） of AA-Ⅰ in Muskone was 13.07 μg/h/mL and that of AA-Ⅰ in RA was 3.86 μg/h/mL; AUC of AA-Ⅱ in Muskone was 67.67 μg/h/mL and that of AA-Ⅱ in RA was 23.93 μg/h/mL. The bioavailabilities of AA-Ⅰ and AA-Ⅱ in Muskone were markedly increased compared with that in RA based on the elimination half-time and A UC values.

Aristolochic Acid-Induced Genotoxicity and Toxicogenomic Changes in Rodents

Aristolochic acid(AA)is a group of structurally related nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids found in many plants that are widely used by many cultures as traditional herbal medicines.AA is a causative agent for Chinese herbs nephropathy,a term replaced later by AA nephropathy.Evidence indicates that AA is nephrotoxic,genotoxic,and carcinogenic in humans;and it also induces tumors in the forestomach,kidney,renal pelvis,urinary bladder,and lung of rats and mice.Therefore,plants containing AA have been classified as carcinogenic to humans(Group 1)bytheInternational AgencyforResearchonCancer.In our laboratories,we have conducted a series of genotoxicity and toxicogenomic studies in the rats exposed to AA of 0.1–10 mg/kg for 12 weeks.Our results demonstrated that AA treatments induced DNA adducts and mutations in the kidney,liver,and spleen of rats,as well as significant alteration of gene expression in both its target and nontarget tissues.AA treatments altered mutagenesis-or carcinogenesis-related microRNA expression in rat kidney and resulted in significant changes in protein expression profiling.We also applied benchmark dose(BMD)modeling to the 3-month AA-induced genotoxicity data.The obtained BMDL10(the lower 95%confidence interval of the BMD10 that is a 10%increase over the background level)for AA-induced mutations in the kidney of rats was about 7μg/kg body weight per day.This review constitutes an overview of our investigations on AA-induced genotoxicity and toxicogenomic changes including gene expression,microRNA expression,and proteomics;and presents updated information focused on AA-induced genotoxicity in rodents.

Dissection of cellular and molecular mechanisms of aristolochic acid-induced hepatotoxicity via single-cell transcriptomics

Background:Aristolochic acids(AAs),a class of carcinogenic and mutagenic natural products from Aristolochia and Asarum plants,are well-known to be responsible for inducing nephrotoxicity and urothelial carcinoma.Recently,accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to AAs could also induce hepatotoxicity and even hepatocellular carcinoma,though the mechanisms are poorly defined.Methods:Here,we aimed to dissect the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of aristolochic acid I(AAI)-induced hepatotoxicity by using advanced single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)and proteomics techniques.We established the first single-cell atlas of mouse livers in response to AAI.Results:In hepatocytes,our results indicated that AAI activated NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways,which may contribute to the inflammatory response and apoptosis.In liver sinusoidal endothelial cells(LSECs),AAI activated multiple oxidative stress and inflammatory associated signaling pathways and induced apoptosis.Importantly,AAI induced infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and activation of proinflammatory macrophage and neutrophil cells in the liver to produce inflammatory cytokines to aggravate inflammation.Conclusions:Collectively,our study provides novel knowledge of AAs-induced molecular characteristics of hepatotoxicity at a singlecell level and suggests future treatment options for AAs associated hepatotoxicity.

EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 ON THE PROGRESSION OF ARISTOLOCHIC ACID NEPHROPATHY

Objective To investigate the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the progression of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Methods Twenty-four patients diagnosed as AAN with serum creatinine (Scr) between 1.5 mg/dL and 4 mg/dL during September 2001 to August 2003 were randomly divided into 2 groups. All patients had ingested long dan xie gan wan con-taining aristolochic acid (0.219 mg/g) for at least 3 months. Twelve patients were injected with Alprostadil (10 μg/d for 10 days in one month, summing up to 6 months). Except for PGE1, the other therapy was same in both groups. Renal function was assessed using reciprocal serum creatinine levels (1/Scr). Results The level of Scr and serum hemoglobin (Hgb) was similar in both groups prior to therapy. During follow-up, 1/Scr levels in PGE1 group were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.01), and Hgb levels in PGE1 group were sig-nificantly increased compared with control (P < 0.05).Conclusion PGE1 can slow the progression of renal failure and increase Hgb level of AAN patient.

