Overall clinical course of indeterminate dendritic cell tumor patients without skin lesions:A rare case report

BACKGROUND Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor(IDCT)is a rare tumor of immune cells,and IDCT patients without skin lesions are rarely reported.Therefore,the clinical course in this type of patient is unclear,and further research on the underlying pathological mechanisms and appropriate treatments is needed.CASE SUMMARY This study describes a female IDCT patient with bile duct lesions.The strong mimicry of IDCT lesions confused doctors,and consequently,this patient,who had no skin lesions,was first diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma.Then,she presented with persistent abdominal distension without jaundice.Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes along with massive ascites were observed in the subsequent imaging examination.However,no tumor cells or pathogens were found in the three subsequent ascites analyses.It took 2 years to reach the correct diagnosis,which was eventually obtained by performing surgery for biopsy of the patient’s abdominal lymph nodes.However,by then,she was already in a cachexic state.Finally,she received a cycle of cyclophosphamide therapy and was advised to visit a hospital specializing in rare diseases.CONCLUSION For IDCT patients without skin lesions,early biopsy is the key to obtaining a correct diagnosis.Moreover,the collective management of IDCT patients is important.Further histological and molecular biology studies based on human specimens are critical for understanding the pathological mechanism of dendritic cell tumors in the future.

Relationship between Phenotypic Changes of Dendritic Cell Subsets and the Onset of Plateau Phase during Intermittent Interferon Therapy in Patients with CHB

Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether the onset of the plateau phase of slow hepatitis B surface antigen decline in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with intermittent interferon therapy is related to the frequency of dendritic cell subsets and expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40,CD80,CD83,and CD86.Method This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were divided into a natural history group(namely NH group),a long-term oral nucleoside analogs treatment group(namely NA group),and a plateau-arriving group(namely P group).The percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and myeloid dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes and the mean fluorescence intensity of their surface costimulatory molecules were detected using a flow cytometer.Results In total,143 patients were enrolled(NH group,n=49;NA group,n=47;P group,n=47).The results demonstrated that CD141/CD1c double negative myeloid dendritic cell(DNmDC)/lymphocytes and monocytes(%)in P group(0.041[0.024,0.069])was significantly lower than that in NH group(0.270[0.135,0.407])and NA group(0.273[0.150,0.443]),and CD86 mean fluorescence intensity of DNmDCs in P group(1832.0[1484.0,2793.0])was significantly lower than that in NH group(4316.0[2958.0,5169.0])and NA group(3299.0[2534.0,4371.0]),Adjusted P all<0.001.Conclusion Reduced DNmDCs and impaired maturation may be associated with the onset of the plateau phase during intermittent interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

PCDH17 restricts dendritic spine morphogenesis by regulating ROCK2-dependent control of the actin cytoskeleton,modulating emotional behavior

Proper regulation of synapse formation and elimination is critical for establishing mature neuronal circuits and maintaining brain function.Synaptic abnormalities,such as defects in the density and morphology of postsynaptic dendritic spines,underlie the pathology of various neuropsychiatric disorders.Protocadherin 17(PCDH17)is associated with major mood disorders,including bipolar disorder and depression.However,the molecular mechanisms by which PCDH17 regulates spine number,morphology,and behavior remain elusive.In this study,we found that PCDH17 functions at postsynaptic sites,restricting the number and size of dendritic spines in excitatory neurons.Selective overexpression of PCDH17 in the ventral hippocampal CA1 results in spine loss and anxiety-and depression-like behaviors in mice.Mechanistically,PCDH17 interacts with actin-relevant proteins and regulates actin filament(F-actin)organization.Specifically,PCDH17 binds to ROCK2,increasing its expression and subsequently enhancing the activity of downstream targets such as LIMK1 and the phosphorylation of cofilin serine-3(Ser3).Inhibition of ROCK2 activity with belumosudil(KD025)ameliorates the defective F-actin organization and spine structure induced by PCDH17 overexpression,suggesting that ROCK2 mediates the effects of PCDH17 on F-actin content and spine development.Hence,these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which PCDH17 regulates synapse development and behavior,providing pathological insights into the neurobiological basis of mood disorders.

