Diversity and dominant species of arthropods in different forests of Aershan,Inner Mongolia

Taking different forests in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as sample plots, diversity and dominant species of arthropods were studied. The results show that two classes, 17 orders, 68 families, 130 species and 3742 individuals were identified and 92.31% of total species appeared in natural forests, and 75.38% of total species appeared in plantations. The orders of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera covered most of the collected arthropods. In different forest types, diversity indices is natural mixed forests （Betula platyphylla x Larix gmelinii）〉 natural pure B. platyphylla forests〉natural pure L. gmelinii forests〉plantations with pesticide treatment〉plantations without pesticide treatment. In natural forests, more than 70% of the arthropod families, species and individuals were distributed in shrub and herb layer, while in plantations 75% of the arthropod families, 78% of species and 80% of individuals were also distributed in shrub and herb layer. Lepidoptera, including Loxostege sticticalis （Linnaeus）, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） and Lymantria dispar （Linnaeus）, had the highest dominant degree.

Adaptive genetic diversity of dominant species contributes to species co-existence and community assembly

The synthesis of evolutionary biology and community ecology aims to understand how genetic variation within one species can shape community properties and how the ecological properties of a community can drive the evolution of a species.A rarely explored aspect is whether the interaction of genetic variation and community properties depends on the species'ecological role.Here we investigated the interactions among environmental factors,species diversity,and the within-species genetic diversity of species with different ecological roles.Using high-throughput DNA sequencing,we genotyped a canopydominant tree species,Parashorea chinensis,and an understory-abundant species,Pittosporopsis kerrii,from fifteen plots in Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest and estimated their adaptive,neutral and total genetic diversity;we also surveyed species diversity and assayed key soil nutrients.Structural equation modelling revealed that soil nitrogen availability created an opposing effect in species diversity and adaptive genetic diversity of the canopy-dominant Pa.chinensis.The increased adaptive genetic diversity of Pa.chinensis led to greater species diversity by promoting co-existence.Increased species diversity reduced the adaptive genetic diversity of the dominant understory species,Pi.kerrii,which was promoted by the adaptive genetic diversity of the canopy-dominant Pa.chinensis.However,such relationships were absent when neutral genetic diversity or total genetic diversity were used in the model.Our results demonstrated the important ecological interaction between adaptive genetic diversity and species diversity,but the pattern of the interaction depends on the identity of the species.Our results highlight the significant ecological role of dominant species in competitive interactions and regulation of community structure.

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China:A case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao抏rshan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, north-east of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Maoerhshan region were studied by combining the forest type map (1:10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index, dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao抏rshan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary for-ests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.

Density Dependence of a Dominant Species and the Effects on Community Diversity Maintainance

In order to test whether density dependence influences community diversity, a combination of manipulative experimentation and plot surveys were done using Cryptocarya concinna, a dominant species in subtropical evergreen forest. Twelve pairs of 1 m^2 seedling plots were built around 12 adults, and plots were treated monthly with either a fungicide or a control. The surviving proportion of C. concinna seedlings at different stages was calculated, and an analysis was conducted on the impact of fungicide on seedling survival and species richness. Correlation between relative abundance and community evenness at different ages was analyzed using plot surveys. The results showed that fungicide treatment decreased species richness of the seedling community by pro- moting the recruitment of common species. Furthermore, census of a 25 m radius around adult C. concinna trees confirmed that the density of saplings increased with distance from adults. Relative abundance of C. concinna decreased with increasing age, and decreasing C. concinna dominance resulted in an increase in community even- ness. To avoid the appearance of a single optimum population, the dominance of C. concinna decreased with age via density dependence, and subsequently improved community species diversity.

Plant diversity patterns in different forests in Aershan,Inner Mongolia

Taking the communities of the sample sites in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as an investigation object, the indices affecting plant diversity were studied. The investigation was carried out in three different forest types （natural forests, plantations and regenerated forests after fire）. Results show that 95 plant species belonging to 19 families and 50 genera were identified in total. Of these species, nine were arbors, six were shrubs and the other 80 were herbs. We found some differences in the dominant species of different layers in three forest types. Natural forests had the largest importance value for the total number of species, followed by plantations and regenerated forests after fire. Plantations and natural forests had a similar change in richness indices. The largest value of richness indices was obtained in natural forests, while the lowest value was in regenerated forests after fire. Three diversity indices （Simpson＇s, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou＇s indices） indicate a similar trend in all sample plots. With an increase in elevation, values of diversity indices first increased and then decreased. In different forest types, similarity between natural forests was largest, while similarity between the regenerated forests and plantations was lowest.