NMR Studies on the Subacute Biochemical Effects of Aristolochic Acid on Rat Serum

The subacute effect of aristolochic acid （AA） on rat serum was studied by NMR method. The biochemical effects induced by AA were characterized by an increase in the amounts of creatinine, trimethylamine N-oxide, acetoacetate, acetate and 3-D-hydroxybutyrate and lactate in serum from ^1H NMR spectra. Principal component analysis was used for further comparing the similarities of ^1H NMR spectral profiles of serum from rats treated with AA and model toxins.

Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of aristolochic acids and their derivates

Aristolochic acids （AAs）, a natural mixture of 8-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAI）and 6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAII）, derived from aristolochiaceae species, has beenreported to cause AAS-induced nephropathy and upper urothelial cancer. In this review, we summarize the informationon the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of AAs and their derivatives. AAs nephrotoxicity can lead to apoptosis andoxidative stress of renal tubular cells, and inhibition of the expression of aquaporins. AAs can also reduce the capabilityfor renal tubular epithelial cell repair after acute injury and further produce renal fibrosis by activating TGF-β-Smadsignaling and promoting the migration of macrophages. Moreover, AAs-induced carcinogenesis may be due to theformation of covalent adducts with DNA which can lead to the mutation in certain tumor suppressor genes orproto-oncogenes and the different catalyzing capacity of the microsomal cytochrome P450 of individuals in AAImetabolism.

Improved preparation and identification of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid （AA） is a known nephrotoxin and potential carcinogen, which can form covalent DNA adducts after metabolic activation in vivo and in vitro. A simple method for preparation and characterization of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts was developed. Four AA-adducts were synthesized by a direct reaction of AAI/AAII with 2′-deoxynucleosides. The reaction mixture was first cleaned-up and pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction （SPE）, and further purified by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. By the application of developed SPE procedure, matrices and byproducts in reaction mixture could be greatly reduced and adducts of high purity （more than 94% as indicated by HPLC） were obtained. The purified AA-DNA adducts were identified and characterized with liquid-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry （LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS） and LC-Diode array detector-fluorescence （LC-DAD-FL） analysis. This work provides a robust tool for possible large-scale preparation of AA-DNA adduct standards, which can promote the further studies on carcinogenic and mutagenic mechanism of aristolochic acids.

Electrochemistry of aristolochic acid interacting with guanine

Interaction of Aristolochic acid （AA） and guanine （G） was studied by electrochemical techniques in this paper. When AA was added into the guanine solution, the oxidation peak currents of mixture solution decreased, while the peak potential and the electrochemical kinetic parameters remained the same as when AA was absent, except that the electrode process of guanine that involved two protons and two electrons changed from adsorption controlled to diffusion controlled. It is suggested that an electrochemical inactive supramolecular adduct AA-Gua （1：1） was formed in the system. The adduct cannot be oxidized on the glassy carbon electrode, which indirectly results in the decrease of the free concentration of guanine in the reaction solution and the decrease of peak currents. The binding constant （13） of this adduct is calculated as 7.14× 10^3 mol/L. The possible mechanism for the interaction of Aristolochic acid and DNA was proposed, that may provide a possible pathway for the nosogenesis research of aristolochic acid.

A NEW ARISTOLOCHIC ACID FROM ARISTOLOCHIA CINNABARINA

A new compound, aristolochoc acid Ⅲ a- 6-0-β-D-glucoside, was isolated along with four known compounds from Aristolochia cinnabarina. The structure of the new,compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral evidences

含马兜铃酸的中药现状及相关问题思考

马兜铃酸的安全性问题引起国际社会的广泛关注。我国是中药资源大国,马兜铃科马兜铃属和细辛属中药材均含有马兜铃酸类成分,这引起了人们对使用含马兜铃酸中药安全性的担忧。研究者从不同角度回答了马兜铃酸的安全风险问题,国家也出台了多项措施控制马兜铃酸的安全风险。从化学、毒性、检测等多方面系统综述了含马兜铃酸中药的现状并提出了合理化建议,可为其进一步研究和科学监管提供参考。

