Technical Progress on Researches for the Safety of High Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dams

The concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) is an important dam type in the selection of high dams to be constructed in Western China,owing to its direct utilization of local materials,good adaptability,and distinct economic advantages.Over the past decades,China has gained successful experience in the construction of 200 m CFRDs,providing the necessary technical accumulation for the development of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs.This paper summarizes these successful experiences and analyzes the problems of a number of major 200 m CFRDs around the world.In addition,it discusses the key technologies and latest research progress regarding safety in the construction of 250–300 m ultra-high CFRDs,and suggests focuses and general ideas for future research.

Seepage simulation of high concrete-faced rockfill dams based on generalized equivalent continuum model

This research focused on the three-dimensional(3 D) seepage field simulation of a high concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD) under complex hydraulic conditions. A generalized equivalent continuum model of fractured rock mass was used for equivalent continuous seepage field analysis based on the improved node virtual flow method. Using a high CFRD as an example, the generalized equivalent continuum range was determined, and a finite element model was established based on the terrain and geological conditions, as well as structural face characteristics of the dam area. The equivalent seepage coefficients of different material zones or positions in the dam foundation were calculated with the Snow model or inverse analysis. Then, the 3 D seepage field in the dam area was calculated under the normal water storage conditions, and the corresponding water head distribution, seepage flow, seepage gradient, and seepage characteristics in the dam area were analyzed. The results show that the generalized equivalent continuum model can effectively simulate overall seepage patterns of the CFRD under complex hydraulic conditions and provide a reference for seepage analysis of similar CFRDs.

A simplified physically-based breach model for a high concrete-faced rockfill dam:A case study

A simplified physically-based model was developed to simulate the breaching process of the Gouhou concrete-faced rockfill dam （CFRD）, which is the only breach case of a high CFRD in the world. Considering the dam height, a hydraulic method was chosen to simulate the initial scour position on the downstream slope, with the steepening of the downstream slope taken into account; a headcut erosion formula was adopted to simulate the backward erosion as well. The moment equilibrium method was utilized to calculate the ultimate length of a concrete slab under its self-weight and water loads. The calculated results of the Gouhou CFRD breach case show that the proposed model provides reasonable peak breach flow, final breach width, and failure time, with relative errors less than 15% as compared with the measured data. Sensitivity studies show that the outputs of the proposed model are more or less sensitive to different parameters. Three typical parametric models were compared with the proposed model, and the comparison demonstrates that the proposed physically-based breach model performs better and provides more detailed results than the parametric models.

Reservoir water effects on earthquake performance evaluation of Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam

This study presents earthquake performance analysis of the Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill （CFR） Dam with two-dimensional dam-soil and dam-soil-reservoir finite element models. The Lagrangian approach was used with fluid elements to model impounded water. The interface elements were used to simulate the slippage between the concrete face slab and the rockfill. The horizontal component of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, with a peak ground acceleration of 0.515g, was considered in time-history analysis. The Drucker-Prager model was preferred in nonlinear analysis of the concrete slab, rockfill and foundation soil. The maximum principal stresses and the maximum displacements in two opposite directions were compared by the height of the concrete slab according to linear time-history analysis to reveal the effect of reservoir water. The changes of critical displacements and principal stresses with time are also shown in this paper. According to linear and nonlinear time-history analysis, the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake performance of the Torul CFR Dam was investigated and the possible damage situation was examined. The results show that the hydrodynamic pressure of reservoir water leads to an increase in the maximum displacements and principal stresses of the dam and reduces the earthquake performance of the dam. Although the linear time-history analysis demonstrates that the earthquake causes a momentous damage to the concrete slab of the Torul CFR Dam, the nonlinear time-history analysis shows that no evident damage occurs in either reservoir case.

Stress-strain analysis of Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core

Aikou rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core is situated in a karst area in Chongqing City, China. In order to study the operative conditions of the rockfill dam, especially those of the asphalt-concrete core, the Duncan model is adopted to compute the stress and strain of both the rockfill dam and the asphalt-concrete core after karst grouting and other treatments. The results indicate that the complicated stress and deformation of both the dam body and the core are within reasonable ranges. It is shown that structure design and foundation treatment of the dam are feasible and can be used as a reference for other similar projects.

