Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

State-of-the-art review of some artificial intelligence applications in pile foundations

Geotechnical engineering deals with materials（e.g. soil and rock） that, by their very nature, exhibit varied and uncertain behavior due to the imprecise physical processes associated with the formation of these materials. Modeling the behavior of such materials in geotechnical engineering applications is complex and sometimes beyond the ability of most traditional forms of physically-based engineering methods. Artificial intelligence（AI） is becoming more popular and particularly amenable to modeling the complex behavior of most geotechnical engineering applications because it has demonstrated superior predictive ability compared to traditional methods. This paper provides state-of-the-art review of some selected AI techniques and their applications in pile foundations, and presents the salient features associated with the modeling development of these AI techniques. The paper also discusses the strength and limitations of the selected AI techniques compared to other available modeling approaches.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

桩基检测技术研究进展

桩基础虽然是一种应用最为广泛的深基础形式,但桩基工程属于地下隐蔽工程,工程质量往往不容易控制,一旦质量出现问题将会造成巨大的经济损失。因此,采用恰当的检测技术对桩基质量进行全面准确的评价具有重要的现实意义。根据桩基检测方法的基本原理开展研究,综合国内外应用广泛的桩基检测技术发展动态,对桩身完整性、桩基承载力与强度、新型桩基检测技术与机器学习三方面展开讨论。研究表明:尽管传统的桩基检测方法仍是实际工程中最常用的检测技术,但已逐渐无法满足当下对桩基工程高质量、高效率、高标准的要求。相比常规的单一检测方法,适用性更强的新型桩基检测技术能更全面准确地反映桩基的真实情况。同时,随着人工智能技术的高速发展,桩基检测技术也朝着专业化、规范化、智能化的方向发展。

基于人工神经网络的光伏充电桩有序充电控制系统

为了节约用户充电成本,保证单位时间内充电车辆数量,设计基于人工神经网络的光伏充电桩有序充电控制系统。在微控制器模块中,基于FPGA设计一种微控制器作为系统发挥控制功能的硬件。设计粒子群算法与极限学习机相结合的区域电动汽车充电短期负荷预测模型,实施电动汽车短期负荷预测。测试结果表明,该系统的短期负荷预测结果与实际负荷结果相近,在系统控制下,用户充电成本得到较大幅度地降低,同时电动汽车充电车辆数量有所提升。

海上裸露基岩斜桩嵌岩稳桩关键技术研究

斜桩嵌岩是在基岩埋藏深度较浅或者基本无覆盖层的地质条件下采用一定斜率的嵌岩灌注桩技术。钢管桩作为嵌岩灌注桩的钢护筒,受海底地形影响,钢护筒的入土深度不足以形成桩基自身稳定的地质条件。文章通过分析一定斜率的钢护筒在受到自身重力、钢护筒内水的重力、波浪力、水流力、土压力等的作用下,通过最不利工况计算出桩的最小入土深度,形成人造基床,达到桩基自身的稳桩措施,解决了在海上裸露基岩或覆盖层较薄的地基上进行斜桩嵌岩施工技术难题,为斜桩嵌岩施工提供了理论依据。

基于AI的充电桩火灾预警系统的应用研究

为了及时发现和预防充电桩火灾,基于人工智能的火灾预警系统备受关注。本文针对该问题展开研究,通过综述充电桩火灾的发生原因、现有火灾预警系统以及基于人工智能的预警系统的发展现状,探讨了如何提高预警系统的准确性和时效性,并结合实际充电桩场景进行了系统性能的评估。研究表明,基于人工智能的火灾预警系统在提高预警准确性和时效性方面具有显著潜力,然而,仍需解决误报率和漏报率等问题。未来的研究应致力于进一步改进系统性能,以实现更安全可靠的充电桩火灾预警。

珠海洪鹤大桥8号主墩基础施工关键技术

珠海洪鹤大桥主桥由2座主跨均为500 m的双塔双索面结合梁斜拉桥串联而成,其中8号主墩位于海岸浅滩区,墩位处淤泥层厚8.8~37 m,覆盖层平均厚48 m,岩层埋深较深,且呈斜面发育,岩石强度高达100 MPa。8号主墩承台尺寸为42.1 m×22.6 m×6.5 m,采用∅2.8 m钻孔灌注桩群桩基础,采用先平台后围堰工序施工。钻孔平台采用土工布砂袋围堰筑岛施工技术,解决了深淤泥地质中筑岛施工容易出现的滑移和沉降;钻孔桩采用“旋挖钻+回旋钻”组合成孔技术进行钻孔深度超100 m的超深大直径嵌岩桩施工,充分发挥2种钻机在不同地质和钻孔深度的优势,极大提高了成孔效率;承台深基坑围堰采用“大型钢板桩围堰+干挖法”施工技术,有效减少了深基坑围堰施工中围堰的变形失稳和沉降。