超高效液相-质谱法测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量

目的测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量,为其质量控制提供借鉴。方法采用超高效液相-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。色谱柱采用Waters-ACQUI UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm),采用乙腈为流动相A,0.1%甲酸含1 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子多反应监测模式,以标准曲线法计算含量。结果17批滴通鼻炎水中有9批样品未检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ(检出限0.13 pg),8批样品中检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ,含量在0.41~3.60 ng·mL^(-1)。所有样品中均未检出马兜铃酸Ⅱ(检出限0.41 pg)。结论建立了UPLC-MS/MS同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法,该方法专属性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可为滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的质量控制提供参考。

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定木香马兜铃中马兜铃酸Ⅰ及马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量

目的:建立测定木香马兜铃中马兜铃酸Ⅰ(AA-Ⅰ)及AA-Ⅱ含量的超高效液相色谱-质谱法。方法:色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol·L^(–1)甲酸铵),梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min^(–1),柱温35℃,离子源为电喷雾离子源,扫描方式为正离子扫描,多反应离子监测模式。结果:AA-Ⅰ在质量浓度为1.036~207.310 ng·mL^(–1)时与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9995);AA-Ⅱ在质量浓度为1.1~110.0 ng·mL^(–1)时与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9991);AA-Ⅰ的定量限、检测限分别为0.3287、0.0986 pg;AA-Ⅱ的定量限、检测限分别为0.6506、0.1952 pg;AA-Ⅰ的精密度、稳定性、重复性试验RSD均小于5.0%;AA-Ⅱ的精密度、稳定性、重复性试验RSD均小于5.0%;AA-Ⅰ的平均加样回收率为92.50%,RSD为4.3%;AA-Ⅱ的平均加样回收率为104.97%,RSD为3.7%。15批木香马兜铃药材中1批未检出AA-Ⅰ,8批未检出AA-Ⅱ,其余批次的AA-Ⅰ质量分数为5.94×10^(–4)~2.86 mg·g^(–1),AA-Ⅱ质量分数为0.09~0.50 mg·g^(–1)。结论:所建立的方法专属性强、快速、灵敏,可用于木香马兜铃中AA-Ⅰ及AA-Ⅱ的含量测定。

UPLC-MS/MS检测伤痛宁片中5个马兜铃酸成分

目的:测定伤痛宁片中马兜铃酸类成分的含量。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定伤痛宁片中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ、马兜铃酸Ⅲa、马兜铃酸AA-Ⅳa、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ的含量。采用Agilentporoshell C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱,以乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱;电喷雾正离子模式,多反应监测,进样量为1μL,以基质标准曲线外标法计算伤痛宁片中5个马兜铃酸成分含量。结果:18批样品中检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ质量分数为0.01~0.05 mg·kg^(–1),马兜铃酸Ⅱ和马兜铃酸Ⅲa未检出,马兜铃酸AA-Ⅳa质量分数为0.26~1.00 mg·kg^(–1),马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ质量分数为0.40~2.17 mg·kg^(–1)。结论:建立的含量测定方法,可为伤痛宁片及含马兜铃酸中药制剂的临床应用和安全监管提供参考。

UPLC-MS/MS测定双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量

目的:同时测定双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量,为其质量控制提供参考。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含1 mmol·L^(–1)乙酸铵,B)为流动相梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源,正离子扫描,多反应监测模式,以标准曲线法计算样品中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。结果:12批双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中9批样品未检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ(检出限0.13 pg),3批样品检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ,质量分数为14.62~25.82 ng·g^(–1)。所有样品均未检出马兜铃酸Ⅱ(检出限0.44 pg)。结论:建立的UPLC-MS/MS同时测定双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法,专属性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可为双辛鼻窦炎颗粒中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的质量控制提供参考。

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定通迪胶囊中的马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ

