Development and subassemblage cyclic testing of hybrid buckling-restrained steel braces

Buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs) are vulnerable to relatively higher post-earthquake residual drifts under high intensity ground shakings. This is primarily due to the low axial elastic and post-elastic stiffness of bucklingrestrained braces(BRBs) satisfying the design force demand requirements. In the present study, a hybrid buckling restrained bracing system consisting of a short yielding core length BRB component and a conventional buckling-type brace component connected in series has been developed with an aim to increase the axial stiffness of braces. This study is focused on the experimental investigation of six hybrid bucking restrained braces(HBRBs) to investigate their overall behavior, loadresisting capacity, strength-adjustment factors and energy dissipation potential. The main parameters varied are the crosssectional area, the yielding length of core elements as well as the detailing of buckling-restraining system of short yielding core length BRBs. Test results showed that the HBRBs with yielding core length in the range of 30% of work-point to workpoint lengths withstood an axial strain of 6% without any instability and can deliver stable and balanced hysteretic response and excellent energy dissipation under reversed cyclic loading conditions.

Application of buckling-restrained braces in the seismic control of suspension bridges

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)are widely used to improve the seismic performance of buildings.This paper aims to introduce BRBs to suspension bridges and assess the seismic performance of bridges with BRBs.Taking the Dadu River Bridge as a case study,an FEA model of the bridge is established,and different seismic measures(BRBs between the deck and the tower,BRBs at the middle of the span to replace the inclined suspenders to connect the deck and the main cables,fluid viscous dampers(FVDs)between the deck and the tower,the combination of BRBs to replace the inclined suspenders as well as FVDs between the deck and the tower)are applied to the suspension bridge.The influence of the parameters of BRBs on the seismic response of the suspension bridge is studied,and the performance of the bridge with BRBs is compared with that of the bridge with FVDs.The results indicate that the use of BRBs in place of the inclined suspenders is beneficial to reduce the displacement of the deck and limit the shear force and bending moment of the tower.The seismic performance of the suspension bridge with BRBs and FVDs is better than that of the bridge with BRBs or FVDs.Therefore,the application of BRBs is a feasible method to improve the seismic performance of the suspension bridge.

Ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames under earthquake loading

Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs.An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center,Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program.The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay,four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities.The buckling- restrained brace(BRB)model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening.Nonlinear static pushover and time- history analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF.Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and used to evaluate the time-history analysis results.Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands on the BRBs.These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities.The analysis results,along with results from similar previous studies,are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States.The results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25.These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions.Results from the static pushover and time- history analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions. The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5.Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.

Assessment of buckling-restrained braced frame reliability using an experimental limit-state model and stochastic dynamic analysis

Buckling-restrained braces （BRBs） have recently become popular in the United States for use as primary members of seismic lateral-force-resisting systems. A BRB is a steel brace that does not buckle in compression but instead yields in both tension and compression. Although design guidelines for BRB applications have been developed, systematic procedures for assessing performance and quantifying reliability are still needed. This paper presents an analytical framework for assessing buckling-restrained braced frame （BRBF） reliability when subjected to seismic loads. This framework efficiently quantifies the risk of BRB failure due to low-cycle fatigue fracture of the BRB core. The procedure includes a series of components that： （1） quantify BRB demand in terms of BRB core deformation histories generated through stochastic dynamic analyses; （2） quantify the limit-state of a BRB in terms of its remaining cumulative plastic ductility capacity based on an experimental database; and （3） evaluate the probability of BRB failure, given the quantified demand and capacity, through structural reliability analyses. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the seismic load, and characteristics of the BRB and BRBF on the probability of brace failure. In addition, fragility curves （i.e., conditional probabilities of brace failure given ground shaking intensity parameters） were created by the proposed framework. While the framework presented in this paper is applied to the assessment of BRBFs, the modular nature of the framework components allows for application to other structural components and systems.

Seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building retrofitted with self-centering shape memory alloy braces

Self-centering earthquake-resistant structures have received increased attention due to their ability to reduce post-earthquake residual deformations and,thus,repair time and cost.This stimulated the development of recentering shape memory alloy(SMA)dampers that use superelastic nitinol wires to dissipate energy and self-center the structure.However,there are still a few case studies applications on full-scale RC buildings in the literature.Moreover,general guidelines or even simplified approaches for the practical design of SMA damped braces are still lacking.This paper focuses on evaluating the effect of using self-centering shape memory alloy dampers for buckling-restrained braces applied for the seismic retrofit of a complex RC building structure.A design method originally proposed for elastoplastic dampers was implemented to size the SMA dampers to be placed on selected spans and stories of a building.The effectiveness of the design procedure was demonstrated by nonlinear time-history analyses under different sets of earthquake strong ground motions.The analysis results show that the recentering shape memory alloy bracing system is effective in limiting the maximum transient inter-story drifts and reducing the residual inter-story drifts after strong seismic events,due to its excellent recentering behavior together with its not negligible energy dissipation capacity.

