Lung cancer is among the most frequent cancers in the world,with over one million deaths per year.Classification is required for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy to be effective,accurate,and reliable.Gene expression ...Lung cancer is among the most frequent cancers in the world,with over one million deaths per year.Classification is required for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy to be effective,accurate,and reliable.Gene expression microarrays have made it possible to find genetic biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prediction in a high-throughput manner.Machine Learning(ML)has been widely used to diagnose and classify lung cancer where the performance of ML methods is evaluated to identify the appropriate technique.Identifying and selecting the gene expression patterns can help in lung cancer diagnoses and classification.Normally,microarrays include several genes and may cause confusion or false prediction.Therefore,the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm(AOA)is used to identify the optimal gene subset to reduce the number of selected genes.Which can allow the classifiers to yield the best performance for lung cancer classification.In addition,we proposed a modified version of AOA which can work effectively on the high dimensional dataset.In the modified AOA,the features are ranked by their weights and are used to initialize the AOA population.The exploitation process of AOA is then enhanced by developing a local search algorithm based on two neighborhood strategies.Finally,the efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated on gene expression datasets related to Lung cancer using stratified 4-fold cross-validation.The method’s efficacy in selecting the optimal gene subset is underscored by its ability to maintain feature proportions between 10%to 25%.Moreover,the approach significantly enhances lung cancer prediction accuracy.For instance,Lung_Harvard1 achieved an accuracy of 97.5%,Lung_Harvard2 and Lung_Michigan datasets both achieved 100%,Lung_Adenocarcinoma obtained an accuracy of 88.2%,and Lung_Ontario achieved an accuracy of 87.5%.In conclusion,the results indicate the potential promise of the proposed modified AOA approach in classifying microarray cancer data.展开更多
During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in unc...During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.展开更多
This article addresses the issues of falling into local optima and insufficient exploration capability in the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), proposing an improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with a mul...This article addresses the issues of falling into local optima and insufficient exploration capability in the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), proposing an improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with a multi-strategy mechanism (BSFAOA). This algorithm introduces three strategies within the standard AOA framework: an adaptive balance factor SMOA based on sine functions, a search strategy combining Spiral Search and Brownian Motion, and a hybrid perturbation strategy based on Whale Fall Mechanism and Polynomial Differential Learning. The BSFAOA algorithm is analyzed in depth on the well-known 23 benchmark functions, CEC2019 test functions, and four real optimization problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the BSFAOA algorithm can better balance the exploration and exploitation capabilities, significantly enhancing the stability, convergence mode, and search efficiency of the AOA algorithm.展开更多
In this paper, we considered the equality problem of weighted Bajraktarević means with weighted quasi-arithmetic means. Using the method of substituting for functions, we first transform the equality problem into solv...In this paper, we considered the equality problem of weighted Bajraktarević means with weighted quasi-arithmetic means. Using the method of substituting for functions, we first transform the equality problem into solving an equivalent functional equation. We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality equation.展开更多
Solving arithmetic word problems that entail deep implicit relations is still a challenging problem.However,significant progress has been made in solving Arithmetic Word Problems(AWP)over the past six decades.This pap...Solving arithmetic word problems that entail deep implicit relations is still a challenging problem.However,significant progress has been made in solving Arithmetic Word Problems(AWP)over the past six decades.This paper proposes to discover deep implicit relations by qualia inference to solve Arithmetic Word Problems entailing Deep Implicit Relations(DIR-AWP),such as entailing commonsense or subject-domain knowledge involved in the problem-solving process.This paper proposes to take three steps to solve DIR-AWPs,in which the first three steps are used to conduct the qualia inference process.The first step uses the prepared set of qualia-quantity models to identify qualia scenes from the explicit relations extracted by the Syntax-Semantic(S2)method from the given problem.The second step adds missing entities and deep implicit relations in order using the identified qualia scenes and the qualia-quantity models,respectively.The third step distills the relations for solving the given problem by pruning the spare branches of the qualia dependency graph of all the acquired relations.The research contributes to the field by presenting a comprehensive approach combining explicit and implicit knowledge to enhance reasoning abilities.The experimental results on Math23K demonstrate hat the proposed algorithm is superior to the baseline algorithms in solving AWPs requiring deep implicit relations.展开更多
Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)has evolved into a key technology for ubiquitous living and the domain of interest has remained active in research owing to its extensive range of applications.In spite of this,it is chall...Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)has evolved into a key technology for ubiquitous living and the domain of interest has remained active in research owing to its extensive range of applications.In spite of this,it is challenging to design energy-efficient WSN.The routing approaches are leveraged to reduce the utilization of energy and prolonging the lifespan of network.In order to solve the restricted energy problem,it is essential to reduce the energy utilization of data,transmitted from the routing protocol and improve network development.In this background,the current study proposes a novel Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-hop Routing Protocol(DEAOA-MHRP)for WSN.The aim of the proposed DEAOA-MHRP model is select the optimal routes to reach the destination in WSN.To accomplish this,DEAOA-MHRP model initially integrates the concepts of Different Evolution(DE)and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithms(AOA)to improve convergence rate and solution quality.Besides,the inclusion of DE in traditional AOA helps in overcoming local optima problems.In addition,the proposed DEAOA-MRP technique derives a fitness function comprising two input variables such as residual energy and distance.In order to ensure the energy efficient performance of DEAOA-MHRP model,a detailed comparative study was conducted and the results established its superior performance over recent approaches.展开更多
A design of a high-speed multi-core processor with compact size is a trending approach in the Integrated Circuits(ICs)fabrication industries.Because whenever device size comes down into narrow,designers facing many po...A design of a high-speed multi-core processor with compact size is a trending approach in the Integrated Circuits(ICs)fabrication industries.Because whenever device size comes down into narrow,designers facing many power den-sity issues should be reduced by scaling threshold voltage and supply voltage.Initially,Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS)technology sup-ports power saving up to 32 nm gate length,but further scaling causes short severe channel effects such as threshold voltage swing,mobility degradation,and more leakage power(less than 32)at gate length.Hence,it directly affects the arithmetic logic unit(ALU),which suffers a significant power density of the scaled multi-core architecture.Therefore,it losses reliability features to get overheating and increased temperature.This paper presents a novel power mini-mization technique for active 4-bit ALU operations using Fin Field Effect Tran-sistor(FinFET)at 22 nm technology.Based on this,a diode is directly connected to the load transistor,and it is active only at the saturation region as a function.Thereby,the access transistor can cutoff of the leakage current,and sleep transis-tors control theflow of leakage current corresponding to each instant ALU opera-tion.The combination of transistors(access and sleep)reduces the leakage current from micro to nano-ampere.Further,the power minimization is achieved by con-necting the number of transistors(6T and 10T)of the FinFET structure to ALU with 22 nm technology.For simulation concerns,a Tanner(T-Spice)with 22 nm technology implements the proposed design,which reduces threshold vol-tage swing,supply power,leakage current,gate length delay,etc.As a result,it is quite suitable for the ALU architecture of a high-speed multi-core processor.展开更多
In this article, we define the arithmetic operations of generalized trapezoidal picture fuzzy numbers by vertex method which is assembled on a combination of the (α, γ, β)-cut concept and standard interval analysis...In this article, we define the arithmetic operations of generalized trapezoidal picture fuzzy numbers by vertex method which is assembled on a combination of the (α, γ, β)-cut concept and standard interval analysis. Various related properties are explored. Finally, some computations of picture fuzzy functions over generalized picture fuzzy variables are illustrated by using our proposed technique.展开更多
In this paper, we analyse a new chaos-based cryptosystem with an embedded adaptive arithmetic coder, which was proposed by Li Heng-Jian and Zhang J S (Li H J and Zhang J S 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050508). Although thi...In this paper, we analyse a new chaos-based cryptosystem with an embedded adaptive arithmetic coder, which was proposed by Li Heng-Jian and Zhang J S (Li H J and Zhang J S 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050508). Although this new method has a better compression performance than its original version, it is found that there are some problems with its security and decryption processes. In this paper, it is shown how to obtain a great deal of plain text from the cipher text without prior knowledge of the secret key. After discussing the security and decryption problems of the Li Heng-Jian et al. algorithm, we propose an improved chaos-based cryptosystem with an embedded adaptive arithmetic coder that is more secure.展开更多
