Tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial for controlling normal cell growth,survival,intercellular communication,gene transcription,immune responses,and other processes.protein tyrosine phosphatase(PTP)and protein tyrosine...Tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial for controlling normal cell growth,survival,intercellular communication,gene transcription,immune responses,and other processes.protein tyrosine phosphatase(PTP)and protein tyrosine kinases(PTK)can achieve this goal by regulating multiple signaling pathways.Oedaleus decorus asiaticus is an important pest that infests the Mongolian Plateau grassland.We aimed to evaluate the survival rate,growth rate,overall performance,and ovarian developmental morphology of the 4th instar nymphs of O.decorus asiaticus while inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B(PTP1B)and PTK.In addition,the expression and protein phosphorylation levels of key genes in the MAPK signaling pathway and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed.The results showed no significant differences in survival rate,growth rate,or overall performance between PTP1B inhibitor treatment and control.However,after PTK inhibitor treatment,these indexes were significantly lower than those in the control.The ovarian size of female larvae after 15 days of treatment with PTK inhibitors showed significantly slower development,while female larvae treated with PTP1B exhibited faster ovarian growth than the control group.In comparison to controls and nymphs treated with PTK inhibitors,the expression and phosphorylation levels of key genes in the MAPK signaling pathway under PTP1B inhibitor treatments were significantly higher in 4th instar nymphs.However,reactiveoxygen(ROS)species levels and the activities of NADPH oxidase and other antioxidant enzymes were considerably reduced,although they were significantly greater in the PTK inhibitor treatment.The results suggest that PTP1B and PTK feedback inhibition in the mitogen-activated-protein kinases(MAPK)signal transfer can regulate the physiological metabolism of the insect as well as its developmental rate.These findings can facilitate future uses of PTP1B and PTK inhibitors in controlling insect development to help control pest populations.展开更多
Citrus Huanglongbing （HLB,yellow shoot disease） was first observed in the coastal Chaoshan Plain of Guangdong Province,China,in the late 19th century based on descriptions of yellow shoot symptoms. “Candidatus Libe...Citrus Huanglongbing （HLB,yellow shoot disease） was first observed in the coastal Chaoshan Plain of Guangdong Province,China,in the late 19th century based on descriptions of yellow shoot symptoms. “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”has been considered as a putative pathogen associated with HLB since 1994.Information about the curent prevalence of this bacterium is important for HLB control in Guangdong and also provides useful reference for HLB study elsewhere.In 2007,we collected HLB symptomatic citrus samples from 16 cultivars in 12 prefecture cities,mostly in the north and west regions of Guangdong,where major citrus fruits are currently produced.Among the 359 samples collected,241 （67.1%） were positive for “Ca.L.asiaticus”,distributed in 15 out of the 16 cultivars from all 12 cities,indicating the widespread prevalence of “Ca.L.asiaticus” in Guangdong Province.The detection rates varied from 16.7 to 100% depending on location and cultivar.Lower detection rates were found in newer citrus cultivation cities among the previously less popular but now promoted cultivars.In reviewing the citrus management and pest control practice,we believe that infected nursery stocks play a key role in the current spread of “Ca.L.asiaticus”.展开更多
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus （CaLas）, an uncultured Gram-negative alphaproteobacterium, is the causal agent of Huanglongbing （HLB） in citrus. CaLas resides in phloem sieve tubes and has been shown to be unequ...Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus （CaLas）, an uncultured Gram-negative alphaproteobacterium, is the causal agent of Huanglongbing （HLB） in citrus. CaLas resides in phloem sieve tubes and has been shown to be unequally distributed in different tissues. Although HLB is a disease of citrus plants, it has been demonstrated that periwinkle can serve as an experimental host of CaLas, which can be transmitted from citrus to periwinkle via the parasitic plant dodder （Cuscuta spp.）. To investigate the distribution of CaLas in various periwinkle tissues, the bacteria were transmitted from an infected periwinkle plant to healthy periwinkles by top-grafting. The movement of the inoculum and associated titer changes were observed over time in various tissues. CaLas could be detected in the leaves, main stems, and roots of infected periwinkle by conventional PCR, and in all three tissues a clear time-dependent change in CaLas titer was observed, with titer increasing soon after inoculation and then decreasing as disease symptoms became severe. The highest titer was found at 25, 35 and 35 days after inoculation in leaves, main stems and roots, respectively. The titer in leaves was much higher than in the main stems and roots at the same time point, and the spatial distribution of CaLas in the leaves, main stems and roots of infected periwinkle was uneven, similar to what has been shown in citrus. The results provide guidance for selecting the proper periwinkle tissues and sampling times for early detection of CaLas.展开更多