Distribution of acceleration and empirical formula for calculating maximum acceleration of rockfill dams

To find the distribution patterns of dynamic amplification coefficients for dams subjected to earthquake, 3D seismic responses of concrete-faced rockfill dams with different heights and different shapes of river valley were analyzed by using the equivalent-linear model. Statistical analysis was also made to the seismic coefficient, and an empirical formula for calculating the maximum acceleration was provided. The results indicate that under the condition of the same dam height and the same base acceleration excitations, with the increase of the river valley width, the position of the maximum acceleration on the axis of the top of the dam moves from the center to the riversides symmetrically. For the narrow valleys, the maximum acceleration occurs in the middle of the axis at the top of the dam; for wide valleys the maximum acceleration appears near the riversides. The result negates the application of 2D dynamical computation for wide valleys, and shows that for the seismic response of high concrete-faced rockfill dams, the seismic coefficient along the axis should be given, except for that along the dam height. Seismic stability analysis of rockfill dams using pseudo-static method can be modified according to the formula.

鸭寨水库料场爆破方案设计及评价

结合工程实例,对鸭寨水库工程的坝体石方料开采以及爆破方案进行简要阐述。鸭寨水库沥青心墙土石坝工程区位于贵州省三都县,坝体石料开采条件较差。为满足施工工期,提高工程施工进度和施工效率,根据钻孔揭露地层岩性,采用浅孔与中深孔爆破法相结合的爆破方案,自上而下、分层台阶式施工。通过爆破效果原因分析以及对爆破参数和措施进行改进,有效解决了爆破石料级配不连续的问题。总结和积累的相关施工经验,对推动原岩节理和软弱夹层岩体爆破技术管控措施的改进、土石坝料场等类似工程的爆破方案设计具有一定借鉴意义。

考虑压实质量和改进本构的沥青心墙坝性态分析

针对邓肯-张模型对沥青混凝土心墙料力学性质描述偏离的不足,改进了心墙沥青混凝土本构模型;同时,考虑实际施工中各分区坝料压实质量空间差异导致的物理力学特性空间差异,提出了考虑坝料实际压实质量的大坝有限元分析方法。首先,通过数字大坝系统采集到的施工数据,对大坝各坝料分区进行压实质量空间估计;其次,建立各坝料分区本构模型参数与压实质量的定量关系,实现对任意单元材料参数的空间估计,并通过Abaqus软件的二次开发,实现坝料本构模型参数的每个单元赋值;最后,结合工程实例,对沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝施工期结构性态进行精细数值分析。结果表明,考虑坝料实际压实质量的数值模拟可以更好地反映大坝实际施工过程的应力变形情况;改进后的本构模型提高了心墙变形计算的准确性,为精确分析沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝结构安全提供了有效途径。

强震区抽蓄电站沥青混凝土面板堆石坝抗震稳定性分析

我国西北强震区某拟建抽水蓄能电站上水库采用沥青混凝土面板堆石坝,最大坝高161 m。为分析该坝抗震稳定性,在大坝非线性静力分析基础上,采用改进的等效粘弹性模型和有限元动力时程法等理论,对大坝开展三维有限元地震反应和坝坡抗震稳定性计算。结果表明,大坝在100年1%超越概率的校核地震(地震加速度为0.48g)作用下,坝体及面板的动力反应分布规律合理。其中,坝体顺河向、坝轴向、竖向加速度极值分别为13.93、13.91、13.80 m/s^(2)。考虑静动叠加后,在沥青混凝土面板反弧段的拉应变极值达0.95%,但小于改性沥青混凝土抗拉强度的一般允许值。因此,大坝即使遭遇0.48g的校核地震作用,亦能保持较好的整体安全性,不会出现重大抗震安全事故。

Three-dimensional seismic response analysis of a concrete-faced rockfill dam on overburden layers

Reasonable seismic response analysis of a high rockfill dam is of great engineering significance in guiding its design and ensuring its seismic safety during operation,especially of a concrete-faced rockfill dam(CFRD)on overburden layers.The three-dimensional seismic behavior of the Miaojiaba CFRD is simulated and analyzed by the finite element method(FEM).The results indicate that:1)the amplification coefficient along the dam axis gradually increases with the altitude,and reaches maximum at the dam crest;2)the vertical residual deformation mainly exhibits downwards and reaches maximum near the dam crest;3)the earthquake significantly aggravates the deformation of peripheral joints;4)the impounding condition and overburden characteristics have great effects on the dam's seismic response.