A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlat...A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are ...A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are transformed into the σ-coordinate system and the eddy viscosity is calculated with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The control volume method is used to discrete the equations, and the boundary conditions at the bed for shallow water models only include vertical diffusion terms expressed with wall functions. And the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation arithmetic is adopted to solve the equations. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a current over two steep-sided trenches for which experiment data are available for comparison and good agreement is obtained. And the model is used to predicting the flow in a channel with a steep-sided submerged breakwater at the bottom, and the streamline is drawn.展开更多
For protecting the copyright of a text and recovering its original content harmlessly,this paper proposes a novel reversible natural language watermarking method that combines arithmetic coding and synonym substitutio...For protecting the copyright of a text and recovering its original content harmlessly,this paper proposes a novel reversible natural language watermarking method that combines arithmetic coding and synonym substitution operations.By analyzing relative frequencies of synonymous words,synonyms employed for carrying payload are quantized into an unbalanced and redundant binary sequence.The quantized binary sequence is compressed by adaptive binary arithmetic coding losslessly to provide a spare for accommodating additional data.Then,the compressed data appended with the watermark are embedded into the cover text via synonym substitutions in an invertible manner.On the receiver side,the watermark and compressed data can be extracted by decoding the values of synonyms in the watermarked text,as a result of which the original context can be perfectly recovered by decompressing the extracted compressed data and substituting the replaced synonyms with their original synonyms.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can extract the watermark successfully and achieve a lossless recovery of the original text.Additionally,it achieves a high embedding capacity.展开更多
Let φ(n) denote the Euler-totient function, we study the distribution of solutions of φ(n) ≤ x in arithmetic progressions, where n ≡ l(mod q) and an asymptotic formula was obtained by Perron formula.
For any x ∈ (0, 1] (except at most countably many points), there exists a unique sequence {dn(x)}n≥1 of integers, called the digit sequence of x, such that x =∞ ∑j=1 1/d1(x)(d1(x)-1)……dj-1(x)(dj-1...For any x ∈ (0, 1] (except at most countably many points), there exists a unique sequence {dn(x)}n≥1 of integers, called the digit sequence of x, such that x =∞ ∑j=1 1/d1(x)(d1(x)-1)……dj-1(x)(dj-1(x)-1)dj(x). The dexter infinite series expansion is called the Liiroth expansion of x. This paper is con- cerned with the size of the set of points x whose digit sequence in its Liiroth expansion is strictly increasing and contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions with arbitrary com- mon difference. More precisely, we determine the Hausdorff dimension of the above set.展开更多
An approximately optimal adaptive arithmetic coding (AC) system using a forbidden symbol (FS) over noisy channels was proposed which allows one to jointly and adaptively design the source decoding and channel correcti...An approximately optimal adaptive arithmetic coding (AC) system using a forbidden symbol (FS) over noisy channels was proposed which allows one to jointly and adaptively design the source decoding and channel correcting in a single process, with superior performance compared with traditional separated techniques. The concept of adaptiveness is applied not only to the source model but also to the amount of coding redundancy. In addition, an improved branch metric computing algorithm and a faster sequential searching algorithm compared with the system proposed by Grangetto were proposed. The proposed system is tested in the case of image transmission over the AWGN channel, and compared with traditional separated system in terms of packet error rate and complexity. Both hard and soft decoding were taken into account.展开更多
Modular arithmetic is a fundamental operation and plays an important role in public key cryptosystem. A new method and its theory evidence on the basis of modular arithmetic with large integer modulus-changeable modul...Modular arithmetic is a fundamental operation and plays an important role in public key cryptosystem. A new method and its theory evidence on the basis of modular arithmetic with large integer modulus-changeable modulus algorithm is proposed to improve the speed of the modular arithmetic in the presented paper. For changeable modulus algorithm, when modular computation of modulo n is difficult, it can be realized by computation of modulo n-1 and n-2 on the perquisite of easy modular computations of modulo n-1 and modulo n-2. The conclusion is that the new method is better than the direct method by computing the modular arithmetic operation with large modulus. Especially, when computations of modulo n-1 and modulo n-2 are easy and computation of modulo n is difficult, this new method will be faster and has more advantages than other algorithms on modular arithmetic. Lastly, it is suggested that the proposed method be applied in public key cryptography based on modular multiplication and modular exponentiation with large integer modulus effectively展开更多