人工岛填筑对紧邻高架桥桩基受力影响与填筑方案研究

深中通道工程东人工岛在广深沿江高速高架桥下方填筑施工,为了解其施工对紧邻高架桥的影响并选取合理的填筑方案,对采用不同分层填筑厚度、顺序、方向的填筑方案进行有限元分析比选;对最终采用的填筑方案中桩基水平位移、固结沉降进行监测,并对固结沉降简化计算方法进行研究。结果表明:填筑方案的选取应以桩基水平位移为主控项目;对于锁口钢管桩+内支撑保护形式的桩基,采用先围护内填筑较先围护外填筑的桩基水平位移小,横桥向交替填土较顺桥向交替填土的桩基水平位移小,分层填筑厚度0.5 m较1.0 m的桩基水平位移小,钢板桩+内支撑保护形式桩基也有类似规律;先内后外、横桥向分层交替填土、控制填筑厚度的填筑方案为最优方案。监测结果显示:该填筑方案可有效控制桩基水平位移,实现了既定控制目标;提出的固结沉降简化计算方法可用于可行性研究阶段中类似土层固结沉降的初步估算。

海域人工岛深厚抛石层下的旋喷桩施工技术

针对海域人工岛环境以及深厚抛石层叠加情况下旋喷桩成桩质量差的问题,结合深中通道东人工岛实际工程,基于工艺试验对旋喷桩施工技术展开两阶段研究,通过抽水及回水试验验证其止水效果,并优化后续围护结构形式。结果表明:采用旋挖换填+旋喷注浆结合并基于理论计算公式的喷浆提升速度动态调控的旋喷桩施工方法成桩效果显著,可有效解决抛石层浆液流失的施工难题;灌注桩+桩间止水旋喷桩的围护结构形式能够满足基坑开挖的止水需求,可取消外排止水帷幕的施工。

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.

Interaction behavior and load sharing pattern of piled raft using nonlinear regression and LM algorithm-based artificial neural network

In the recent era,piled raft foundation(PRF)has been considered an emergent technology for offshore and onshore structures.In previous studies,there is a lack of illustration regarding the load sharing and interaction behavior which are considered the main intents in the present study.Finite element(FE)models are prepared with various design variables in a double-layer soil system,and the load sharing and interaction factors of piled rafts are estimated.The obtained results are then checked statistically with nonlinear multiple regression(NMR)and artificial neural network(ANN)modeling,and some prediction models are proposed.ANN models are prepared with Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)algorithm for load sharing and interaction factors through backpropagation technique.The factor of safety(FS)of PRF is also estimated using the proposed NMR and ANN models,which can be used for developing the design strategy of PRF.

深中通道大型海域地下互通设计关键技术

基于我国首个大型海域地下互通——深中通道机场互通立交工程设计实践,针对该工程互通枢纽选型、桥隧转换、施工作业、运营保障、复杂水文地质及周边环境制约等技术难题,对设计关键技术进行研究分析。结果表明:1)采用布设于海底的大型地下互通立交方案,有效解决复杂条件下机场枢纽互通交通转换需求。2)采用“一体两翼”人工岛及双排钢板桩短围堰方案,有效解决大型海域地下互通立交桥隧转换、陆域作业及运营保障需求。3)提出冲孔灌注桩+引孔换填黏土高喷桩围护结构方案,有效解决复杂海相淤泥抛石填砂层基坑施工及止水难题。4)提出锁扣钢管桩一体式围护方案,有效解决人工岛筑岛及基坑开挖工序下沿江高速桥墩保护难题。5)采用双排烟竖井方案,有效解决复杂海域环境下匝道隧道纵向贯通排烟道设置难题。

Application of a concrete thermal pile in cooling the warming permafrost under climate change

Permafrost degradation caused by climate warming is posing a serious threat to the stability of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions.Ambient cold energy can be effectively utilized by two-phase closed thermosyphons(TPCTs)to cool the permafrost.Therefore,we installed TPCTs in a cast-in-place pile foundation to create a unique structure called a thermal pile,which effectively utilizes the TPCTs to regulate ground temperature.And we conducted a case study and numerical simulation to exhibit the cooling performance,and optimize the structure of the thermal pile.The purpose of this study is to promote the application of thermal piles in unstable permafrost regions.Based on the findings,the thermal pile operated for approximately 53%of the entire year and effectively reduced the deep ground temperature at a rate of at least-0.1℃per year.Additionally,it successfully raised the permafrost table that is 0.35 m shallower than the natural ground level.These characteristics prove highly beneficial in mitigating the adverse effects of permafrost degradation and enhancing infrastructure safety.Expanding the length of the condenser section and the diameter of the TPCT in a suitable manner can effectively enhance the cooling capability of the thermal pile and ensure the long-term mechanical stability of the pile foundation even under climate warming.

预制空心管桩与木桩组合式护岸在人工堆岛中的应用

人工岛在景观河道或自然湿地公园项目整治中通常作为景观节点来打造和应用。其多利用河道、池塘清淤土或工程中多余未利用土堆填而成,往往因无法采用机械压实及长期受水流冲刷浸泡而发生坍塌。本文结合南京市珠西河综合改扩建工程实际,提出了预制空心管桩与木桩组合式护岸形式,有效解决了人工堆岛岸坡易失稳及坡脚防冲刷问题,且施工简单、工期短、造价适中,经稳定复核符合规范要求,可为其他类似工程提供参考。