Response of Regeneration Diversity of Carex Lasiocarpa Community to Different Water Levels in Sanjiang Plain,China

The species diversity at the regeneration stage, inflenced by different water levels, is important for community composition in the later growing season.Regeneration diversity of Carex lasiocarpa community under different water levels was studied at two stages, recruitment and adult, in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China.The results showed that, at the two growing stages, important value of C.lasiocarpa population and species richness of the community decreased with the increasing water level, while the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou evenness index increased.Under different water levels, community diversities were higher at the recruitment stage, while population important values of C.lasiocarpa were higher at the adult stage.Indexes in vegetation evaluation must be chosen prudentially for successful restoration and effective management of wetlands, and especially for wetland restoration, the optimal time should be selected according to the restoration objectives and costs.

Assessment of Tree Diversity and Abundance in Rashad Natural Reserved Forest, South Kordofan, Sudan

This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20 m) were taken randomly, and parameters were determined: trees species diversity, composition, relative density, dominance, important value index, and species richness in the Rashad forest reserve. The results show that a total of 237 and 56 tree species, including 22 families, have been identified in the study area. Fabaceae family and species numbers have the highest number of 13 species in 8 genera, followed by Combretaceae with 8 species belonging to 3 different genera, Malvaceae with 5 species belonging to 4 different genera, Apocynaceae with 3 species belonging to 3 different genera. The Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae families each had two species, and all the other 11 families had one species each. Among the 56 different tree species found within the reserve. The results also indicated that Tamarindus indica L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. had the highest relative density and dominance of 4.64% and 11% respectively. Adansonia digitata L., Grewia villosa Willd, Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray had density and dominance of 4.80% and 9%. Followed by Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr, Adansonia digitata L., Catunaregam nilotica (Stapf) Tirveng. (Syn: Xeromphis nilotica (Stapf) Keay, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. with 3.38% and 8%, respectively. Eleven species recorded the least relative dominance of 0.42%. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) value stood at 3.82. And as diversity indices varied with location depending on the species available within an ecological zone, Rashad forest reserve is blessed with a moderate diversity index.

Can picnic influence floral diversity and vitality of trees in Bhawal National Park of Bangladesh?

We examined the impact of picnic activities on forest diversity, structure, regeneration and vitality of tree species in the Bhawal National Park of Bangladesh. The study area was classified as a non-used, occasionally used and frequently used area on the basis of the intensity of the picnic activities. A total of 43 plant species were enumerated in the whole study area. The highest plant species richness （41 species） was observed in the non-used area whereas the lowest species richness （11 species） in the frequently used area. The diversity index decreased with the increase of picnic intensity whereas the concentration of dominance increased. Density of all plant groups except mature trees, and the basal area of the mature trees showed a declining trend from the non-used to frequently used area. The frequently used area exhibited very poor regeneration. Tree vitality decreased with the increase of picnic intensity. The relevance of our study as a basis for further research to determine the impact of tourism on biodiversity in Bangladesh is discussed.

三江源区鱼类多样性调查及保护对策

了解三江源区鱼类多样性及其资源现状,为三江源区生态系统保护和流域管理提供科学依据。2022年8月开展了长江源、黄河源、澜沧江源鱼类调查,分析了3个水系鱼类组成与分布,探讨了鱼类多样性特征,研究了三江源地区鱼类群落的空间格局。结果表明:三江源区共调查到鱼类18种,其中长江源9种,黄河源8种,澜沧江源6种;根据相对重要性指数,长江源优势种3种,依次为细尾高原鳅(Triplophysa stenura)、小头高原鱼(Herzensteinin microcephalus)、裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon),黄河源优势种2种,包括麻尔柯高原鳅(T.markehenensis)和黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi),澜沧江源优势种4种,依次为前腹裸裂尻鱼(S.anteroventris)、裸腹叶须鱼、东方高原鳅(T.orientalis)和细尾高原鳅;三江源区鱼类多样性相对较低,其中澜沧江源最高,长江源次之,黄河源最低。对鱼类种类组成进行聚类分析,结果表明长江源和澜沧江源相近,黄河源则与长江源、澜沧江源差距较大。为切实保护好三江源区鱼类资源,建议加强本底调查,开展关键栖息地生态环境监测和保护,构建三江源区水生生物资源数据库,关注气候变化对水生态环境的影响,预防和控制外来鱼类入侵。

