Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different parts of Leucas aspera

Objective:To evaluate antioxidant,antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of different parts(root, flower,leaf and stem)of Leucas aspera(L.aspera)(Labiatae).Methods:Different parts of L.aspera were extracted with 80%(v/v)methanol.The methanol extracts were subjected to antioxidant, antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay.Results:All the extracts showed moderate to potent antioxidant activity,among which the root extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the IC_(50)value of 6.552μg/mL.Methanol extract of root possessed antioxidant activity near the range of vitamin E and thus could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidant.In case of antimicrobial screening,crude extracts of root,flower,leaf and stem showed notable antibacterial activity against tested microorganisms.The root extract showed the highest mean zone of inhibition ranging from 9.0-11.0 mm against tested microorganisms,at a concentration of 100 mg/mL.In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay,it was evident that the methanol root extract did not show significant toxicity.The LC_(50)value for 12 h and 24 h observation was 2.890 mg/mL and 1.417 mg/mL,respectively.Conclusions:The present finding suggests that the methanol root extract of L.aspera could be developed as pharmaceutical products.

In vitro callus induction and plantlet regeneration of Achyranthes aspera L.,a high value medicinal plant

Objective:To study callus induction from different explants(internode,leaf,root)and in vitro plantlets propagation from medicinally important plant Achyranthes aspera L.Methods:Sterilized explants were prepared by uning 0.1%HgCl_2 and 0.5%Bavistin and callus was obtained when cultured onto Murashige Skoog's(MS)medium by using different concentrations and combination of 2,4-D.NAA.BAP,IAA,IBA with 3%sucrose and 0.8%agar.Induced callus was immediately transferred to MS medium containing at different concentrations of phytohormones for shootlets and rootlets induction respectively.Results:Sterilization treatment of 0.1%HgCl_2.for 2-3 min and Bavistin 0.5%for 10-12 min showed the highest percentage of asepsis and survival rate.Maximum induction of callus was obtained from a combination of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L NAA from leaf.Highest shootlets number(4.83±0.l7)and length(3.8±0.16)cm were observed on full strength MS medium when fortified with BAP 4.0 mg/L and KIN 0.5 mg/L.Concerted efforts of BAP 10 mg/L and NAA 0.5 mg/L on full strength MS medium showed highest leaf number(6.77±0.94).In vitro raised shoots were allowed to root on different strengths of MS medium fortified with IAA and IBA at different concentrations.Experimentally,3.0 mg/L IBA was enabled to induce maximum rootlets number(10.0±9.82)on full strength MS medium.Afterwards,regenerated shoots with well developed roots were successfully subjected to hardening process and were acclimatized.The survived plantlets showed 66.67%survival frequency without any morphological abnormality.Conclusions:The results demonstrated that different explants were good source of callus induction,morphology analysis as well as indirect plantlets regeneration.

Gastroprotective effect of Achyranthes aspera Linn,leaf on rats

Objective:The study was aimed al evaluating the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera(EEAA) leaf.Methods:The anti-ulcer assays were performed on pylorus ligation and chronic ethanol induced ulcer model.The effects of the EEAA on gastric content volume,pH.free acidity,total acidity and ulcer index were evaluated.Results:The percentage of ulcer protection(59.55%and 35.58%) was significantly(P 【 0.001) higher in the groups treated with the high dose of EEAA(600 mg/kg),it also reduced the volume of gastric juice and total acidity whereas,gastric pH was increased signiGcandy.Conclusions:The results of this study show significant gastroprotective activity of EEAA may be due to presence of phyto-constituents like flavanoids,saponins and tannins.

In vitro clonal propagation of Achyranthes aspera L. and Achyranthes bidentata Blume using nodal explants