Experimental study on slender buckling-restrained knee braces with round steel bar cores

This study aimed to investigate a novel slender buckling-restrained knee brace damper (BRKB) for welded and weld-free steel framing systems. The proposed BRKB adopts steel bar cores connected by a central coupler and restrained by tube buckling restrainers with a cover tube supporter. The advantages of the proposed damper include easy assembly compared to conventional buckling restrained braces, and high architectural flexibility for the retrofitting of large-span weld-free or welded steel moment-resisting systems. Specifically, by increasing the number of contraction allowances, undesirable failure mechanisms that are global instability and local buckling of the restrainer ends can be effectively suppressed because the more uniform plastic deformation of the core bar can be achieved longitudinally. In this study, displacement-controlled compression and cyclic loading tests were carried out to investigate the deformation capacities of the proposed BRKBs. Structural performance metrics associated with both loading tests, such as strength capacities, strains at the cover tubes and buckling restrainers, and hysteretic behaviors of the proposed damper under cyclic loads, were measured and discussed. Test results revealed that the geometrical characteristics of the cover tubes and adopted contraction allowances at the dampers play essential roles in their load-bearing capacities.

自复位支撑钢框架摩擦装配式节点性能研究

自复位支撑在激活后具有较大的刚度和承载力,支撑连接节点及梁柱受力复杂,损伤风险高。提出了一种基于摩擦连接的自复位支撑钢框架装配式节点,利用摩擦滑移连接实现自复位支撑极限轴力可控,并为整体结构提供附加耗能。阐述了该摩擦装配式节点的构造、组装和工作原理,通过数值模拟对其抗震性能进行研究,并分析了该节点设计参数对其性能的影响。结果表明:采用该节点的自复位支撑钢框架滞回响应更为饱满,整体结构耗能能力提升了20.81%,节点对总水平剪力的实际限制作用达17.56%,有效减缓了节点区塑性发展。通过改变支撑连接节点的摩擦片摩擦系数和高强螺栓预紧力,能够实现起滑位移与起滑力可调。

Experimental study of the pinned double rectangular tube assembled buckling-restrained brace

目的:通过双矩管装配式防屈曲支撑的滞回试验研究,探讨防屈曲支撑可能存在的破坏模式及各设计参数对支撑耗能性能的影响,验证支撑端部构造细节的合理性,提出支撑设计建议。创新点:1.试验研究铰接双矩管装配式防屈曲支撑的滞回性能;2.获得4种支撑破坏模式。方法:通过对7根铰接双矩管装配式防屈曲支撑的滞回性能试验,研究支撑外围盖板厚度、内核加强翼板高度和外围槽钢翼缘高度等参数对防屈曲支撑破坏机理及耗能性能的影响。结论:1.外围盖板厚度太薄,支撑易发生端部折曲破坏;2.端部转动受限制的支撑,其滞回性能优于纯铰接防屈曲支撑,但支撑连接节点处的附加弯矩不容忽视;3.支撑均表现出优良的屈曲耗能性能,验证了试验试件端部构造细节的合理性。

铰接支撑双重抗侧框架及其弹塑性抗侧性能研究

基于现有分层装配柔性支撑框架,提出改进的铰接支撑双重抗震改进型轻钢框架体系.外墙转角或边墙处采用贯通式边柱,结构内部采用柱分层、梁贯通式结构设计.内部分层立柱之间设置柔性交叉支撑提供结构的初始抗侧刚度,贯通式边柱与水平贯通梁刚性或半刚性连接形成外围框架,提供后继抗侧储备并形成第2道抗侧防线.采用理论分析方法得到改进型框架梁、柱、支撑等构件初步设计方法,并基于Pushover分析改进型框架弹塑性抗侧承载性能和关键结构参数影响规律.该结构传力机制清晰,具备多重抗侧承载机制,并可基于结构力学方法有效得到结构设计准则.柔性支撑在距边柱一定距离后其位置变化不影响结构抗侧承载性能.内部分层立柱节点刚度对结构抗侧性能影响较小,实际设计中可采用全螺栓连接或限位铰接.边框梁柱连接刚度将影响外围框架刚度和结构失效机制,实际设计中宜采用加劲型螺栓连接以保证有足够的抗弯刚度.体系中各节点均可在保障结构性能条件下采用螺栓连接以实现全装配化建造.