夏季长江口邻近海域活体底栖有孔虫优势种群及分布特征研究

针对长江口及其邻近海域活体底栖有孔虫相关研究较为缺乏的问题,本研究对2016年7月长江口海域33个站位的表层沉积物进行了活体底栖有孔虫属种的鉴定和分析。发现研究海域活体底栖有孔虫共23属31种,丰度范围为0~21 ind./g,简单分异度范围为0~16种。优势种群为优美花朵虫(Florilus decorus)、杰克逊小九字虫(Nonionella jacksonensis)、亚易变筛九字虫(Cribrononion subincertum)、耳状脓泡虫(Cancris auriculus)、日本半泽虫(Hanzawaia nipponica)、条纹判草虫(Brizalina striatula)、亚洲沙壁虫(Arenoparella asiatica)、毕克卷转虫变种(Ammonia beccarii vars.)和压扁卷转虫(Ammonia compressiuscula)。活体有孔虫丰度较高的区域多集中在A3和A4断面所在海域,而在研究区域的东北部海域丰度整体较低。除长江口门以外,近岸海域具有“丰度高、属种少”的特征,而在A3和A4断面的远岸海域,则具有“丰度高、属种多”的特征。有孔虫的分布情况表明,A.beccarii vars.是研究区域内活体分布最广的种群,F.decorus是活体占比最高的种群,同时也是除A.beccarii vars.以外分布最广的种群。C.subincertum的丰度随离岸距离的增大而迅速减小,是典型的近岸优势种。

云龙天池国家级自然保护区大型真菌物种多样性研究

云龙天池国家级自然保护区属于北亚热带季风气候,其内大型真菌的多样性丰富,但未见相关报道。通过对该地区大型真菌多样性进行系统研究,共发现6纲16目48科91属184种大型真菌,其中优势科为红菇科(Russulaceae)、鹅膏菌科(Amanitaceae)和牛肝菌科(Boletaceae),优势属依次为枝瑚菌属(Ramaria)、乳菇属(Lactarius)、红菇属(Russula)、鹅膏菌属(Amanita)、口蘑属(Tricholoma)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)。调查中共发现食用菌64个种、药用菌13个种、食(药)用菌9个种、毒菌43个种,我国特有真菌18个种。

围封10年对荒漠草原群落物种多样性与优势种空间分布格局的影响

围封是修复退化草原生态系统的主要措施之一,科学与优化围封方式是目前草地资源管理中急需解决的科学问题。以内蒙古围栏封育10年和未围封的荒漠草原为研究对象,分析围封和未围封对内蒙古荒漠草原群落物种多样性和优势种空间分布格局的影响,旨在为荒漠草原的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果显示:(1)围封10年显著提高了荒漠草原的植被盖度、密度、高度和地上生物量;(2)围封10年对Margalef多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数无显著影响,但围封均低于未围封样地;(3)围封10年对优势种短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)及糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)的空间分布格局有较为显著的影响,与未围封相比围封后糙隐子草的分布格局变得单一,短花针茅分布格局变得多样。总体看来,围封10年后,荒漠草原群落物种组成、物种优势度和优势种的空间分布格局均发生一定程度变化,反映出围封后草地生态系统中植物适应其生存环境的策略,围封方式应根据立地条件,科学制定围封年限以达到较好的生态恢复效果。

甘肃马先蒿入侵对巴音布鲁克草原植物群落特征的影响

入侵性物种常通过竞争排斥群落中其他物种,改变入侵地群落的物种组成和结构,破坏生态系统的稳定性。甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)在巴音布鲁克草原快速蔓延,对当地生态系统造成威胁,是典型的入侵性植物。本研究以入侵性植物甘肃马先蒿群落为研究对象,调查4个入侵程度(未入侵、低度入侵、中度入侵、高度入侵)的甘肃马先蒿群落物种组成和群落特征,分析不同入侵程度下群落的物种多样性差异。结果表明:1)甘肃马先蒿3种入侵群落中均记录了30种维管植物,未入侵群落共记录27种维管植物,3种入侵群落与未入侵群落相比均多3种植物,但多的3种植物在入侵群落中并不相同。2)甘肃马先蒿入侵降低了群落中二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)、拉普兰棘豆(Oxytropis lapponica)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、洽草(Koeleria litvinowii)、火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides)的重要值;禾本科的密度在群落中的比例随入侵程度的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,豆科与禾本科密度和盖度在中度和高度入侵群落中的比例显著降低(P<0.05)。3)随入侵程度增加,物种丰富度和Margalef丰富度指数呈先上升后下降趋势,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈下降-上升-下降趋势。本研究可为巴音布鲁克草原生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。