Objective:To develop the reproducible in vitro propagation protocols for the medicinally important plants viz.,Achyranthes aspera(A.aspera)L.and Achyranthes bidentata(A.bidentata)Blume using nodal segments as explants.Methods:Young shoots of A.aspera and A.bidentata were harvested and washed with running tap water and treated with 0.1%bavistin and rinsed twice with distilled water.Then the explants were surface sterilized with 0.1%(w/v)HgCl_2 solutions for I min.After rinsing with sterile distilled water for 3-4 times,nodal segments were cut into smaller segments(1 cm)and used as the explants.The explants were placed horizontally as well as vertically on solid basal Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium supplemented with 3%sucrose,0.6%(w/v)agar(HiMedia,Mumbai)and different concentration and combination of 6-benzyl amino purine(BAP),kinetin(Kin),naphthalene acetic acid(NAA)and indole acetic acid(IAA)for direct regeneration.Results:Adventitious proliferation was obtained from A.aspera and A.bidentata nodal segments inoculated on MS basal medium with 3%sucrose and augmented with BAP and Kin with varied frequency.MS medium augmented with 3.0 mg/L of BAP showed the highest percentage(93.60±0.71)of shootlets formation for A.aspera and(94.70±0.53)percentages for A.bidentata.Maximum number of shoots/explants(10.60±0.36)for A.aspera and(9.50±0.56)for A.bidentata was observed in MS medium fortified with 5.0 mg/L of BAP.For A.aspera,maximum mean length(5.50±0.34)of shootlets was obtained in MS medium augmented with 3.0 mg/L of Kin and for A.bidentata(5.40±0.61)was observed in the very same concentration.The highest percentage,maximum number of rootlets/shootlet and mean length of rootlets were observed in 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of 1BA.Seventy percentages of plants were successfully established in polycups.Sixty eight percentages of plants were well established in the green house condition.Sixty five percentages of plants were established in the field.Conclusions:The results have shown that use of nodal buds is an alternative reproducible and dependable method for clonal propagation of A.aspera and A.bidentata.The high rate of direct shoot-root multiplication and their high rate of post-hardening survival indicate that this protocol can he easily adopted for commercial large scale cultivation.

Aspera-fasp技术在视频CDN系统中的应用与研究

研究、设计了一个基于HTTP Live Streaming视频流媒体技术的视频直播和点播的CDN系统,并在此基础上对其进行优化。目前,传统的CDN系统虽适用于目前国内大部分的网络环境,但在某些极端恶劣的环境条件下,比如无专线网络情况下的跨国数据传输,还是无法满足正常的业务需求。因此,该设计引入了Aspera-fasp传输技术,这是一项突破性的传输协议,能充分利用现有的WAN基础设施和通用硬件,让其为传统的CDN系统提供全球数据的快速传输。

One-pot synthesis of silver nanocomposites from Achyranthes aspera:An eco-friendly larvicide against Aedes aegypti L.

Objective:To formulate silver nanocomposites from Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts and evaluate its larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti.Methods:The silver nanocomposites were synthesized from Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts.The process was optimized and traced through UV-visible and photon correlation spectroscopy.The larvicidal potential of silver nanocomposites of Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts was assessed against the early fourth instars of Aedes aegypti and three non-target organisms.Furthermore,the most effective and eco-safe nanocomposite was characterized by different biophysical techniques including scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray(EDX)spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).Results:The formulated silver nanocomposites exhibited efficient larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti.Bioassay with silver nanocomposites formulated using different Ag NO3 concentrations(3,4,and 5 m M)revealed respective LC50 values of 37.570,6.262 and 1.041μg/m L;5.819,1.412 and 0.489μg/m L;and 5.519,1.302 and 0.267μg/m L after 24,48 and 72 h.The silver nanocomposites with 4 m M Ag NO3 were selected for characterization.SEM and TEM analysis revealed spherical,poly-dispersed structure with varied diameters of 1-25 nm.The XRD analysis established the crystalline and face-centred-cubic structure of silver nanocomposites with the maximum peak at a 2θvalue of 37.42°.The EDX pattern showed the presence of Ag,O and C in the nanocomposites in their order of weight%.The FT-IR displayed visibly distinct peaks in different ranges demonstrating the intricacy of silver nanocomposites.In addition,the lethal concentrations of silver nanocomposites of Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae were non-toxic to non-target organisms including Gambusia affinis,Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa.Conclusions:Silver nanocomposites synthesized with leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera provide a cost-effective and eco-safe alternative to conventional insecticides,and can be utilized as a potent mosquito nano-larvicide.

Antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the phytochemicals of whole Leucas aspera extract

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas aspera(Labiatae)(L.aspera)alcoholic extract.Methods:Whole L.aspera powder was extracted by absolute ethanol(99.50%).The ethanolic extract was subjected to antioxidant,antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality assay.Results:The extract showed potent radical scavenging effect(antioxidant)with IC_(50)value of(99.58±1.22)μg/mL which was significant(P<0.01)in comparison to ascorbic acid with IC_(50)value of(1.25±0.95)μg/mL.In case of antibacterial screening,the extract showed notable antibacterial effect against the tested microbial strains.Significant(P<0.05)zone of inhibitions against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis[(12.00±1.32)mm]and Bacillus megaterium[(13.00±1.50)mm],Staphylococcus aureus[(8.00±0.50)mm]and Gram negative Salmonella typhi[(6.00±0.50)mm],Salmonella paratyphi[(8.00±1.00)mm],Shigella dysenteriae[(9.00±1.32)mm]and Vibrio cholerae[(9.00±0.66)mm]was observed.In brine shrimp lethality bioassay,the extract showed the LC_(50)value as(181.68±2.15)μg/mL which was statistically significant(P<0.01)compared to positive control vincristine sulfate[LC_(50)=(0.76±0.04)μg/mL].Conclusions:The results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of L.aspera could be used as antibacterial,pesticidal and various pharmacologic actives.

Determination of Oleanolic Acid in Achyranthes aspera L. of Different Production Areas by HPLC

[Objectives] To determine the content of oleanolic acid in 10 batches of Achyranthes aspera L. from different production areas,and to establish a high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) method for the determination of oleanolic acid in A. aspera. [Methods]Agilent C18 liquid chromatography column( 250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm) was used for gradient elution with acetonitrile∶ water = 61∶ 39 as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 mL/min,the detection wavelength was 210 nm,and the column temperature was 35℃. [Results] The oleanolic acid injection volume showed a good linear relationship with the peak area in the range of 0. 382-7. 640 μg. The linear equation of oleanolic acid was: A = 530. 76 C,R = 1. 000 0; the range of sample recovery rate was 96. 03%-102. 73%,and the RSD value was 2. 16%( n =9). The content of the oleanolic acid was the highest in A. aspera produced in Guilin City of Guangxi( 0. 92%),and the lowest oleanolic acid content was in sample of Sitang in Nanning City of Guangxi( 0. 27%). It is recommended that the oleanolic acid content of A. aspera should not be lower than 0. 20%. [Conclusions]The HPLC method is accurate,reliable,easy to operate,and has good resolution. It is suitable for the determination of the content of oleic acid in A. aspera. It can provide reference for the quality control and standard drafting of A. aspera.

Effect of Hydro-ethanolic (1:1) Extract of Stephania Hernandifolia and Achyranthes Aspera in Composite Manner on Testicular Activity in Male Albino Rat:A Dose Dependent Analysis

Objective To investigate the effect of hydro-ethanolic extraet of Stephania hernandifolia leaves and Aehyranthes aspera roots in composite manner at the ratio of 1：3 on testicular activity in male rats. Methods Rats were divided into 4 groups with 8 animals in each group. The control （group A） received 0. 5 ml of olive oil/100 g body weight orally, other three groups were treated with said extract orally at a dose of 0.4 mg/g （group B） or 0.8 mg/g （group C） or 1.6 mg/g body weight （group D） respectively for 28 d. On 29th day of experiment, the animals were sacrificed. Sperm concentrations in cauda epididymis and biochemical markers like testicular cholesterol, androgenic key enzyme activity, plasma testosterone level seminal fructose level, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase （GOT） and glutamate pyruvate transaminase （GPT） activities and serum triglyceride levels were measured following standard methods. ResuIts Extract treated animals in all doses resulted in a significant （P〈O. 05）decrease in sperm concentration, testicular androgenic key enzyme activity, plasma testosterone and seminal vesicle fructose levels along with an increase in testieular cholesterol level Animals treated at a dose of O. 8 mg/g body weight showed more promising result without causing any metabolic toxicity compared with other doses. Histological study also supported the biochemical results. The minimum but most effective dose i.e. 0.8 mg/g body weight had an inhibitory effect on implantation focused here by mating experiment.Conclusion The composite efficacy as male contraceptive extract of S. hernandifolia and A. aspera has a potent that may provide clues to the pharmaceutical industries for male contraceptive development

Molluscicidal effect of Achyranthes aspera L.(Amaranthaceae)aqueous extract on adult snails of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis

Background:Intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is a wide spread disease in most parts of Ethiopian highlands.Snail control is one major strategy in schistosomiasis control.The use of molluscicidal plant products is becoming interesting due to their environmental friendliness,accessibility and easy application.This research is aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal effect of Achyranthes aspera on Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis snails,which are of great medical and veterinary importance in Ethiopia.Methods:Adult B.pfeifferi snails were exposed to the various concentrations of A.aspera aqueous leaf extract for 24,48 and 72 h.Similarly,adult L.natalensis snails were exposed to the extract for 24 h.Mortality data were analyzed using probit regression model.Phytochemical content of the plant was analyzed using standard screening methods.Results:The plant’s molluscicidal effect on the two snail species was demonstrated.The 24 h LC50 and LC90 values against L.natalensis were 69.5 and 93.9 ppm respectively.In the 24,48 and 72 h exposure of B.pfeifferi,the LC50 values were 72.4,69.9,64.7 ppm and the LC90 were 96.5,93.8,92.8 ppm,respectively.The phytochemical screening tests indicated presence of saponins.Conclusion:From the findings of this study,A.aspera has a molluscicidal potential.The result provides a useful foundation for further in-depth studies to ensure its wider applicability in different water bodies and evaluate its toxic effects on non-target species.

In vitro cytotoxic effects of Smilax aspera L.roots on cancer cell lines

Approximately,14 million cancer cases are seen annually,and cancer accounts for 20%of all deaths in the world.However,the incidence of cancer is increasing every year.The fact that the survival rate in cancer is not at the desired level makes cancer a pathology with a high mortality rate.Scientists conduct intensive research on strategic issues such as new diagnostic methods,identification of new candidate drug molecules,and detection of molecules or molecular pathways that may be targeted for new drugs.In this study;The cytotoxic activity and apoptotic mechanism were investigated root extracts of Smilax aspera L.,whose roots are edible.This study,cytotoxicity of S.aspera root extracts on MDA-MB-231,A549 and OVCAR3 cell lines by MTT method and apoptotic activity on OVCAR3 cell line by double staining and gene expression levels were determined for the first time.As a result of the study,S.aspera root extracts showed a significant cytotoxic effect on three cell lines at different rates.In addition,it suppressed the BCL2 gene,which has an important role in the prevention of apoptosis,and it was determined to have an apoptosis-inducing effect.In this respect,it is seen that S.aspera is a strategically important plant that can be used in cancer treatment.

土牛膝醇提物提取工艺优化及体外抗人肺腺癌A549细胞活性研究

土牛膝是应用广泛的药用植物,其功效众多,为研究其醇提物抗癌功效,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化土牛膝的醇提工艺,并对醇提物进行体外人肺腺癌A549细胞毒性及细胞划痕试验。获得了最佳提取工艺为:提取温度90℃,液料比40∶1,提取时间2 h,在此条件下,土牛膝醇提物提取率为9.23%。细胞毒性试验结果显示,随着醇提物浓度的上升,A549细胞的存活率迅速下降,当醇提物浓度为256μg/mL时,对A549细胞的抑制率达94.65%,且细胞划痕结果显示醇提物对A549细胞迁移有一定抑制作用,可为研究土牛膝药用特性提供参考。

南京紫金山糙叶树种群结构与动态

为明晰地带性植被糙叶树种群结构与动态特征,根据1 hm^(2)固定样地中优势种糙叶树的每木调查结果,通过种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析函数及时间序列模型,对糙叶树种群的结构动态进行分析。结果表明:1)糙叶树种群属于增长型,在自然干扰下,种群数量变化动态指数为3.04%,表明该种群能够在当前演替阶段保持稳定。2)种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ直线型B 3亚型,死亡率和消失率均表现出波动性特征。3)时间序列预测表明,在经过2~5个龄级后,除Ⅸ和Ⅺ龄级外,种群各龄级的个体数量均有不同程度增长。综上所述,虽然紫金山糙叶树种群个体数量在当前演替阶段能够维持稳定,但种群在幼中龄过渡阶段死亡率(43.2%)和死亡密度(9.7%)偏高,需通过适度开展科学的经营性择伐等森林抚育措施,及时伐除病残木,营造小林窗,改善林内生存环境,从而促进糙叶树种群的天然更新与苗木生长。