P波空间斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝响应特性及面板破坏评价

地震波入射方位和斜入射角度对于沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应结果有着显著影响。本文从地震动传播机制出发,基于波场叠加原理,推导了P波以任意入射方位角和斜入射角空间斜入射下弹性半空间自由场计算公式,建立了P波空间斜入射波动输入模型。以不同应变率下的沥青混凝土单轴动态拉伸试验结果为基础,提出了考虑抗拉强度随应变率实时变化的沥青混凝土面板破坏评价方法。考虑16种不同入射方位角和斜入射角下的P波空间斜入射工况,从面板应力和加速度两方面分析了入射方位角和斜入射角对某实际沥青混凝土面板地震响应特性的影响,并进行了沥青混凝土面板的抗拉破坏评价,分析了静态评价方法与动态评价方法的差异。结果表明:所建立的P波空间斜入射波动输入模型能够准确模拟半空间自由场,波动输入数值解与解析解符合良好;与垂直输入射相比,面板顺水流向、垂直水流向加速度峰值最大分别增加135.9%和92.7%,竖向加速度峰值最大减少68.3%;空间斜输入导致面板动应力增大,主拉应力和主压应力最大分别增加3.6倍和2.7倍,忽略入射方位角和斜入射角可能会严重低估面板的地震响应。传统将静态强度提高30%作为动态强度的面板抗拉破坏判别方法过于严格,本文提出的考虑应变率效应的沥青混凝土面板破坏评价方法较为符合实际。

温度对水工沥青混凝土强度及剪胀特性的影响试验研究

为了解温度变化对沥青混凝土强度及剪胀特性的影响,开展了-1、5、10、15℃下的沥青混凝土三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明:沥青混凝土的强度变形特性与温度有密切关系,负温时,表现出明显的应变软化和剪胀性,随着温度的升高,应力-应变曲线转变为应变硬化型,且剪胀性减弱;沥青混凝土抗剪强度随温度升高而减小,且黏聚力的降低幅度明显大于内摩擦角,当温度从-1℃升高到15℃时,内摩擦角减小了4.7°,而黏聚力由1.11 MPa减小到0.28 MPa;沥青混凝土剪胀角随轴向应变增大而增大,并趋于稳定,两者关系可采用双曲线函数进行拟合;双曲线模型参数与温度有较好的相关性,可进一步考虑剪胀角随温度的变化情况。研究成果可为沥青混凝土的热-力耦合本构模型建立提供参考。

近断层地震动组合斜入射下沥青混凝土面板堆石坝响应研究

西部地区水利工程多建于复杂地震断裂带附近,因此近场地震动的脉冲效应对水工建筑物所产生的影响不可忽略。近断层地震动往往由P波、SV波等共同组成,到达地表后明显带有一定角度,垂直入射假定不再适用,因此有必要开展近断层脉冲型地震动组合斜入射对沥青混凝土面板堆石坝地震响应影响的研究。基于地表二维地震动反演确定P波、SV波斜入射时程,构建近断层地震动组合斜输入模型,选取脉冲型和非脉冲型各5条地震动记录,研究近断层地震动组合斜入射对沥青混凝土面板加速度、应力和坝体永久变形的影响规律。结果表明:与地震动垂直入射相比,面板水平向加速度随P波角度的增大而增大,随SV波角度的增大而减小,竖向加速度及坝体永久变形的规律则相反;面板拉应力随着P波、SV波角度的增大而增大;近断层地震动的脉冲特性对堆石坝的响应有显著放大作用,其中面板拉应力最大增加了116%。

深厚覆盖层上沥青心墙堆石坝智能建设关键技术研究及应用

当前众多沥青心墙堆石坝建设于深厚覆盖层上,给工程建设与运行安全带来了较大考验。针对该问题,本文基于大坝智能建设理念,以巴塘沥青混凝土心墙坝为主要研究对象,构建了深厚覆盖层上沥青心墙堆石坝智能建设体系,实现了振冲桩施工、防渗墙施工、沥青混凝土温度控制及大坝填筑全过程监控,构建了巴塘水电站坝体-坝基施工质量全方位智能监控体系,提升了施工过程管控水平。