放牧强度对优势种群重要值和物种多样性及其二者典型关系的影响

研究不同放牧强度所引起的优势种群重要值和物种多样性相互关系之间的变化过程,可为放牧草地保护和退化植被恢复提供理论依据。以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组试验设计(CK,对照区;MG,中度放牧区;HG,重度放牧区)对植物群落的高度、盖度和密度进行调查,计算优势种群重要值和物种多样性后,结合对比分析和典型相关分析研究方法来探究二者之间的关系,结果表明,伴随放牧强度增加,短花针茅的重要值增大,丰富度指数下降。MG处理区下的优势度指数最高,多样性指数最低。对优势种群重要值和物种多样性进行典型相关分析表明,其累计贡献率在MG处理区最大(96.1%),CK处理区最小(90.2%)。放牧强度增加会降低优势种群的重要值与物种多样性相互关系的复杂性和维度(由2个典型相关变为1个典型相关)。在CK区,各优势种群重要值增加均会导致植物群落多样性指数下降,无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)和碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)重要值增加会导致植物群落均匀度指数增大。在MG区,短花针茅重要值增加会导致植物群落优势度指数下降。在HG区,短花针茅和无芒隐子草的重要值增加会降低多样性指数。各优势种群重要值和各物种多样性指数与自身典型变量的相关性之间较为复杂,与对应典型变量的相关性之间较为简单。CK、MG和HG处理区存在显著相关系数的个数分别为15、20和12个,MG处理区下优势种群重要值和物种多样性的相互关系最复杂。综上,中度放牧处理区下的植物群落不易受外界环境的干扰,重牧处理区下的植物群落更容易受外界环境干扰,草地植物群落退化后相对困难恢复到原有状态。

沉水植物对岩溶碳汇稳定性影响研究

岩溶碳汇是实现碳中和的重要手段,其稳定性是亟待解决的关键科学问题。地球上每年约45%的光合作用发生在水环境中,而岩溶区沉水植物如何影响岩溶碳汇稳定性仍不明确。以3条岩溶区河流中的沉水植物为研究对象,利用样方法、pH-drift技术和元素化学计量学,从定性和定量角度开展了沉水植物对岩溶碳汇稳定性的影响研究。结果表明:ZDR中沉水植物有8种,CTR中沉水植物有5种,HXR中沉水植物有7种,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数的趋势均为ZDR>HXR>CTR。在3条河流中沉水植物的优势种为苦草、海菜花、竹叶眼子菜和黑藻,且均具有利用HCO-3的能力。ZDR、HXR和CTR中沉水植物的年固碳量分别为8.56×10^(3)、4.83×10^(3)和3.88×10^(3) g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),平均值为5.76×10^(3) g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),分别是草地的37.65倍和人工林的40.56倍。3条河流中沉水植物多样性越高,其固碳量也越高。总的来说,在岩溶水生态系统中沉水植物发挥着碳泵的作用,进而提高了岩溶碳汇的稳定性。

汉阳地区不同富营养化湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因子

为了解不同富营养化湖泊底栖动物群落结构和多样性,探讨湖泊底栖动物对富营养化的响应,于2021年6、9、12月和2022年3月对汉阳地区不同富营养化状态湖泊的大型底栖动物群落和环境因子进行了季节性调查和分析。结果显示,后官湖为轻度富营养化、三角湖和南太子湖为中度富营养化、墨水湖和龙阳湖为重度富营养化。在5个湖泊共采集底栖动物20种,隶属于3门5纲7目10科18属,皆属于长江中下游湖泊常见物种,其中后官湖有18种,三角湖有13种,南太子湖有13种,墨水湖有7种,龙阳湖有7种。5个湖泊共有优势种为中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis),后官湖独有优势种为前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.)。非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)分析表明,3月和6月各湖泊间底栖动物群落结构差异较大,9月和12月差异较小。5个湖泊底栖动物平均密度范围为594~1041 ind./m^(2),湖泊间差异不显著,平均生物量为1.8~298.9 g/m^(2),后官湖平均生物量显著大于其他4个湖泊。5个湖泊底栖动物Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数变化范围分别为0.44~0.98、0.45~1.03、0.36~0.66。Pearson相关性分析表明底栖动物物种数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数与湖泊综合营养状态指数(TLI C)显著负相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,透明度(SD)、沉积物全磷(TP-S)是影响汉阳地区5个湖泊底栖动物群落结构的关键因子。