When the uncertainties of structures may be bounded in intervals, through some suitable discretization, interval finite element method can be constructed by combining the interval analysis with the traditional finite ...When the uncertainties of structures may be bounded in intervals, through some suitable discretization, interval finite element method can be constructed by combining the interval analysis with the traditional finite element method (FEM). The two parameters, median and deviation, were used to represent the uncertainties of interval variables. Based on the arithmetic rules of intervals, some properties and arithmetic rules of interval variables were demonstrated. Combining the procedure of interval analysis with FEM, a static linear interval finite element method was presented to solve the non-random uncertain structures. ne solving of the characteristic parameters of n-freedom uncertain displacement field of the static governing equation was transformed into 2 n-order linear equations. It is shown by a numerical example that the proposed method is practical and effective.展开更多
From such actual conditions as the effects of characteristics of miltilayer petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics, a new numerical model is put forward and coupling splitting-up implicit interactive scheme ...From such actual conditions as the effects of characteristics of miltilayer petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics, a new numerical model is put forward and coupling splitting-up implicit interactive scheme is formed. For the actual situation of Dongying hollow (four-layer) and Tanhai region (three-layer) of Shengli Petroleum Field, the numerical simulation test results and the actual conditions are coincident.展开更多
The key component of finite element analysis of structures with fuzzy parameters, which is associated with handling of some fuzzy information and arithmetic relation of fuzzy variables, was the solving of the governin...The key component of finite element analysis of structures with fuzzy parameters, which is associated with handling of some fuzzy information and arithmetic relation of fuzzy variables, was the solving of the governing equations of fuzzy finite element method. Based on a given interval representation of fuzzy numbers, some arithmetic rules of fuzzy numbers and fuzzy variables were developed in terms of the properties of interval arithmetic. According to the rules and by the theory of interval finite element method, procedures for solving the static governing equations of fuzzy finite element method of structures were presented. By the proposed procedure, the possibility distributions of responses of fuzzy structures can be generated in terms of the membership functions of the input fuzzy numbers. It is shown by a numerical example that the computational burden of the presented procedures is low and easy to implement. The effectiveness and usefulness of the presented procedures are also illustrated.展开更多
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University.Grant Number:2019-416-ASCS.
文摘Lung cancer is among the most frequent cancers in the world,with over one million deaths per year.Classification is required for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy to be effective,accurate,and reliable.Gene expression microarrays have made it possible to find genetic biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prediction in a high-throughput manner.Machine Learning(ML)has been widely used to diagnose and classify lung cancer where the performance of ML methods is evaluated to identify the appropriate technique.Identifying and selecting the gene expression patterns can help in lung cancer diagnoses and classification.Normally,microarrays include several genes and may cause confusion or false prediction.Therefore,the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm(AOA)is used to identify the optimal gene subset to reduce the number of selected genes.Which can allow the classifiers to yield the best performance for lung cancer classification.In addition,we proposed a modified version of AOA which can work effectively on the high dimensional dataset.In the modified AOA,the features are ranked by their weights and are used to initialize the AOA population.The exploitation process of AOA is then enhanced by developing a local search algorithm based on two neighborhood strategies.Finally,the efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated on gene expression datasets related to Lung cancer using stratified 4-fold cross-validation.The method’s efficacy in selecting the optimal gene subset is underscored by its ability to maintain feature proportions between 10%to 25%.Moreover,the approach significantly enhances lung cancer prediction accuracy.For instance,Lung_Harvard1 achieved an accuracy of 97.5%,Lung_Harvard2 and Lung_Michigan datasets both achieved 100%,Lung_Adenocarcinoma obtained an accuracy of 88.2%,and Lung_Ontario achieved an accuracy of 87.5%.In conclusion,the results indicate the potential promise of the proposed modified AOA approach in classifying microarray cancer data.
