Multi-physical fields distribution in billet during helical electromagnetic stirring:A numerical simulation research

Electromagnetic stirring is one of the widely applied techniques to modify the quality of casting billets.Different from conventional rotate stirring,the helical stirring is more professional in assisting multi-dimensional flow of molten metal and eliminating solidification defects.In this study,the single-winding helical stirring(SWHS)was introduced,offering advantages such as smaller volume and lower electromagnetic shielding compared to traditional helical stirring methods.Following a comprehensive numerical simulation,the stirring parameters of SWHS were adjusted to yoke inclination angle of 43°and frequency of 12 Hz.The higher electromagnetic force and flow velocity in drawing direction,as well as the lower temperature gradient induced by the SWHS,are positive factors for homogeneous solidification of billet.The experimental results on Al-8%Si alloy and 0.4%C-1.1%Mn steel demonstrate that compared to rotate stirring,the SWHS process can induce better billet quality and is more effective in accelerating the equiaxed expansion and reducing element segregation.The SWHS process can enhance the equiaxed ratio of the billet by 58.3%and reduce segregation degree of carbon element by 10.97%.Consequently,SWHS holds great promise as a potential approach for improving the quality of continuous casting billets.

Analysis of inhomogeneity of solidified microstructure of continuous casting copper tubular billet based on factor analysis

The horizontal continuous casting process,the initial step in TP2 copper tubular processing,directly determines the microstructure and properties of copper tubular.However,the process parameters of the continuous casting characterize time variation,multiple disturbances and strong coupling.As a consequence,their influence on a casting billet is difficult to be determined.Due to the above issues,the common factor and special factor analysis of the factor analysis model were used in this study,and the casting experiment and billet metallographic experiment were carried out to diagnose and analyze the reason of the microstructure inhomogeneity.The multiple process parameters were studied and classified using common factor analysis,2 the cast billets with abnormal microstructures were identified by GT^(2) statistics,and the most important factors affecting the microstructural homogeneity were found by special factor analysis.The calculated and experimental results show that the principal parameters influencing the inhomogeneity of solidified microstructure are the primary inlet water pressure and the primary outlet water temperature.According to the consequence of the above investigation,the inhomogeneity of the copper billet microstructure can be effectively improved when the process parameters are controlled and adjusted.

方坯直轧工艺下连铸坯温度场均匀性及切坯工艺优化

对方坯直轧工艺下连铸坯温度场和初生晶粒演化进行数值模拟,并根据计算结果对连铸坯切坯顺序进行优化。结果表明:随着连铸拉速的提高,连铸方坯表面温度和心表温差逐渐增大,心部等轴晶区也逐渐扩大;拉速对连铸坯初生晶粒取向的影响较小;连铸坯定尺对铸坯头尾温差的影响较大,在拉速不变的情况下,连铸坯定尺每增加1 m,头尾温差增大约10.5℃。方坯直轧工艺生产采用非定尺切坯策略,可以有效减小连铸拉速波动对出坯生产节奏的影响。

鞍钢8m弧半径小方坯连铸机提速实践

针对8 m弧半径小方坯铸机拉速低不能满足生产要求的问题,分析了影响铸机提速的主要原因,采取了增加结晶器长度,更新结晶器供水泵,更新二冷水嘴,增大二冷管径以及优化系统温度等措施,铸机拉速由2.8 m/min提高到3.5 m/min,铸坯质量合格率达到99.95%,实现了小方坯铸机高速稳定生产。

超大规格风电用连铸圆坯的氢含量控制

针对直径大于等于800 mm的超大规格风电用连铸圆坯因氢含量高出现探伤不合缺陷的问题,通过检测原辅料水分、利用Hydris定氢仪探究全工序钢水氢含量的变化规律。结果表明,铸坯氢含量的主要来源是原辅料水分、炉气气氛潮湿、耐火材料不完全分解。为降低铸坯氢含量,提出了工艺改进措施:转炉吹炼8 min后应不加或加入水分含量较低的原辅料;LF精炼工序投入较少的原辅料;入VD工序前小渣量控制,破空后低速喂线,控制喂线数量及种类在较小范围;小火烘烤连铸中间包60 min,定期清理中间包透气孔。工艺优化后,VD到站钢水w(H)≤3.6×10^(-6),VD离站钢水w(H)≤0.77×10^(-6),连铸中间包首炉钢水w(H)≤2.0×10^(-6),第2炉w(H)≤1.6×10^(-6),连浇炉次w(H)≤1.1×10^(-6),成功降低了超大规格风电用连铸圆坯的氢含量,保证了成品锻件的质量。