Coexisting fast–slow dendritic traveling waves in a 3D-array electric field coupled neuronal network

Coexistence of fast and slow traveling waves without synaptic transmission has been found in hhhippocampal tissues,which is closely related to both normal brain activity and abnormal neural activity such as epileptic discharge. However, the propagation mechanism behind this coexistence phenomenon remains unclear. In this paper, a three-dimensional electric field coupled hippocampal neural network is established to investigate generation of coexisting spontaneous fast and slow traveling waves. This model captures two types of dendritic traveling waves propagating in both transverse and longitude directions: the N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)-dependent wave with a speed of about 0.1 m/s and the Ca-dependent wave with a speed of about 0.009 m/s. These traveling waves are synaptic-independent and could be conducted only by the electric fields generated by neighboring neurons, which are basically consistent with the in vitro data measured experiments. It is also found that the slow Ca wave could trigger generation of fast NMDA waves in the propagation path of slow waves whereas fast NMDA waves cannot affect the propagation of slow Ca waves. These results suggest that dendritic Ca waves could acted as the source of the coexistence fast and slow waves. Furthermore, we also confirm the impact of cellular spacing heterogeneity on the onset of coexisting fast and slow waves. The local region with decreasing distances among neighbor neurons is more liable to promote the onset of spontaneous slow waves which, as sources, excite propagation of fast waves. These modeling studies provide possible biophysical mechanisms underlying the neural dynamics of spontaneous traveling waves in brain tissues.

Suppressing dendritic metallic Li formation on graphite anode under battery fast charging

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with fast-charging capability are essential for enhancing consumer experience and accelerating the global market adoption of electric vehicles.However,achieving fast-charging capability without compromising energy density,cycling lifespan,and safety of LIBs remains a significant challenge due to the formation of dendritic Li metal on graphite anode under fast charging condition.In view of this,the fundamentals for the dendritic metallic Li formation and the strategies for suppressing metallic Li plating based on analyzing the entire Li^(+)transport pathway at the anode including electrolyte,pore structure of electrode,and surface and bulk of materials are summarized and discussed in this review.Besides,we highlight the importance of designing thick electrodes with fast Li^(+)transport kinetics and comprehensively understanding the interaction between solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and Li^(+)migration in order to avoid the formation of dendritic Li metal in practical fast-charging batteries.Finally,the regulation of Li metal plating with plane morphology,instead of dendritic structure,on the surface of graphite electrode under fast-charging condition is analyzed as a future direction to achieve higher energy density of batteries without safety concerns.

Effect of applied electric fields on supralinear dendritic integration of interneuron

Evidences show that electric fields(EFs)induced by the magnetic stimulation could modulates brain activities by regulating the excitability of GABAergic interneuron.However,it is still unclear how and why the EF-induced polarization affects the interneuron response as the interneuron receives NMDA synaptic inputs.Considering the key role of NMDA receptor-mediated supralinear dendritic integration in neuronal computations,we suppose that the applied EFs could functionally modulate interneurons’response via regulating dendritic integration.At first,we build a simplified multi-dendritic circuit model with inhomogeneous extracellular potentials,which characterizes the relationship among EF-induced spatial polarizations,dendritic integration,and somatic output.By performing model-based singular perturbation analysis,it is found that the equilibrium point of fast subsystem can be used to asymptotically depict the subthreshold input–output(sI/O)relationship of dendritic integration.It predicted that EF-induced strong depolarizations on the distal dendrites reduce the dendritic saturation output by reducing driving force of synaptic input,and it shifts the steep change of sI/O curve left by reducing stimulation threshold of triggering NMDA spike.Also,the EF modulation prefers the global dendritic integration with asymmetric scatter distribution of NMDA synapses.Furthermore,we identify the respective contribution of EF-regulated dendritic integration and EF-induced somatic polarization to an action potential generation and find that they have an antagonistic effect on AP generation due to the varied NMDA spike threshold under EF stimulation.

The interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 regulates dendritic morphology and synapse plasticity in neurons

Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory.Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1;however,whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown.In this study,we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines,and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines.Furthermore,the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity.Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching,and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1,but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1.Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals’cognitive abilities.Taken together,our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in Jinhua,China:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.