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)’,which causes citrus Huanglongbing(HLB)disease,has not been successfully cultured in vitro to date.Here,a rapid multiplication system for CLas was established through in vitr...‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)’,which causes citrus Huanglongbing(HLB)disease,has not been successfully cultured in vitro to date.Here,a rapid multiplication system for CLas was established through in vitro regeneration of axillary buds from CLas-infected‘Changyecheng’sweet orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck).Stem segments with a single axillary bud were cultured in vitro to allow CLas to multiply in the regenerating axillary buds.A high CLas titer was detected in the regenerated shoots on an optimized medium at 30 days after germination(DAG).This titer was 28.2-fold higher than in the midribs from CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse.To minimize contamination during in vitro regeneration,CLas-infected axillary buds were micrografted onto seedlings of‘Changyecheng’sweet orange and cultured in a liquid medium.In this culture,the titers of CLas in regenerated shoots rapidly increased from 7.5×10^(4)to 1.4×10^(8)cellsμg^(-1)of citrus DNA during the first 40 DAG.The percentages of shoots with>1×10^(8)CLas cellsμg^(-1)DNA were 30 and 40%at 30 and 40 DAG,respectively.Direct tissue blot immunoassay(DTBIA)indicated that the distribution of CLas was much more uniform in regenerated plantlets than in CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse.The disease symptoms in the plantlets were die-back,stunted growth,leaf necrosis/yellowing,and defoliation.The death rate of the plantlets was 82.0%at 60 DAG.Our results show that CLas can effectively multiply in citrus plantlests in vitro.This method will be useful for studying plant-HLB interactions and for rapid screening of therapeutic compounds against CLas in citrus.展开更多
Two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements（MITEs）, MCLas-A and MCLas-B, were recently identified from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus＇ known to be associated with citrus Huanglongbing（HLB, yellow shoo...Two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements（MITEs）, MCLas-A and MCLas-B, were recently identified from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus＇ known to be associated with citrus Huanglongbing（HLB, yellow shoot disease）. MCLas-A was suggested as an active MITE because of its mobility. The immediate upstream gene of the two MITEs was predicted to be a putative transposase. The goal of this study is to analyze the sequence variation in the upstream putative transposase of MITEs and explore the possible correlation between sequence variation of transposase gene and MITE activity. PCR and sequence analysis showed that 12 sequence types were found in six major amplicon types from 43 representative ‘Ca. L. asiaticus＇ isolates from China, the United States and Brazil. Out of the 12 sequence types, three（T4, T5-2, T6） were reported for the first time. Recombination events were found in the two unique sequence types（T5-2 and T6） which were detected in all Brazilian isolates. Notably, no sequence variation or recombination events were detected in the upstream putative transposase gene of MCLas-A, suggesting the conservation of the transposase gene might be closely related with the MITE activity. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two well supported clades including five subclades were identified, clearly reflecting the geographical origins of isolates, especially that of Ruili isolates, S？o Paulo isolates and a few Florida isolates.展开更多
1 Introduction In 2006,plankton investigation was carried out in the lakes in Ali district,Tibet.7 planktonic crustaceans were identified and reported.Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs was reported for the first time o...1 Introduction In 2006,plankton investigation was carried out in the lakes in Ali district,Tibet.7 planktonic crustaceans were identified and reported.Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs was reported for the first time on the QTP(Yuan et al.,2007).However,detailed data on this species,especially its ecological significance,were not mentioned.In this展开更多
Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Secretor...Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Secretory proteins are important in bacterial pathogenesis and structure components. Some of them are expressed at a high level. To obtain the highly-expressed secretory protein genes (SPGs) for antiserum preparation, six candidate SPGs were chosen from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by bioinformatic analysis and were further tested by qPCR and RT-qPCR methods, respectively. The result showed that two SPGs, 408 and pap (both are Flp pilus assembly protein genes), have relative high amounts of DNA and RNA transcripts of early HLB-infected green orange leaves. The 408 and pap genes were further constructed into the plant expression vector pCAMBIA1300 (GV1300: GFP) and expressed in tobacco leaf epidermal cells for subcellular localization analysis. The transient expression results indicated that the 408 protein is located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of tobacco leaf cells. However, the pap protein is located in the cytoplasm of tobacco leaf cells, which may help the pathogen invade into plant cells. This research is an important foundation for the preparation of the antiserum against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and the early detection of HLB disease.展开更多
The foraging technique and prey-handling time of the black-necked stork(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)was stud-ied in Dudhwa National Park,India,from January 1996 to June 1997.The habitat in which the storks foraged play...The foraging technique and prey-handling time of the black-necked stork(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)was stud-ied in Dudhwa National Park,India,from January 1996 to June 1997.The habitat in which the storks foraged played an important role in selecting a particular technique to procure food.Black-necked storks mostly foraged using a tactile technique(>90%),but sometimes foraged visually.When the water level was estimated to be less than 60 cm,the storks foraged using tactile techniques.There was no difference in the feeding techniques of male and female storks.Foraging attempt rates varied between the sexes in summer(May)and during late winter(February)in 1997.The search time for prey increased when the water level was high and fish were widely distributed.Decreases in water level resulted in concentration of fish in certain areas and this contributed to high fish-catching rates by black-necked storks.Males had a higher success rate of fish capture than females.However,females captured longer fish than males.Prey-handling time increased in both sexes as fish length increased.Fish 4–6 cm long were most frequently taken by the foraging storks.展开更多
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1400500)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-34)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of China(S2022XM21)。
文摘Tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial for controlling normal cell growth,survival,intercellular communication,gene transcription,immune responses,and other processes.protein tyrosine phosphatase(PTP)and protein tyrosine kinases(PTK)can achieve this goal by regulating multiple signaling pathways.Oedaleus decorus asiaticus is an important pest that infests the Mongolian Plateau grassland.We aimed to evaluate the survival rate,growth rate,overall performance,and ovarian developmental morphology of the 4th instar nymphs of O.decorus asiaticus while inhibiting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B(PTP1B)and PTK.In addition,the expression and protein phosphorylation levels of key genes in the MAPK signaling pathway and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed.The results showed no significant differences in survival rate,growth rate,or overall performance between PTP1B inhibitor treatment and control.However,after PTK inhibitor treatment,these indexes were significantly lower than those in the control.The ovarian size of female larvae after 15 days of treatment with PTK inhibitors showed significantly slower development,while female larvae treated with PTP1B exhibited faster ovarian growth than the control group.In comparison to controls and nymphs treated with PTK inhibitors,the expression and phosphorylation levels of key genes in the MAPK signaling pathway under PTP1B inhibitor treatments were significantly higher in 4th instar nymphs.However,reactiveoxygen(ROS)species levels and the activities of NADPH oxidase and other antioxidant enzymes were considerably reduced,although they were significantly greater in the PTK inhibitor treatment.The results suggest that PTP1B and PTK feedback inhibition in the mitogen-activated-protein kinases(MAPK)signal transfer can regulate the physiological metabolism of the insect as well as its developmental rate.These findings can facilitate future uses of PTP1B and PTK inhibitors in controlling insect development to help control pest populations.