退火工艺对δ铁素体在301L不锈钢铸坯中溶解行为的影响

利用高温热处理炉,分析了轧制前热处理对301L不锈钢铸坯的溶解行为。结果表明,退火时间和温度对δ铁素体在301L铸坯中的溶解影响显著,溶解初期,δ铁素体的含量从12wt%降至6wt%以下。随着退火时间的延长和温度的升高,301L铸坯固态中δ铁素体含量减少,受Cr、Ni的扩散控制显著,1300℃扩散退火60 min后铁素体球化,晶粒尺寸减小为2~3μm,节点处平衡态δ铁素体的球化行为降低了γ/α界面的附加应力,有利于轧制过程。利用动力学方程验证了后期Cr、Ni元素对组织的影响,当退火温度为1210℃时,溶解参数K_(Ni)^(γ)为0.26,Ni的扩散系数D_(NiNi)^(γ)=4.8×10-10cm2/s。δ铁素体的体积分数与退火时间t1/2成正比。研究结果可为301L铸坯的组织控制提供理论指导。

409L不锈钢连铸坯表层夹杂物试验研究

为研究409L不锈钢连铸坯表层夹杂物形貌、分布及类别,取样后逐次研磨1 mm后进行夹杂物检测,并将检测结果进行对比分析。发现夹杂物分布呈随机性分布特征、尺寸主要集中在2~5μm,在空间分布上呈现随着深度的增加夹杂物数量呈现递减、中间位置夹杂物数量较两端少、内弧侧数量略高于外弧侧的特征,连铸坯表层夹杂物主要为12CaO-7Al_(2)O_(3)及一定比例的氧化物及少量其他类别夹杂物。

改善70钢连铸小方坯芯部质量的工艺实践

为了改善70钢连铸方坯的芯部质量,通过调整拉速、过热度、二冷比水量和压下工艺进行工业试验研究。结果表明:当压下工艺为2/2/4/7/7时,通过低过热度、高拉速或降低二冷比水量均可以改善铸坯中心碳偏析;但是在2.60 m/min高拉速或0.46 L/kg低二冷比水量浇注时,降低了铸坯的冷却速度,导致1#拉矫机处的固相率较低,坯壳厚度不足,压下时产生中间裂纹。当从2#拉矫机开始实施压下,压下工艺为0/2/5/7/6时,不仅中间裂纹有明显的改善,而且中心碳偏析也得到有效的控制,测得中心碳偏析度仅为1.02,铸坯芯部质量较好。

20钢/316L复合管固液复合制坯工艺研究

双金属复合管在石油运输行业中应用前景广阔,结合性能是考察复合管是否合格的重要指标之一。为了能在轧制成形过程中得到高品质的复合管材,在复合管制坯过程中要求实现界面处的冶金复合。以20钢和316L为原材料,基于结合温度及元素扩散情况,采用固液复合方式,并且结合界面的温度模型及通过Pro CAST软件模拟,获得了外模最佳预热温度为1050—1100℃。通过现场试制界面处实现了冶金复合,在最佳温度范围既保证了固态20钢和液态316L之间能达到冶金复合,又能使元素有充分的扩散时间而增强了界面结合强度,同时又可以防止因元素过渡扩散而导致316L腐蚀性能下降。该方法为后续复合管连轧提供了优良的管坯,可实现高品质复合管的现场生产。

提升钢坯加热质量的加热炉数学模型构建

加热炉在化工、钢铁等多行业均有重要的应用。作为热工设备之一,加热炉具有滞后性、时变性等特点,极大的影响了材料的加热质量。钢坯在加热过程中其质量会受到加热温度、加热速度、加热时间等多种因素的影响。在对加热温度确定时不仅要考虑钢种性质,而且要顾虑加工要求,获得最佳的塑性,提高轧制的产量、质量,有效降低能耗,减轻设备磨损,生产出高质量的钢质产品。以钢坯加热的步进式加热炉作为分析对象,分析探讨加热炉的优化控制手段。先对加热炉的构造以及燃烧控制系统进行介绍,然后对加热炉温度数学模型的构建方法进行了论述,并提出优化方法,旨在提升加热炉在钢坯加热过程中的有效性,使其更加符合工业生产的温度设定要求,为工业加热质量提升以及节能降耗发挥重要作用。