Azacitidine maintenance therapy for blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm allograft: A case report

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare,highly invasive malignant neoplasm.There is no universally accepted standard of care because of its rarity and the dearth of prospective research.It is still challenging for some patients to achieve persistent clinical remission or cure,despite the success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT),indicating that there is still a significant recurrence rate.We report a case of prevention of BPDCN allograft recurrence by azacitidine maintenance therapy and review the relevant literature.CASE SUMMARY We report a 41-year-old man with BPDCN who was admitted to hospital due to skin sclerosis for>5 mo’duration.BPDCN was diagnosed by combined clinical assessment and laboratory examinations.Following diagnosis,the patients underwent induction consolidation chemotherapy to achieve the first complete remission,followed by bridging allo-HSCT.Post-transplantation,azacitidine(75 mg/m2 for 7 d)was administered as maintenance therapy,with repeat administration every 4–6 wk and appropriate extension of the chemotherapy cycle.After 10 cycles,the patient has been disease free for 26 mo after transplantation.Regular assessments of bone marrow morphology,minimal residual disease,full donor chimerism,Epstein–Barr virus,and cytomegalovirus all yielded normal results with no abnormalities detected.CONCLUSION Azacitidine may be a safe and effective maintenance treatment for BPDCN following transplantation because there were no overt adverse events during the course of treatment.

Ethanol changes Nestin-promoter induced neural stem cells to disturb newborn dendritic spine remodeling in the hippocampus of mice

Adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting disorders of the adult central nervous system,particularly aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis.In this study,we applied in vivo fluorescent tracing using NestinCreERT2::Rosa26-tdTomato mice and analyzed the endogenous neurogenesis lineage progression of neural stem cells(NSCs)and dendritic spine formation of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.We found abnormal orientation of tamoxifen-induced tdTomato+(tdTom^(+))NSCs in adult mice 2 months after treatment with EtOH(5.0 g/kg,i.p.)for 7 consecutive days.EtOH markedly inhibited tdTom^(+)NSCs activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse dentate gyrus from adolescence to adulthood.EtOH(100 mM)also significantly inhibited the proliferation to 39.2%and differentiation of primary NSCs in vitro.Adult mice exposed to EtOH also exhibited marked inhibitions in dendritic spine growth and newborn neuron maturation in the dentate gyrus,which was partially reversed by voluntary running or inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycinenhancer of zeste homolog 2 pathway.In vivo tracing revealed that EtOH induced abnormal orientation of tdTom+NSCs and spatial misposition defects of newborn neurons,thus causing the disturbance of hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic spine remodeling in mice.

Emerging roles of plasmacytoid dendritic cell crosstalk in tumor immunity

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)are a pioneer cell type that produces type I interferon(IFN-I)and promotes antiviral immune responses.However,they are tolerogenic and,when recruited to the tumor microenvironment(TME),play complex roles that have long been a research focus.The interactions between p DCs and other components of the TME,whether direct or indirect,can either promote or hinder tumor development;consequently,p DCs are an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of p DC crosstalk in the TME,including crosstalk with various cell types,biochemical factors,and microorganisms.An in-depth understanding of p DC crosstalk in TME should facilitate the development of novel p DC-based therapeutic methods.

Dendritic nanoarchitecture imparts ZSM-5 zeolite with enhanced adsorption and catalytic performance in energy applications

The development of zeolites possessing dendritic features represents a great opportunity for the design of novel materials with applications in a large variety of fields and,in particular,in the energy sector to afford its transition towards a low carbon system.In the current work,ZSM-5 zeolite showing a dendritic3D nanoarchitecture has been synthesized by the functionalization of protozeolitic nanounits with an amphiphilic organosilane,which provokes the branched aggregative growth of zeolite embryos.Dendritic ZSM-5 exhibits outstanding accessibility arising from a highly interconnected network of radially-oriented mesopores(3-10 nm)and large cavities(20-80 nm),which add to the zeolitic micropores,thus showing a well-defined trimodal pore size distribution.These singular features provide dendritic ZSM-5 with sharply enhanced performance in comparison with nano-and hierarchical reference materials when tested in a number of energy related applications,such as VOCs(toluene)adsorption(improved capacity),plastics(low-density polyethylene)catalytic cracking(boosted activity)and hydrogen production by methane catalytic decomposition(higher activity and deactivation resistance).