土牛膝的传统应用及化学成分和药理活性研究进展

土牛膝是一种使用历史悠久,功效多样,在国内外都有较为广泛应用的传统药物。通过查阅近年来国内外文献,对土牛膝的传统应用情况、化学成分及药理活性研究概况进行归纳总结,结果表明土牛膝的种子、根、叶和汁液等均有药用记载,主要化学成分为三萜及其皂苷类、甾酮类、生物碱类、有机酸类等,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒和抗感染、抗惊厥、抗焦虑、抗抑郁和神经保护、肝脏和胃肠保护、免疫调节、抗生育、降血糖和降血脂等多种药理活性,是一种具有良好开发前景的植物。本文希望为土牛膝的深入研究与开发利用提供参考。

金乌骨通胶囊中土牛膝的鉴别研究

建立了金乌骨通胶囊中土牛膝的薄层色谱(TLC)定性鉴别方法。土牛膝的TLC鉴别采用高效硅胶H薄层板为载体,三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(体积比10∶45∶22∶10)为展开剂,5%香草醛硫酸溶液为显色剂。结果显示,金乌骨通胶囊和土牛膝原药材TLC色谱中,在与土牛膝对照药材色谱相应的位置上呈现相同颜色的主斑点,金乌骨通胶囊阴性对制剂鉴别无干扰。建立的TLC鉴别方法专属性强,可应用于金乌骨通胶囊及土牛膝原药材的质量控制。

育王山糙叶树种群的种子雨和地表种子库动态

2010年,在浙江宁波育王山常绿阔叶落叶混交林中选择林中和林缘2个种群各3株成熟龄的糙叶树(Aphanthe aspera),通过种子框和地表取样,分析糙叶树种子雨和地表土壤种子库动态、种子存留及其命运。结果表明:糙叶树种子雨为9月2日—11月4日,持续时间64 d,高峰期出现在9月23日—10月21日;在整个种子雨期间,林中、林缘种群种子散落密度分别为151、300个·m^(-2),完好有活力的种子均占总数的98%;林缘种群的种子平均长度、宽度和质量显著优于林中种群;种子雨结束150 d后,林缘、林中种群地表种子库被动物捕食率分别为97.31%、97.25%,地表种子存活率仅为1.7%、2.05%。糙叶树种群的高种子产量、低种子存留等因素限制了种群的天然更新。

散斑竹根七的组织培养与快速繁殖体系的建立

以散斑竹根七[Disporopsis aspera(Hua)Engl.ex Krause]的嫩茎段作为外植体,研究了其组织培养和快速繁殖体系。结果表明,外植体预处理后,经过75%的乙醇消毒20 s,再用0.1%Hg Cl2处理6 min的灭菌效果最好,启动率达到78.40%,污染率仅为23.75%。初代培养最适宜的培养基是MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+2,4-D 0.01 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L+IAA 1.0 mg/L;MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+KT 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L适用于继代增殖培养,丛生芽的增殖系数达到6.10;适宜生根的培养基为NAA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L+1/2MS,生根率达到96.13%。

不同产地牛膝中齐墩果酸含量测定

采用薄层扫描法对不同产地的栽培牛膝及土牛膝所含的齐墩果酸进行了含量测定。结果表明，不同产地的栽培牛膝含量约１．０％，杭州野生牛膝的含量高达１．４％，而土牛膝的含量仅有０．０５４％。

土牛膝中齐墩果酸、牛膝多糖的提取与鉴定

目的从土牛膝中提取齐墩果酸和多糖并进行定性定量分析。方法土牛膝水煮液经水浴、酸水解、加碱煮沸后,乙醇回流、抽滤,60℃烘干精制得到齐墩果酸;土牛膝的乙醇热回流后再水提,经过浓缩、沉淀、除杂、抽滤、洗涤、低温干燥得到牛膝多糖。用薄层色谱法和分光光度法进行定性定量分析。结果齐墩果酸的提取率为0.88%;牛膝多糖的提取率为7.2%。结论通过含量测定结果与提取率对比,本实验方法可行。

土牛膝的生药学鉴定

[目的]对土牛膝进行生药学鉴定。[方法]采用显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别和高效液相色谱法对土牛膝进行定性和定量鉴定。[结果]土牛膝的性状特征和组织构造特征明显;并且,测得土牛膝中齐墩果酸的平均含量为0.445 3%,蜕皮甾酮的平均含量为0.103 3%。[结论]该方法对土牛膝的生药学性状进行了鉴定,其结果可为土牛膝质量标准的制定提供参考依据。