基金This article was supported by the general project“Research on Wind and Photovoltaic Fault Characteristics and Practical Short Circuit Calculation Model”(521820200097)of Jiangxi Electric Power Company.
文摘During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.
文摘This article addresses the issues of falling into local optima and insufficient exploration capability in the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), proposing an improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with a multi-strategy mechanism (BSFAOA). This algorithm introduces three strategies within the standard AOA framework: an adaptive balance factor SMOA based on sine functions, a search strategy combining Spiral Search and Brownian Motion, and a hybrid perturbation strategy based on Whale Fall Mechanism and Polynomial Differential Learning. The BSFAOA algorithm is analyzed in depth on the well-known 23 benchmark functions, CEC2019 test functions, and four real optimization problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the BSFAOA algorithm can better balance the exploration and exploitation capabilities, significantly enhancing the stability, convergence mode, and search efficiency of the AOA algorithm.
文摘In this paper, we considered the equality problem of weighted Bajraktarević means with weighted quasi-arithmetic means. Using the method of substituting for functions, we first transform the equality problem into solving an equivalent functional equation. We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality equation.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61977029)supported the worksupported partly by Nurturing Program for Doctoral Dissertations at Central China Normal University(No.2022YBZZ028).
文摘Solving arithmetic word problems that entail deep implicit relations is still a challenging problem.However,significant progress has been made in solving Arithmetic Word Problems(AWP)over the past six decades.This paper proposes to discover deep implicit relations by qualia inference to solve Arithmetic Word Problems entailing Deep Implicit Relations(DIR-AWP),such as entailing commonsense or subject-domain knowledge involved in the problem-solving process.This paper proposes to take three steps to solve DIR-AWPs,in which the first three steps are used to conduct the qualia inference process.The first step uses the prepared set of qualia-quantity models to identify qualia scenes from the explicit relations extracted by the Syntax-Semantic(S2)method from the given problem.The second step adds missing entities and deep implicit relations in order using the identified qualia scenes and the qualia-quantity models,respectively.The third step distills the relations for solving the given problem by pruning the spare branches of the qualia dependency graph of all the acquired relations.The research contributes to the field by presenting a comprehensive approach combining explicit and implicit knowledge to enhance reasoning abilities.The experimental results on Math23K demonstrate hat the proposed algorithm is superior to the baseline algorithms in solving AWPs requiring deep implicit relations.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number(RGP 2/142/43)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R237)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:(22UQU4310373DSR14).
文摘Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)has evolved into a key technology for ubiquitous living and the domain of interest has remained active in research owing to its extensive range of applications.In spite of this,it is challenging to design energy-efficient WSN.The routing approaches are leveraged to reduce the utilization of energy and prolonging the lifespan of network.In order to solve the restricted energy problem,it is essential to reduce the energy utilization of data,transmitted from the routing protocol and improve network development.In this background,the current study proposes a novel Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-hop Routing Protocol(DEAOA-MHRP)for WSN.The aim of the proposed DEAOA-MHRP model is select the optimal routes to reach the destination in WSN.To accomplish this,DEAOA-MHRP model initially integrates the concepts of Different Evolution(DE)and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithms(AOA)to improve convergence rate and solution quality.Besides,the inclusion of DE in traditional AOA helps in overcoming local optima problems.In addition,the proposed DEAOA-MRP technique derives a fitness function comprising two input variables such as residual energy and distance.In order to ensure the energy efficient performance of DEAOA-MHRP model,a detailed comparative study was conducted and the results established its superior performance over recent approaches.