目的:建立通迪胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ(AA-Ⅰ)和AA-Ⅱ的超高效液相色谱-质谱法。方法:采用Shiseido Shim-pack velox C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm),以乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(含甲酸铵,B)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL·min^(–1),采用多反应监测,AA-Ⅰ以m/z 358.9→298.0(定量)和m/z 358.9→296.0(定性)为监测离子对;AA-Ⅱ以m/z 329.0→268.0(定量)和m/z 329.0→294.0(定性)为监测离子对,建立了液相色谱-质谱法检测方法,并对样品进行分析。结果:AA-Ⅰ在1.0524~420.9600 pg、AA-Ⅱ在1.002~100.200 ng时与峰面积线性关系良好(r>0.999),加样回收率分别为97.63%、92.34%,RSD分别为2.24%、1.49%,15批样品中AA-Ⅰ和AA-Ⅱ的质量分数分别为3.760~20.790、0.010~0.156μg·g^(–1)。结论:该方法灵敏、快速、准确、专属性强,可用于测定通迪胶囊中AA-Ⅰ和AA-Ⅱ的含量,可为通迪胶囊用药安全提供参考。

马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究与思考

目的通过梳理马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究,提出风险防控策略。方法简述马兜铃酸致肝癌的研究进展,阐明马兜铃酸与肝癌相关性再研究的科学意义,梳理本课题组关于马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性、真实性、系统性研究内容,提出含马兜铃酸中药的防控策略。结果与结论马兜铃酸与肝癌发生缺乏相关性;提出含马兜铃酸中药及制剂安全用药的风险防控策略:明确风险获益比,综合分析药品研究数据做出监管决策;针对不同风险水平患者采取分级管理措施;建立科学认知和精准评价使用中药的新方法,健全安全性质量控制制度。

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定京制咳嗽痰喘丸中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量

目的:建立超高效液相色谱-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定京制咳嗽痰喘丸中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量方法。方法:采用Agilent Poroshell SB-C_(18)色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm),以甲醇(A)-5 mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸),(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为1μL。质谱采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子模式下多反应监测(MRM),标准曲线法测定。结果:马兜铃酸I和马兜铃酸Ⅱ分别在1.052 4~210.48 pg(R^(2)=0.998 1,n=6)、1.002~100.2 pg(R^(2)=0.999 9,n=6)范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为96.09%(RSD=2.08%)和88.05%(RSD=2.64%)。结论:该方法简便、灵敏、专属性好,可用于京制咳嗽痰喘丸马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量测定。

UPLC-MS/MS法检测正天胶囊中马兜铃酸类成分

目的建立测定正天胶囊中马兜铃酸类成分的分析方法。方法采用Dikma Endeavorsil C18(1.8μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸-5 mmol甲酸铵溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM),进样量为5μL,测定正天胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ、马兜铃酸Ⅲa、马兜铃酸Ⅳa、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ的质量分数。结果10批样品中检出2种马兜铃酸类物质,质量分数分别为马兜铃酸Ⅳa 0.15~1.03 mg/kg、马兜铃内酰胺Ⅰ0.40~1.51 mg/kg。结论本研究建立的正天胶囊中马兜铃酸质量分数测定方法,可为正天胶囊及含马兜铃酸中药制剂的临床应用和安全监管提供参考。

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS同时测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法。方法采用Agilent Poroshell SB-C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm);流动相为乙腈和含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃;采用三重四级杆质谱检测器,电喷雾离子源(ESI)正离子模式下多反应监测(MRM)模式进行质谱检测。结果马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ分别在1.05~210 ng/mL(r=0.9996)和1.00~200 ng/mL(r=0.9998)有良好的线性关系。马兜铃酸Ⅰ的回收率为95.90%,RSD为2.11%;马兜铃酸Ⅱ的回收率为93.22%,RSD为1.17%。马兜铃酸Ⅰ的定量限为0.3 pg、检出限为0.1 pg;马兜铃酸Ⅱ的定量限为0.7 pg、检出限为0.2 pg。结论该方法专属性好,灵敏度高,准确可靠,能够用于测定复方胃痛胶囊中马兜铃酸Ⅰ和马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。