Study on mechanism of increased allergenicity induced by Ara h 3 from roasted peanut using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Little information was so far available about allergenic mechanism of the roasted peanut allergens during initial stages of allergy.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of roasting(150℃,20 min)on biochemical and biological properties of Ara h 3,a major peanut allergen.Allergenicity of roasted peanut emulsion to mice,differences in uptakes between Ara h 3 purified from raw peanuts(named as Ara h 3-Raw)and that purified from roasted peanuts(named as Ara h 3-Roasted)by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDCs)and the implication of cell surface receptors involving in uptake,and changes in glycosylation and structure of Ara h 3 after roasting were analyzed in this study.This study suggested that roasting increased allergenicity of peanut to BALB/c mice.Maillard reaction and structural changes of Ara h 3 induced by roasting significantly altered the uptake of Ara h 3-Roasted by BMDCs,and modified Ara h 3 fate in processes involved in immunogenicity and hyper allergenicity,indicating that food processing pattern can change food allergenicity.

Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Bayesian Optimization Hyperband for Signal Fusion

The dendritic cell algorithm(DCA)is an excellent prototype for developing Machine Learning inspired by the function of the powerful natural immune system.Too many parameters increase complexity and lead to plenty of criticism in the signal fusion procedure of DCA.The loss function of DCA is ambiguous due to its complexity.To reduce the uncertainty,several researchers simplified the algorithm program;some introduced gradient descent to optimize parameters;some utilized searching methods to find the optimal parameter combination.However,these studies are either time-consuming or need to be revised in the case of non-convex functions.To overcome the problems,this study models the parameter optimization into a black-box optimization problem without knowing the information about its loss function.This study hybridizes bayesian optimization hyperband(BOHB)with DCA to propose a novel DCA version,BHDCA,for accomplishing parameter optimization in the signal fusion process.The BHDCA utilizes the bayesian optimization(BO)of BOHB to find promising parameter configurations and applies the hyperband of BOHB to allocate the suitable budget for each potential configuration.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over the otherDCAexpansion algorithms in terms of signal fusion.

Dendritic Cell Algorithm with Grouping Genetic Algorithm for Input Signal Generation

The artificial immune system,an excellent prototype for developingMachine Learning,is inspired by the function of the powerful natural immune system.As one of the prevalent classifiers,the Dendritic Cell Algorithm(DCA)has been widely used to solve binary problems in the real world.The classification of DCA depends on a data preprocessing procedure to generate input signals,where feature selection and signal categorization are themain work.However,the results of these studies also show that the signal generation of DCA is relatively weak,and all of them utilized a filter strategy to remove unimportant attributes.Ignoring filtered features and applying expertise may not produce an optimal classification result.To overcome these limitations,this study models feature selection and signal categorization into feature grouping problems.This study hybridizes Grouping Genetic Algorithm(GGA)with DCA to propose a novel DCA version,GGA-DCA,for accomplishing feature selection and signal categorization in a search process.The GGA-DCA aims to search for the optimal feature grouping scheme without expertise automatically.In this study,the data coding and operators of GGA are redefined for grouping tasks.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has significant advantages over the compared DCA expansion algorithms in terms of signal generation.

Optimization of dendritic TS-1/Silica micro–mesoporous composites for efficient hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene

A novel composite material(TD)composed of TS-1 microcrystalline and dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres(DMSNs)was successfully prepared.The TD composite material had open pore structure and large specific surface area,which was conducive to the mass transfer of reactants and products.The Ti element in TS-1 could be used as an electron assistant,and the spillover d-electrons were conducive to the improvement of the sulfidation and dispersion of MoS_(2),thereby forming more type II MoS_(2) active phases.The incorporation of Ti could bring more Brønsted(B)and Lewis(L)acid,which was conducive to the hydrogenation pathway(HYD)selectivity(41.2%)of dibenzothiophene(DBT)hydrodesulfurization(HDS)and isomerization(ISO)route selectivity(21.9%)of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene(4,6-DMDBT)HDS,thus improve the HDS activity of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT.NiMo/TD-70(Aging temperature=70℃)had the best HDS activities of DBT(99.0%)and 4,6-DMDBT(93.7%)due to its large open pore structure,good acidity,suitable metal-support interaction(MSI)and perfect dispersion of the metallic active sites.