文摘A design of a high-speed multi-core processor with compact size is a trending approach in the Integrated Circuits(ICs)fabrication industries.Because whenever device size comes down into narrow,designers facing many power den-sity issues should be reduced by scaling threshold voltage and supply voltage.Initially,Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS)technology sup-ports power saving up to 32 nm gate length,but further scaling causes short severe channel effects such as threshold voltage swing,mobility degradation,and more leakage power(less than 32)at gate length.Hence,it directly affects the arithmetic logic unit(ALU),which suffers a significant power density of the scaled multi-core architecture.Therefore,it losses reliability features to get overheating and increased temperature.This paper presents a novel power mini-mization technique for active 4-bit ALU operations using Fin Field Effect Tran-sistor(FinFET)at 22 nm technology.Based on this,a diode is directly connected to the load transistor,and it is active only at the saturation region as a function.Thereby,the access transistor can cutoff of the leakage current,and sleep transis-tors control theflow of leakage current corresponding to each instant ALU opera-tion.The combination of transistors(access and sleep)reduces the leakage current from micro to nano-ampere.Further,the power minimization is achieved by con-necting the number of transistors(6T and 10T)of the FinFET structure to ALU with 22 nm technology.For simulation concerns,a Tanner(T-Spice)with 22 nm technology implements the proposed design,which reduces threshold vol-tage swing,supply power,leakage current,gate length delay,etc.As a result,it is quite suitable for the ALU architecture of a high-speed multi-core processor.
文摘In this article, we define the arithmetic operations of generalized trapezoidal picture fuzzy numbers by vertex method which is assembled on a combination of the (α, γ, β)-cut concept and standard interval analysis. Various related properties are explored. Finally, some computations of picture fuzzy functions over generalized picture fuzzy variables are illustrated by using our proposed technique.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60573172 and 60973152)the Doctoral Program Foundation of Institution of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20070141014)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (Grant No. 20082165)
文摘In this paper, we analyse a new chaos-based cryptosystem with an embedded adaptive arithmetic coder, which was proposed by Li Heng-Jian and Zhang J S (Li H J and Zhang J S 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050508). Although this new method has a better compression performance than its original version, it is found that there are some problems with its security and decryption processes. In this paper, it is shown how to obtain a great deal of plain text from the cipher text without prior knowledge of the secret key. After discussing the security and decryption problems of the Li Heng-Jian et al. algorithm, we propose an improved chaos-based cryptosystem with an embedded adaptive arithmetic coder that is more secure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(Grant 51222502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11172096)the Funds for State Key Laboratory of Construction Machinery(SKLCM2014-1)
文摘A new interval arithmetic method is proposed to solve interval functions with correlated intervals through which the overestimation problem existing in interval analysis could be significantly alleviated. The correlation between interval parameters is defined by the multidimensional parallelepiped model which is convenient to describe the correlative and independent interval variables in a unified framework. The original interval variables with correlation are transformed into the standard space without correlation,and then the relationship between the original variables and the standard interval variables is obtained. The expressions of four basic interval arithmetic operations, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, are given in the standard space. Finally, several numerical examples and a two-step bar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are transformed into the σ-coordinate system and the eddy viscosity is calculated with the standard k-ε turbulence model. The control volume method is used to discrete the equations, and the boundary conditions at the bed for shallow water models only include vertical diffusion terms expressed with wall functions. And the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation arithmetic is adopted to solve the equations. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a current over two steep-sided trenches for which experiment data are available for comparison and good agreement is obtained. And the model is used to predicting the flow in a channel with a steep-sided submerged breakwater at the bottom, and the streamline is drawn.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61202439)partly supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department of China(No.16A008)partly supported by Hunan Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems(No.2017TP1016).
文摘For protecting the copyright of a text and recovering its original content harmlessly,this paper proposes a novel reversible natural language watermarking method that combines arithmetic coding and synonym substitution operations.By analyzing relative frequencies of synonymous words,synonyms employed for carrying payload are quantized into an unbalanced and redundant binary sequence.The quantized binary sequence is compressed by adaptive binary arithmetic coding losslessly to provide a spare for accommodating additional data.Then,the compressed data appended with the watermark are embedded into the cover text via synonym substitutions in an invertible manner.On the receiver side,the watermark and compressed data can be extracted by decoding the values of synonyms in the watermarked text,as a result of which the original context can be perfectly recovered by decompressing the extracted compressed data and substituting the replaced synonyms with their original synonyms.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can extract the watermark successfully and achieve a lossless recovery of the original text.Additionally,it achieves a high embedding capacity.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11271249) Supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(1601213) Supported by the Scientific Research Program of Yangtze Normal University(2012XJYBO31)
文摘Let φ(n) denote the Euler-totient function, we study the distribution of solutions of φ(n) ≤ x in arithmetic progressions, where n ≡ l(mod q) and an asymptotic formula was obtained by Perron formula.
