Extensive research has used dimethylarsinic acid(DMA)in urine as a marker of arsenic methylation.The premise is that humans methylate inorganic arsenicals to monomethylarsonic acid(MMA)and DMA and excrete these arseni...Extensive research has used dimethylarsinic acid(DMA)in urine as a marker of arsenic methylation.The premise is that humans methylate inorganic arsenicals to monomethylarsonic acid(MMA)and DMA and excrete these arsenic species into the urine.However,DMA in urine not only comes from the methylation of inorganic arsenic but also could be a result of metabolism of other arsenic species,such as arsenosugars and arsenolipids.Most environmental health and epidemiological studies of arsenic methylation might have overlooked confounding factors that contribute to DMA in urine.Here we critically evaluate reported studies that used methylation indexes,concentration ratios of methylated arsenicals,or the percentage of DMA in urine as markers of arsenic methylation efficiency.Dietary intake of arsenosugars potentially confounds the calculation and interpretation of the arsenic methylation efficiencies.Many studies have not considered incidental dietary intake of arsenosugars,arsenolipids,and other organic arsenic species.Future studies should consider the dietary intake of diverse arsenic species and their potential effect on the urinary concentrations of DMA.展开更多
For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic.Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, eva...For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic.Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here,we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals（arsenosugars, arsenolipids,and trimethylarsonium compounds） that are found in foods and consider their origins,metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.展开更多
基金supported by Alberta Health,Alberta Innovates,the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
文摘Extensive research has used dimethylarsinic acid(DMA)in urine as a marker of arsenic methylation.The premise is that humans methylate inorganic arsenicals to monomethylarsonic acid(MMA)and DMA and excrete these arsenic species into the urine.However,DMA in urine not only comes from the methylation of inorganic arsenic but also could be a result of metabolism of other arsenic species,such as arsenosugars and arsenolipids.Most environmental health and epidemiological studies of arsenic methylation might have overlooked confounding factors that contribute to DMA in urine.Here we critically evaluate reported studies that used methylation indexes,concentration ratios of methylated arsenicals,or the percentage of DMA in urine as markers of arsenic methylation efficiency.Dietary intake of arsenosugars potentially confounds the calculation and interpretation of the arsenic methylation efficiencies.Many studies have not considered incidental dietary intake of arsenosugars,arsenolipids,and other organic arsenic species.Future studies should consider the dietary intake of diverse arsenic species and their potential effect on the urinary concentrations of DMA.
文摘For much of the world＇s population, food is the major source of exposure to arsenic.Exposure to this non-essential metalloid at relatively low levels may be linked to a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, evaluating foods as sources of exposure to arsenic is important in assessing risk and developing strategies that protect public health. Although most emphasis has been placed on inorganic arsenic as human carcinogen and toxicant, an array of arsenic-containing species are found in plants and animals used as foods. Here,we 2evaluate the contribution of complex organic arsenicals（arsenosugars, arsenolipids,and trimethylarsonium compounds） that are found in foods and consider their origins,metabolism, and potential toxicity. Commonalities in the metabolism of arsenosugars and arsenolipids lead to the production of di-methylated arsenicals which are known to exert many toxic effects. Evaluating foods as sources of exposure to these complex organic arsenicals and understanding the formation of reactive metabolites may be critical in assessing their contribution to aggregate exposure to arsenic.