45CrNiMoV钢铸坯的高温塑性研究及应用

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对45CrNiMoV钢铸坯在600~1 300℃温度范围内进行高温力学性能试验,同时利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对基体组织和断口形貌进行观察和分析,得出不同温度区间的断裂机理。结果表明:在1×10^(-3)s^(-1)的应变速率下,45CrNiMoV钢铸坯第Ⅰ高温脆性区为1 143~1 300℃,试样断口平齐光滑,为脆性断裂;高温塑性区为889~1 143℃,断口具有明显韧窝特征,为韧性断裂;第Ⅲ低温脆性区为600~889℃,断口属于典型的沿晶脆性断裂。根据高温力学性能研究结果,将连铸坯矫直温度控制在高温塑性区时,铸坯无表面和中心裂纹等缺陷,铸坯质量良好。

辊底式加热炉钢坯位置控制系统设计

目前,辊底式加热炉钢坯位置控制系统的设计和优化成为当前研究的焦点之一。随着科技的不断进步,控制系统技术在工业生产中得到了广泛应用。通过精确控制钢坯的位置可以实现更加均匀和高效的加热过程,从而改善产品质量,减少能源消耗,降低环境影响。因此,介绍了辊底式加热炉钢坯位置控制系统的设计,旨在提高钢坯的加热效率和质量控制。系统能够实现高精度的钢坯位置控制,以确保每块钢坯在加热炉中的位置和温度均匀分布。此外,系统具有智能控制策略以及数据采集等功能,以实时监测钢坯的位置和温度,为生产过程的优化提供重要信息,有望在未来的钢铁生产中发挥关键作用,实现生产效率的提高和工业可持续性的实现。

250 mm×250 mm轴承钢大方坯压下工艺优化及质量提升

建立了250 mm×250 mm轴承钢大方坯的凝固传热模型,并根据凝固平方根定律验证了模型的准确性。讨论了拉速和过热度对凝固终点的影响,并制定新的压下制度。运用不同压下制度进行了工业试验,试验结果表明:优化后的压下制度基本消除大方坯的中心缩孔,使得中心偏析比由1.1降低至1.0,同时使得V形偏析线上最高碳含量由1.391%降至1.184%,V形偏析线上和非偏析线上的平均碳含量极差由0.113%降至0.07%。

基于无监督学习的连铸铸坯缺陷检测方法

铸坯在连铸过程中受温度分布不均、流动速度不稳等多种因素的影响,容易出现各种表面和内部缺陷,如疏松、偏析、缩孔、裂纹、气泡、夹杂等。这些缺陷不仅影响产品的外观和性能,还可能对工程结构的安全性产生潜在威胁。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于无监督学习的连铸铸坯缺陷检测方法,该方法利用图像频域处理技术和深度学习算法学习连铸铸坯正常样本的图像特征,通过图像重建方式自动检测铸坯图像中的缺陷。首先,通过频率解耦模块对铸坯图像进行图像频率分离,得到铸坯的低频图像与高频图像。然后,采用带有自监督预测卷积注意模块的生成器网络集合,分别重建低频图像和高频图像。最后,通过判别器网络对铸坯的原始图像与重建图像进行判定,以确定铸坯图像中是否包含缺陷。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效检测连铸铸坯的缺陷,具有较高的准确性和可靠性,可为提高连铸产品质量和生产效率提供有力支持。

航空大型复杂钛框预锻成形初始毛坯优化

以某TA15钛合金框为例,采用数值模拟、响应面分析及物理模拟实验相结合的方法对预锻成形的初始毛坯形状尺寸进行了优化。构建了初始毛坯的参数化几何模型;建立了预锻成形有限元模型和响应面实验方案;以型腔各区域同时靠模为目标,根据不同初始毛坯的模拟结果,建立毛坯几何尺寸与模具型腔充填之间的定量关联关系,并通过极值求解计算出最优毛坯几何尺寸;最后采用有限元模拟和物理模拟实验验证了初始毛坯优化的可靠性和准确性。结果表明,该方法能有效克服大型复杂钛框预锻成形中常见的填充不满、成形载荷过大等问题,实现预锻件在型腔不同区域同时靠模。