基金supported by the Chinese Modern Agricultural Technology Systems(CARS-27)the Special Fundfor Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(2010003067)the project of Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing Field Research and Outreach by North Carolina State University and United State Department of Agriculture(2010-0195-02)
文摘Citrus Huanglongbing （HLB,yellow shoot disease） was first observed in the coastal Chaoshan Plain of Guangdong Province,China,in the late 19th century based on descriptions of yellow shoot symptoms. “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”has been considered as a putative pathogen associated with HLB since 1994.Information about the curent prevalence of this bacterium is important for HLB control in Guangdong and also provides useful reference for HLB study elsewhere.In 2007,we collected HLB symptomatic citrus samples from 16 cultivars in 12 prefecture cities,mostly in the north and west regions of Guangdong,where major citrus fruits are currently produced.Among the 359 samples collected,241 （67.1%） were positive for “Ca.L.asiaticus”,distributed in 15 out of the 16 cultivars from all 12 cities,indicating the widespread prevalence of “Ca.L.asiaticus” in Guangdong Province.The detection rates varied from 16.7 to 100% depending on location and cultivar.Lower detection rates were found in newer citrus cultivation cities among the previously less popular but now promoted cultivars.In reviewing the citrus management and pest control practice,we believe that infected nursery stocks play a key role in the current spread of “Ca.L.asiaticus”.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (2010003067)
文摘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus （CaLas）, an uncultured Gram-negative alphaproteobacterium, is the causal agent of Huanglongbing （HLB） in citrus. CaLas resides in phloem sieve tubes and has been shown to be unequally distributed in different tissues. Although HLB is a disease of citrus plants, it has been demonstrated that periwinkle can serve as an experimental host of CaLas, which can be transmitted from citrus to periwinkle via the parasitic plant dodder （Cuscuta spp.）. To investigate the distribution of CaLas in various periwinkle tissues, the bacteria were transmitted from an infected periwinkle plant to healthy periwinkles by top-grafting. The movement of the inoculum and associated titer changes were observed over time in various tissues. CaLas could be detected in the leaves, main stems, and roots of infected periwinkle by conventional PCR, and in all three tissues a clear time-dependent change in CaLas titer was observed, with titer increasing soon after inoculation and then decreasing as disease symptoms became severe. The highest titer was found at 25, 35 and 35 days after inoculation in leaves, main stems and roots, respectively. The titer in leaves was much higher than in the main stems and roots at the same time point, and the spatial distribution of CaLas in the leaves, main stems and roots of infected periwinkle was uneven, similar to what has been shown in citrus. The results provide guidance for selecting the proper periwinkle tissues and sampling times for early detection of CaLas.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD0201500 and 2018YFD1000300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972393)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-26)
文摘‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)’,which causes citrus Huanglongbing(HLB)disease,has not been successfully cultured in vitro to date.Here,a rapid multiplication system for CLas was established through in vitro regeneration of axillary buds from CLas-infected‘Changyecheng’sweet orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck).Stem segments with a single axillary bud were cultured in vitro to allow CLas to multiply in the regenerating axillary buds.A high CLas titer was detected in the regenerated shoots on an optimized medium at 30 days after germination(DAG).This titer was 28.2-fold higher than in the midribs from CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse.To minimize contamination during in vitro regeneration,CLas-infected axillary buds were micrografted onto seedlings of‘Changyecheng’sweet orange and cultured in a liquid medium.In this culture,the titers of CLas in regenerated shoots rapidly increased from 7.5×10^(4)to 1.4×10^(8)cellsμg^(-1)of citrus DNA during the first 40 DAG.The percentages of shoots with>1×10^(8)CLas cellsμg^(-1)DNA were 30 and 40%at 30 and 40 DAG,respectively.Direct tissue blot immunoassay(DTBIA)indicated that the distribution of CLas was much more uniform in regenerated plantlets than in CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse.The disease symptoms in the plantlets were die-back,stunted growth,leaf necrosis/yellowing,and defoliation.The death rate of the plantlets was 82.0%at 60 DAG.Our results show that CLas can effectively multiply in citrus plantlests in vitro.This method will be useful for studying plant-HLB interactions and for rapid screening of therapeutic compounds against CLas in citrus.