Growth and inhibition of zinc anode dendrites in Zn-air batteries:Model and experiment

Zinc(Zn)-air batteries are widely used in secondary battery research owing to their high theoretical energy density,good electrochemical reversibility,stable discharge performance,and low cost of the anode active material Zn.However,the Zn anode also leads to many challenges,including dendrite growth,deformation,and hydrogen precipitation self-corrosion.In this context,Zn dendrite growth has a greater impact on the cycle lives.In this dissertation,a dendrite growth model for a Zn-air battery was established based on electrochemical phase field theory,and the effects of the charging time,anisotropy strength,and electrolyte temperature on the morphology and growth height of Zn dendrites were studied.A series of experiments was designed with different gradient influencing factors in subsequent experiments to verify the theoretical simulations,including elevated electrolyte temperatures,flowing electrolytes,and pulsed charging.The simulation results show that the growth of Zn dendrites is controlled mainly by diffusion and mass transfer processes,whereas the electrolyte temperature,flow rate,and interfacial energy anisotropy intensity are the main factors.The experimental results show that an optimal electrolyte temperature of 343.15 K,an optimal electrolyte flow rate of 40 ml·min^(-1),and an effective pulse charging mode.

Phase-field lattice-Boltzmann study on fully coupled thermal-solute-convection dendrite growth of Al-Cu alloy

Dendrite growth is a complex liquid-solid phase transition process involving multiple physical factors.A phase-field lattice-Boltzmann method was developed to simulate the two-and three-dimension dendrite growth of Al-Cu alloy.The effect of fully coupled thermal-solute-convection interaction on the dendrite growth was investigated by incorporating a parallel-adaptive mesh refinement algorithm into the numerical model.By accurately reproducing the latent heat release,solute diffusion and convective transport behaviors at the liquidsolid interface,the interaction mechanism among thermal-solute-convection transport as well as their coupling effects on the dendrite growth dynamics were discussed.The simulation results show that the release of latent heat slows down the dendrite growth rate,and both natural and forced convection disrupt the symmetrical growth of dendrites.Their combination makes the growth of dendrites more complex,capturing important physical aspects such as recalescence,dendrite tip splitting,dendrite tilting,dendrite remelting,and solute plume in the simulation case.Based on the robustness and powerful ability of the numerical model,the formation mechanisms of these physical aspects were revealed.

Bilayer separator enabling dendrite-free zinc anode with ultralong lifespan >5000 h

Aqueous zinc(Zn)batteries with Zn metal anodes are promising clean energy storage devices with intrinsic safety and low cost.However,Zn dendrite growth severely restricts the use of Zn anodes.To effectively suppress Zn dendrite growth,we propose a bilayer separator consisting of commercial butter paper and glassfiber membrane.The dense cellulose-based butter paper(BP)with low zincophilicity and high mechanical properties prevents the pore-filling behavior of deposited Zn and related separator piercing,effectively suppressing the Zn dendrite growth.As a result,the bilayer separators endow the ZnjjZn symmetrical batteries with a superlong cycling life of Zn anodes(over 5000 h)at 0.5 mA cm^(-2) and the full batteries enhanced capacity retention,demonstrating the advancement of the bilayer separator to afford excellent cyclability of aqueous metal batteries.

健康恒河猴外周血及肠系膜淋巴结中树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell)的亚群及分布特点

树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell,DC)作为天然免疫的重要组成部分,在抗原识别和抗原呈递过程中发挥重要作用.对DC细胞在恒河猴外周血及淋巴结组织中的细胞亚群及其分布频率进行初步观察.取健康源恒河猴外周血和肠系膜淋巴结,从中分离出淋巴细胞.利用流式细胞术检测分析不同亚群的DC细胞在其间的分布.结果表明,外周血及淋巴结中DC细胞比例均较低,但外周血中DC比例略高于肠系膜淋巴结.mDC亚群占总DC细胞数比例高于pDC细胞亚群,而肠系膜淋巴结中mDC比例相较外周血中有明显下降,统计学差异显著.测定了健康源恒河猴各亚群DC细胞在外周血和淋巴组织中的基础数值,为相关模型研究奠定了基础.