湖南借母溪国家级自然保护区蝶类多样性及区系分析

为掌握湖南借母溪国家级自然保护区的蝶类多样性,于2022—2023年采用样线法,对借母溪的10条样线进行系统调查,并对不同生境和类群的蝴蝶进行物种多样性和区系分析。根据调查结果,在借母溪国家自然保护区共记录蝶类127种,隶属于5科77属。其中,蛱蝶科物种最丰富(70种,占55.12%),其次为灰蝶科(23种,占18.11%),另外还记录弄蝶科15种(占11.81%)、凤蝶科11种(占8.66%)、粉蝶科8种(占6.30%)。不同样线的蝶类多样性存在差异,其中,陈家溪样线多样性指数最高(3.269),袁耳坪样线多样性指数最低(2.033)。不同蝴蝶类群中,多样性指数以蛱蝶科最高(2.838),凤蝶科最低(1.579);丰富度指数以蛱蝶科最高(10.170),粉蝶科最低(1.006);优势度指数则粉蝶科(0.362)最高,蛱蝶科最低(0.256)。各样线的优势种类随生境和植被的不同而有差异,菜粉蝶Pieris rapae Linnaeus、完璧矍眼蝶Ypthima perfecta Leech、宽边黄粉蝶Eurema hecabe Linnaeus、酢浆灰蝶Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar、飞龙粉蝶Talbotia nagana Moore、波蚬蝶Zemeros flegyas Cramer、蓝凤蝶Papilio protenor Cramer等分别为不同样线和不同季节的优势种;另外,菜粉蝶为借母溪自然保护区的优势种。区系分析结果表明,借母溪国家级自然保护区的蝴蝶以东洋种最多,有75种(占59.06%);广布种次之,有50种(占39.37%),古北种仅2种(占1.57%)。该研究结果可以为借母溪国家级自然保护区蝶类资源的保护和利用提供基础资料,同时为保护区的管理和自然资源保护利用提供参考。

阿勒泰林区草地群落中不同植物种在物种多样性中作用大小的探究

为探明各植物种在群落整体物种多样性中的作用,以阿勒泰林区草地群落为研究对象,采用“二值出现次数”野外调查方法,获得样方中各个植物种的出现次数和个体数量,从而计算出群落整体的物种多样性指数,以及构成群落的各个植物种不存在时的物种多样性指数,并利用这2个多样性指数的差值,来探讨群落中各个植物种对物种多样性的影响。结果表明:1)4个草地样地中,对物种多样性作用最大的植物种并非是其群落中的第一优势种,而是优势地位处于第2~6位的植物种;2)组成这4个样地群落的所有植物种都对群落的多样性起到增大的作用;3)物种在群落多样性中的作用,从总体上来看,呈现一种单峰的变化趋势,也就是随着物种优势地位的降低,对数式增加达到最大值,然后指数或线性下降,最终趋近于0。综合显示,不同草地群落中,对群落物种多样性作用最大的不是处于第一的优势种,虽然其占据了绝对优势地位,却降低了该群落的物种多样性。

放牧强度对高寒草甸物种多样性和生产力关系的影响

放牧对草地植物群落结构和功能的影响深远而复杂,为了探讨高寒草甸植物物种多样性和生产力受长期不同放牧强度的影响,在高寒草甸草地群落设置不同放牧强度试验,分析不同放牧强度下植物群落物种多样性和生产力及其关系的变化,以期为高寒草甸生态系统的可持续利用和管理提供理论依据。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增大,草地植物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef丰富度指数先增大后减小,高寒草甸植物群落的优势物种由禾本科向莎草科和杂类草转变,其中禾本科植物的优势度从70%降到12%,杂类草植物的优势度由13%增大到82%,植物群落的地上净初级生产力(ANPP)逐渐减小,轻度放牧处理减少了61.56%,中度放牧处理减少了76.75%,重度放牧处理减少了78.72%,重度放牧处理地下净初级生产力(BNPP)比禁牧处理降低了90.06%,轻度放牧、中度放牧处理地下净初级生产力与禁牧处理无明显差异,3个处理下的地下净初级生产力(NPP)总体保持稳定。放牧强度增大会导致植物群落高度下降,中度放牧处理会增加植物群落中莎草科植物的分蘖数。高寒草甸上植物群落的Pielou指数和NPP负相关,Margalef指数和BNPP正相关。研究结果表明,中度放牧强度有利于高寒草甸维持较高的物种多样性,过度放牧不利于高寒草甸维持较高的物种多样性和草地生产力。