基金provided by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201003067-02)the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC (cstc2012jj A80025)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (XDJK2014A001, XDJK2014D004)
文摘Two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements（MITEs）, MCLas-A and MCLas-B, were recently identified from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus＇ known to be associated with citrus Huanglongbing（HLB, yellow shoot disease）. MCLas-A was suggested as an active MITE because of its mobility. The immediate upstream gene of the two MITEs was predicted to be a putative transposase. The goal of this study is to analyze the sequence variation in the upstream putative transposase of MITEs and explore the possible correlation between sequence variation of transposase gene and MITE activity. PCR and sequence analysis showed that 12 sequence types were found in six major amplicon types from 43 representative ‘Ca. L. asiaticus＇ isolates from China, the United States and Brazil. Out of the 12 sequence types, three（T4, T5-2, T6） were reported for the first time. Recombination events were found in the two unique sequence types（T5-2 and T6） which were detected in all Brazilian isolates. Notably, no sequence variation or recombination events were detected in the upstream putative transposase gene of MCLas-A, suggesting the conservation of the transposase gene might be closely related with the MITE activity. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two well supported clades including five subclades were identified, clearly reflecting the geographical origins of isolates, especially that of Ruili isolates, S？o Paulo isolates and a few Florida isolates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41372179)the Special Funds for Public Welfare Land and Resour ces Scientific Project ( 201311140)
文摘1 Introduction In 2006,plankton investigation was carried out in the lakes in Ali district,Tibet.7 planktonic crustaceans were identified and reported.Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs was reported for the first time on the QTP(Yuan et al.,2007).However,detailed data on this species,especially its ecological significance,were not mentioned.In this
文摘Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. The disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which is vectored by the psyllids Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae. Secretory proteins are important in bacterial pathogenesis and structure components. Some of them are expressed at a high level. To obtain the highly-expressed secretory protein genes (SPGs) for antiserum preparation, six candidate SPGs were chosen from Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by bioinformatic analysis and were further tested by qPCR and RT-qPCR methods, respectively. The result showed that two SPGs, 408 and pap (both are Flp pilus assembly protein genes), have relative high amounts of DNA and RNA transcripts of early HLB-infected green orange leaves. The 408 and pap genes were further constructed into the plant expression vector pCAMBIA1300 (GV1300: GFP) and expressed in tobacco leaf epidermal cells for subcellular localization analysis. The transient expression results indicated that the 408 protein is located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of tobacco leaf cells. However, the pap protein is located in the cytoplasm of tobacco leaf cells, which may help the pathogen invade into plant cells. This research is an important foundation for the preparation of the antiserum against Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and the early detection of HLB disease.
基金Public service sectors(agriculture)special project(Grant No.201003067)from Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of ChinaNational Natural Science Fund(Grant No.31201480)by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)
文摘The foraging technique and prey-handling time of the black-necked stork(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus)was stud-ied in Dudhwa National Park,India,from January 1996 to June 1997.The habitat in which the storks foraged played an important role in selecting a particular technique to procure food.Black-necked storks mostly foraged using a tactile technique(>90%),but sometimes foraged visually.When the water level was estimated to be less than 60 cm,the storks foraged using tactile techniques.There was no difference in the feeding techniques of male and female storks.Foraging attempt rates varied between the sexes in summer(May)and during late winter(February)in 1997.The search time for prey increased when the water level was high and fish were widely distributed.Decreases in water level resulted in concentration of fish in certain areas and this contributed to high fish-catching rates by black-necked storks.Males had a higher success rate of fish capture than females.However,females captured longer fish than males.Prey-handling time increased in both sexes as fish length increased.Fish 4–6 cm long were most frequently taken by the foraging storks.