Inelastic displacement ratio of low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under variable levels of seismicity

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)have shown their capability to provide building structures with stiffness,strength,and ductility.Estimating the seismic drifts of buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)is an important design step to control structural and non-structural damage.In current practice of seismic design,the estimation of seismic drifts of BRBFs is performed by using empirical calculations that are independent upon either the type of the structural system or the design level of seismicity.In these empirical calculations,the seismic drifts are estimated by amplifying the reduced elastic drifts obtained under design lateral loading with a displacement amplification factor(DAF).The value of DAF is considered equal to the product of the response modification factor R and the inelastic displacement ratioρ.The goal of the current research is to assess the value ofρfor low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under low and high levels of seismicity.This goal has been achieved by conducting a series of elastic and inelastic time-history analyses pertaining to an ensemble of earthquake records on 3-,6-and 9-story BRBFs.The results indicate that theρ-ratio increases with an increase in design seismic intensity and an increase in experienced inelasticity.The range ofρfor low seismicity designs ranges from 0.63 to 0.9,while for high seismicity designs this range stretches from 0.83 to 1.29.It has been found that the consideration of a generalρ-ratio of 1.0 is a reasonable estimation for the design of the BRBFs considered in this study.

屈曲约束支撑在某装配式医药厂房中的应用

某新建高层医药厂房具有结构层高高、跨度大、荷载值大的特点,位于北京高地震烈度区。厂房主要功能为医药生产用房及设备用房,受工程造价、室内空间使用及北京市装配率等因素的影响,结构形式采用带有屈曲约束支撑的混凝土框架结构。文章依据工程特点,与普通混凝土框架结构对比,得出带屈曲约束支撑的钢筋混凝土框架结构具有结构自重轻、材料省、抗震性能好、能够提高混凝土结构装配率等优势,文章也简述了屈曲约束支撑在混凝土框架结构中的工作原理和设计过程,对相似结构类型的新建建筑有较高的参考和借鉴意义。

考虑弱支撑的装配式钢结构抗震性能推覆分析

采用SAP2000软件建立有限元模型,选择Pushover分析方法,对结构进行模拟分析,研究装配式墙体中弱支撑对钢框架结构抗震性能的影响。结果显示,在不同抗震设防要求和场地特征周期下,均能得到性能点。在两种不同水平力作用下,有支撑结构的基底剪力增大,顶点位移减小,多、罕遇地震设防烈度下层间位移角满足抗震设防目标,并远小于无支撑结构,证明弱支撑在结构抗震中发挥了重要作用,在结构设计中应予以考虑。

预应力型钢组合支撑应用于软土基坑支护

采用高强螺栓连接的预应力型钢组合支撑既有效提高了支撑与支护桩连接节点的强度,又扩大了传统钢支撑的适用范围。由于施工机械不能碰压钢支撑系统,盆式开挖取代先撑后挖成为可行挖土方式。介绍了型钢组合支撑的基本构造和力学分析原则;结合淤泥质土中具体工程,简述了型钢组合支撑施工流程,展示了坑周土体侧移和支撑轴力监测结果,侧移曲线并没有"大肚子",而是接近悬臂开挖的抛物线;根据监测数据反分析结果,指出支撑型钢没有等强连接是主要原因,并提出增加支撑刚度的措施。现有型钢组合支撑可用于环境保护要求一般的基坑,在改进后可用于保护要求高的基坑。

装配式防屈曲支撑设计理论的研究进展

介绍了近年来各国学者提出的几种装配式防屈曲支撑形式;在此基础上,阐述了内核构件与外围约束构件的相互作用机理,外围约束构件刚度折减等装配式防屈曲支撑设计理论问题;讨论了保证外围约束构件整体工作对螺栓强度和螺栓间距的要求;最后对防屈曲支撑框架节点性能的研究现状进行了总结。

不同构造钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑性能试验研究

设计5个钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑(Buckling-Restrained Brace,BRB)试件,对其进行低周反复试验,研究无黏结材料、约束比和加载制度等对其力学性能的影响。结果表明:无黏结材料能有效减小外约束单元与核心单元之间的摩擦力,设置无黏结材料的屈曲约束支撑滞回曲线对称、饱满,耗能性能稳定,有较强的抗疲劳能力;设置无黏结材料钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑等效黏滞阻尼比曲线呈现两阶段双线性的特征;约束比小于1的钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑发生整体屈曲失稳;先压后拉和先拉后压的加载方式对屈曲约束支撑滞回性能基本没有影响;基于屈曲约束支撑先于主体结构屈服和不发生因塑性能力不足而提前破坏的设计原则,工程设计中建议屈曲约束支撑延性系数μmax>13,累积塑性变形CPD>1200。