强震区某沥青混凝土面板堆石高坝抗震安全性分析

采用三维非线性有限元法,对Ⅷ度强震区某拟建抽水蓄能电站坝高161 m的上库高沥青混凝土面板堆石坝开展静动力应力变形计算。结果表明:静力条件下大坝变形分布规律合理,蓄水期坝体水平位移和沉降量极值分别为62.64和151.85 cm,面板拉应变极值为0.56%;在Ⅷ度设防地震作用下,坝体顺沟谷向、坝轴向和竖向动位移极值分别为22.88、21.90和13.76 cm,加速度极值分别为12.31、12.26和12.14 m/s^(2),震后坝顶震陷极值为30.01 cm,震陷率为0.19%;在面板反弧段和挖填交界处为拉应变峰值区,极值为0.85%。综合评价大坝整体安全性能良好,地震时不会出现重大安全问题。

土石坝沥青混凝土心墙应力状态计算分析

构建了土石坝的材料本构模型和接触本构模型,采用有限元法分析了某工程沥青混凝土心墙坝的应力状态和变形情况,探讨了不同心墙材料参数、心墙底部与基座之间连接方式对心墙应力状态的影响。

阳江沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝应力变形特性研究

为了评价阳江抽水蓄能电站下水库沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝的安全性,采用非线性有限元法对覆盖层最厚的大坝断面开展应力变形计算,详细模拟大坝的施工和蓄水过程。计算结果表明:竣工期和蓄水期坝体应力变形分布规律总体合理,竣工期坝体水平位移极值分别为-22.74 cm和26.18 cm,沉降极值为-73.80 cm,沉降率为0.91%。蓄水后,坝体水平变形变化较为明显,沉降极值稍有增加;坝体大、小主应力极值分别约为1.30 MPa和0.63 MPa,位于坝基全风化层。蓄水期,心墙挠度变化范围为73.76~77.83 cm。蓄水前后,心墙大、小主应力小幅变化,均为压应力,应力水平均较小,极值为0.68,心墙不会出现剪切破坏。总体上,大坝应力变形在正常范围内,整体安全性高,大坝断面设计合理。

基于敏感性分析的沥青心墙堆石坝渗流观测布置及其改进分析

为了给沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝渗流观测设施升级改造提供参考依据,结合某已建沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝工程,对现有观测设施进行分析,并对渗流观测设施布置改进进行探讨。通过三维有限元渗流敏感性计算分析,论证实测渗流量与计算渗流量存在很大差异与上游坝壳料、心墙等的渗透性变异与否相关;分析现有渗流观测布置存在的不足。在此基础上,针对上游坝壳材料和沥青混凝土心墙,设计渗流观测布置改进方案,并通过敏感性计算分析,论证方案的可行性。该分析加深了对现有渗流观测设施监控功能的认识,同时为改进现有渗流观测设施提供了理论参考,也可为同类大坝渗流安全监控布置设计及安全管理提供参考。

覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝抗震安全性分析

修建在深厚覆盖层上的沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝,覆盖层会影响坝体动力反应,加剧鞭梢效应,防渗结构亦受到影响,尤其是坝基防渗墙和坝体沥青混凝土心墙,结构单薄,地震过程中容易产生拉裂破坏,是工程的薄弱环节。某沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝高85.5 m,坝基防渗墙深110 m,为了探讨整个坝体及其防渗系统的抗震安全性,在静力计算的基础上,采用子模型技术对防渗墙和心墙进行了地震时程分析。计算结果表明,地震作用对沥青混凝土心墙的顶部和岸坡部位、坝基防渗墙的两岸肩部都有很大影响,拉应力范围和拉应力值均有很大程度的增加,建议采取相应措施进行局部加固处理。

新疆托帕水库沥青混凝土心墙坝应力变形分析

采用三维非线性有限元软件,用邓肯E-B模型作为坝体及心墙的本构模型,根据心墙模型参数室内三轴试验结果,对托帕沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝进行应力变形分析,模拟大坝施工和蓄水过程,分析坝体沉降过程及心墙水力劈裂可能性。结果表明:坝体在竣工期最大沉降值为26.8 cm,现场监测最大沉降为20.5 cm,计算模型准确;预测蓄水期坝体的沉降为27.6 cm,其占最大坝高0.45%,小于1%,坝体沉降符合规范要求;心墙与上、下游过渡料之间变形不协调,最大沉降差分别为5.4 mm和7.3 mm,导致内部存在拱效应,但其上游面最小主应力大于水压力,其发生水力劈裂的可能性极小。