热轧H型钢生产工艺技术

简述了H型钢的发展现状及H型钢的应用特点,从轧钢工艺方面介绍了小型、中型、大型H型钢国内比较常见的几种生产方法,包括全连续、半连续以及半连续往复穿梭轧制法,并通过国内主要型钢厂的实例,对几种轧制方法进行阐述。同时介绍了国内H型钢未来的发展趋势及新技术的应用。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy parts achieved by thixo-extruding semisolid billets prepared by new SIMA

New strain induced melt activation（new SIMA） method was employed to prepare high-quality semisolid billet of AZ61 magnesium alloy.Optical microscopy and tensile test were used to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of the thixo-extruded component.The results showed that the optimal process parameters for achieving the complete filling status involved the applied pressure of 784 MPa,the pressure holding time of 90 s and the die temperature of 450 ℃.Compared to semisolid isothermal treatment,high mechanical properties such as the tensile strength of 300.5 MPa and elongation of 22% and fine microstructure were obtained in the thixo-extruded parts.With increasing the isothermal temperature and holding time,the tensile strength and elongation were increased firstly and then decreased.When the press pass was increased from 1 to 4,the tensile strength and elongation of the thixo-extruded parts were greatly enhanced and microstructure was refined obviously.

Microstructure and properties at bonding interface of AA4045/AA3003 aluminum alloy cladding billet prepared by semi-continuous casting

AA4045/AA3003 cladding billet was prepared by direct chill semi-continuous casting process. The macrostructures, microstructures, temperature distribution, compositions distribution and the mechanical properties at the bonding interface were investigated in detail. The results show that the cladding billet with few defects could be obtained by semi-continuous casting process. At the interface, diffusion layer of about 10μm on average formed between the two alloys due to the diffusion of alloy elements in the temperature range from 596 to 632 °C. From the side of AA4045 to the side of AA3003, the Si content has a trend to decrease, while the Mn content has a trend to increase gradually. Tensile strength of the cladding billet reaches 103.7 MPa, the fractured position is located on the AA3003 side, and the shearing strength is 91.1 MPa, revealing that the two alloys were combined metallurgically by mutual diffusion of alloy elements.

Large-scale manufacturing of aluminum alloy plate extruded from subsize billet by new porthole-equal channel angular processing technique

To manufacture plate by the combination of equal channel angular processing （ECAP） and porthole die extrusion techniques, a novel technique, namely portholes-equal channel angular processing （P-ECAP）, was studied. Extrusion of AL6005A plate used for the bullet train plate was investigated by finite element method. The relevant porthole dies involving ECAP technique in channels were designed. Dimensional changes in the scrap part of the extrudate obtained after extrusion from the P-ECAP die, with different channel angles, were predicted. Effects of the channel angle and extrusion speed on the maximum temperature of the workpiece and other field variables were evaluated. At the channel angle of 160° of P-ECAP dies, the extrudate exhibited the optimal performance and the least amount of extrudate scrap was obtained. The optimal extrusion speed was 3-5 mm/s. Moreover, with the increase in ram speed from 1 to 9 mm/s, the peak extrusion load increased by about 49% and the maximum temperature was increased by about 70 ℃. The effective strain exhibited ascending trend in the comer of the ECAP deformation zone. In the solder seam and the side of die bearing of extrudate, the maximum principal stresses were tensile stress.

基于离散元法的磁性磨粒干压成型工艺参数优化

为探究磁性磨粒坯体压制阶段的各工艺参数对其成型质量的影响,优化磁性磨粒的烧结法制备参数,制备出质量优良的磁性磨粒,以铁基氧化铝磁性磨粒为研究对象,建立磁性磨粒干压成型的离散元模型。通过改变压制力、压制方式、摩擦系数、模具高径比等工艺参数,探究其对磁性磨粒坯体成型质量的影响,并实现压制过程中工艺参数的优化。结果表明:压制力越大,坯体孔隙率越小,但压制力过大,坯体外表面产生裂痕,影响坯体表面形貌的完整性,故宜选择75~125 MPa的压制力;双向压制得到的坯体密度更均匀、力学性能更好;模具的高径比越大,坯体的孔隙率相对较大,坯体的轴向应力相对较小;磨料颗粒间摩擦系数及侧壁与磨料颗粒之间的摩擦系数越小,坯体的孔隙率越小、致密度越好,坯体的均匀性也越好。在磁性磨粒混合阶段加入适量润滑液,可适当减小磨料颗粒间及颗粒与模具侧壁间的摩擦系数,进而提高磨粒坯体质量。