一种四槽钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的外围约束机理与约束刚度取值研究

四槽钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的外围构件由4个槽钢通过沿纵向分布的多组螺栓拼装而成,外围构件的连接呈现离散的分布特征,故其外围约束机理与约束刚度计算理论较为复杂。相比外围整体式防屈曲支撑而言,这类装配式组合防屈曲支撑的外围约束刚度要考虑螺栓连接的影响。绕x轴弯曲时,外围构件刚度的折减效应主要由螺栓连接附近处的槽钢板件的面内与面外变形产生;绕y轴弯曲时,折减效应主要源自上、下槽钢的扭转变形。详细剖析了这两种情况的受力机制,并结合理论推导与数值分析,分别给出了绕不同主轴弯曲时的外围约束刚度的简化计算方法。该方法得到了精细有限元数值计算结果的验证。

基于ABAQUS的全钢装配式防屈曲支撑有限元分析

防屈曲支撑受拉受压时都可以屈服,抑制了压曲现象,可获得饱满的荷载-位移滞回曲线。本研究主要探讨一种新型的装配式防屈曲支撑的滞回性能,该装配式防屈曲支撑由一组核心单元与两组约束单元利用螺栓栓接组合而成,具有组装和拆解过程简易、便于制作等优点。基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS,模拟核心钢与面板在不同间隙下的滞回性能以及各部分的应力分布,对比分析分别由理论简化计算和有限元分析得到的屈服力与屈服位移之间的差异。最后,给出核心钢与面板间隙范围的合理化建议。

一种四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的外围约束机理及刚度取值研究

对一种四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的外围约束刚度的取值进行研究。这种防屈曲支撑的外围约束构件由四个角钢通过螺栓连接,由于螺栓数目有限,所以与外围整体式防屈曲支撑相比,其外围约束刚度应进行一定程度的折减。根据外围约束构件的受力特点,提出一个简化的桁架模型,基于该模型给出一种确定外围约束刚度的方法。其中,四个角钢间的连系刚度是决定整体约束刚度的重要参数,其受到角钢分肢板件的面内刚度与面外刚度的共同控制。通过理论与数值分析相结合的手段,在参数分析的基础上,提出角钢间连系刚度的拟合计算公式。数值分析表明,该方法可用于精确确定这种四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的外围约束刚度。

四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑的轴压试验研究

四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑具有轻量化及装配化等特点,其组成特点是采用高强度螺栓把4个外围约束角钢连接成整体,形成对内核构件的整体约束作用。该类防屈曲支撑受轴压荷载作用时,4个外围约束角钢之间以及内核与外围约束构件之间存在复杂的相互作用,外围约束构件受力状态复杂。文中进行了5根四角钢组合约束型防屈曲支撑在轴压循环荷载作用下的试验研究,考察其受力性能与破坏机理、轴压承载力与骨架曲线以及约束比参数对它们的影响。对试验试件建立精细化有限元模型(螺栓单元与接触单元),模拟分析其加载过程的应力与变形发展历程。通过对比各试件的试验实测结果、理论计算结果与精细有限元模拟分析结果,表明有限元分析结果可偏于安全地预测试件的实际受力状态;如果计入内核端部附加偏心距的影响,理论设计公式可用于这类防屈曲构件的承载力设计,具有较高的可靠性。

采用碳纤维包裹约束的装配式防屈曲支撑试验

为方便装配式防屈曲支撑拆解修复和提高抗腐蚀能力,提出了采用碳纤维包裹约束的新型装配式防屈曲支撑.一方面,通过剖开纤维材料分离外包约束构件来替换受损内核单元可实现构件震后的快速修复,另一方面,碳纤维布作为外包材料解决了外包钢管耐腐蚀性差的问题.通过4个新型防屈曲支撑构件在往复荷载作用下的拟静力试验,研究了防屈曲支撑在不同加载制度下,不同约束比下的性能.试验结果表明:在循环变形过程中试件基本没有发生刚度与强度的退化,且延性与耗能能力都很好.碳纤维布成功地起到连接装配式防屈曲支撑两部分外包约束单元的作用,并可有效抵抗来自内核单元施加的侧向推力.采用碳纤维包裹约束的新型防屈曲支撑受压时,内核单元会产生多波屈曲现象,使得约束单元中的包裹材料发生变形,最终使得构件的滞回曲线表现为力的"跳动",多波屈曲现象更为显著试件的滞回耗能能力略差.新型装配式防屈曲支撑具有良好的滞回性能,为防屈曲支撑实现可装配式提供了新途径.