文摘For any x ∈ (0, 1] (except at most countably many points), there exists a unique sequence {dn(x)}n≥1 of integers, called the digit sequence of x, such that x =∞ ∑j=1 1/d1(x)(d1(x)-1)……dj-1(x)(dj-1(x)-1)dj(x). The dexter infinite series expansion is called the Liiroth expansion of x. This paper is con- cerned with the size of the set of points x whose digit sequence in its Liiroth expansion is strictly increasing and contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions with arbitrary com- mon difference. More precisely, we determine the Hausdorff dimension of the above set.
文摘An approximately optimal adaptive arithmetic coding (AC) system using a forbidden symbol (FS) over noisy channels was proposed which allows one to jointly and adaptively design the source decoding and channel correcting in a single process, with superior performance compared with traditional separated techniques. The concept of adaptiveness is applied not only to the source model but also to the amount of coding redundancy. In addition, an improved branch metric computing algorithm and a faster sequential searching algorithm compared with the system proposed by Grangetto were proposed. The proposed system is tested in the case of image transmission over the AWGN channel, and compared with traditional separated system in terms of packet error rate and complexity. Both hard and soft decoding were taken into account.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (60373087)
文摘Modular arithmetic is a fundamental operation and plays an important role in public key cryptosystem. A new method and its theory evidence on the basis of modular arithmetic with large integer modulus-changeable modulus algorithm is proposed to improve the speed of the modular arithmetic in the presented paper. For changeable modulus algorithm, when modular computation of modulo n is difficult, it can be realized by computation of modulo n-1 and n-2 on the perquisite of easy modular computations of modulo n-1 and modulo n-2. The conclusion is that the new method is better than the direct method by computing the modular arithmetic operation with large modulus. Especially, when computations of modulo n-1 and modulo n-2 are easy and computation of modulo n is difficult, this new method will be faster and has more advantages than other algorithms on modular arithmetic. Lastly, it is suggested that the proposed method be applied in public key cryptography based on modular multiplication and modular exponentiation with large integer modulus effectively
文摘When the uncertainties of structures may be bounded in intervals, through some suitable discretization, interval finite element method can be constructed by combining the interval analysis with the traditional finite element method (FEM). The two parameters, median and deviation, were used to represent the uncertainties of interval variables. Based on the arithmetic rules of intervals, some properties and arithmetic rules of interval variables were demonstrated. Combining the procedure of interval analysis with FEM, a static linear interval finite element method was presented to solve the non-random uncertain structures. ne solving of the characteristic parameters of n-freedom uncertain displacement field of the static governing equation was transformed into 2 n-order linear equations. It is shown by a numerical example that the proposed method is practical and effective.
文摘From such actual conditions as the effects of characteristics of miltilayer petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics, a new numerical model is put forward and coupling splitting-up implicit interactive scheme is formed. For the actual situation of Dongying hollow (four-layer) and Tanhai region (three-layer) of Shengli Petroleum Field, the numerical simulation test results and the actual conditions are coincident.
基金Foundation items:the National Natural Science Foundation of China(59575040,59575032)the Areonautics Science Foundation of China(00B53010)
文摘The key component of finite element analysis of structures with fuzzy parameters, which is associated with handling of some fuzzy information and arithmetic relation of fuzzy variables, was the solving of the governing equations of fuzzy finite element method. Based on a given interval representation of fuzzy numbers, some arithmetic rules of fuzzy numbers and fuzzy variables were developed in terms of the properties of interval arithmetic. According to the rules and by the theory of interval finite element method, procedures for solving the static governing equations of fuzzy finite element method of structures were presented. By the proposed procedure, the possibility distributions of responses of fuzzy structures can be generated in terms of the membership functions of the input fuzzy numbers. It is shown by a numerical example that the computational burden of the presented procedures is low and easy to implement. The effectiveness and usefulness of the presented procedures are also illustrated.