Though an additional railway investment will result in very complex uifluenceon the whole economic-socinl system, an assessing system comes to be set up inthis thesis. It not only shows the seope and direction of the ...Though an additional railway investment will result in very complex uifluenceon the whole economic-socinl system, an assessing system comes to be set up inthis thesis. It not only shows the seope and direction of the assessment ofrailway investment projects, but indicates a new assessment theory coming intobeins. lii view of the transfer benefit of railway investinent projects being themain part of their external benefit for our national economy, we paid specialattention to calculating the transfer benefit. Finally, a series of matheniaticalmodels throush which we can accurately figure out the transfer benefit of arailway investment project are presented.展开更多
This paper assess the eco-environmental benefits that may come from the middle route project of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT) with principles and methods of eco-economics and planning reports of ...This paper assess the eco-environmental benefits that may come from the middle route project of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT) with principles and methods of eco-economics and planning reports of SNWT's middle route project. Some benefits were calculated in monetary units. To make sure that the results can be comparable with normal monetary indices, concrete assessment objects and the parameters are prudently selected according to the major characteristics of the project and its water import region. Primary assessment revealed that in different project construction stages, the benefit could be more than 13 07 billion RMB Yuan in 2010 and 19 79 billion RMB Yuan in 2030, respectively. The monetary value tends to increase with social-economic development. To realize these potential benefits, however, calls for more endeavors.展开更多
Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in ...Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in the Loess Plateau,the primary patterns of cultivated land transfer in rural areas in the Loess Plateau were summarized according to the management subjects of cultivated land. According to the analyses of family income and expenses of a peasant household,the benefit of various patterns of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was analyzed,and the social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer were assessed. The results showed that cultivated land transfer had developed rapidly in the Loess Plateau,and 42. 5% of the investigated peasant households took part in cultivated land transfer. The benefit of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was obvious after cultivated land transfer. There were significant differences between various patterns of cultivated land transfer in the increase of farmers' income. The pattern driven by agricultural cooperatives increased farmers' income most obviously,and the annual family earnings per peasant household reached 12072. 99 yuan / a. The social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer conducted by peasant households spontaneously were very remarkable. The pattern led by leading enterprises promoted the large-scale operation of cultivated land greatly,but its benefit to increase farmers' income was limited. The comprehensive benefit of the pattern guided by the government was the most balanced. Geographic environment had decisive influences on the choose of patterns of cultivated land transfer in the Loess Plateau.展开更多
This study evaluates the ecosystem service value of Qingdao Luhaifeng Sea Ranch artificial reef area through the established meta-analysis value transfer model,and the results show that the total value will be 150 mil...This study evaluates the ecosystem service value of Qingdao Luhaifeng Sea Ranch artificial reef area through the established meta-analysis value transfer model,and the results show that the total value will be 150 million yuan in 2022.According to the regression results of the meta-analysis,the types of ecosystem services,the types of pasture sediment,the population density of the pasture area,and the economic level all have a significant impact on the wetland value.The model in this paper passes the validity test,and the conclusions are the same as many current empirical studies.This shows that the benefit transfer method meta-analysis can save assessment labor,time and capital,and the decision-makers can make judgments quickly.Meta-analysis is an effective and fast ex ante evaluation tool.The reliability of the value transfer method of meta-analysis largely depends on the quantity and quality of existing studies and the establishment of mathematical models.It is necessary to expand the number of literature searches.However,the current evaluation method of ecosystem services in China has just started,so the government needs to encourage research institutions to evaluate the value of ecosystem services to provide more effective and abundant research literature.展开更多
In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term ...In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.展开更多
Background Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana(NPY)is a direct benefit transfer scheme of the Government of India introduced in 2018 to support the additional nutritional requirements of persons with TB(PwTB).Our recent nationwide...Background Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana(NPY)is a direct benefit transfer scheme of the Government of India introduced in 2018 to support the additional nutritional requirements of persons with TB(PwTB).Our recent nationwide evaluation of implementation and utilization of NPY using programmatic data of PwTB from nine randomly selected Indian states,reported a 70%coverage and high median delay in benefit credit.We undertook a qualitative study between January and July 2023,to understand the detailed implementation process of NPY and explore the enablers and barriers to effective implementation and utilization of the NPY scheme.Methods We followed a grounded theory approach to inductively develop theoretical explanations for social phenomena through data generated from multiple sources.We conducted 36 in-depth interviews of national,district and field-level staff of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme(NTEP)and NPY beneficiaries from 30 districts across nine states of India,selected using theoretical sampling.An analytical framework developed through inductive coding of a set of six interviews,guided the coding of the subsequent interviews.Categories and themes emerged through constant comparison and the data collection continued until theoretical saturation.Results Stakeholders perceived NPY as a beneficial initiative.Strong political commitment from the state administration,mainstreaming of NTEP work with the district public healthcare delivery system,availability of good geographic and internet connectivity and state-specific grievance redressal mechanisms and innovations were identified as enablers of implementation.However,the complex,multi-level benefit approval process,difficulties in accessing banking services,perceived inadequacy of benefits and overworked human resources in the NTEP were identified as barriers to implementation and utilization.Conclusion The optimal utilization of NPY is enabled by strong political commitment and challenged by its lengthy implementation process and delayed disbursal of benefits.We recommend greater operational simplicity in NPY implementation,integrating NTEP activities with the public health system to reduce the burden on the program staff,and revising the benefit amount more equitably.展开更多
Objective To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach. Methods Twenty species were collected from the Zhousha...Objective To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach. Methods Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury (MeHg), and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach. Results Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario (no intake) and alternative scenario (intake of specific species of 200 g/week) were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain. Conclusion The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.展开更多
Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980 s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers.The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in mo...Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980 s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers.The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in more attention to green manure.Human intervention and policy-oriented behaviors likely have large impacts on promoting green manure planting.However,little information is available regarding on where,at what rates,and in which ways(i.e.,intercropping green manure in orchards or rotating green manure in cropland) to develop green manure and what benefits could be gained by incorporating green manure in fields at the county scale.This paper presents the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent(CLUE-S) model,which is specifically developed for the simulation of land use changes originally,to predict spatial distribution of green manure in cropland and orchards in 2020 in Pinggu District located in Beijing,China.Four types of land use for planting or not planting green manure were classified and the future land use dynamics(mainly croplands and orchards) were considered in the prediction.Two scenarios were used to predict the spatial distribution of green manure based on data from 2011:The promotion of green manure planting in orchards(scenario 1) and the promotion of simultaneous green manure planting in orchards and croplands(scenario 2).The predictions were generally accurate based on the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) and Kappa indices,which validated the effectiveness of the CLUE-S model in the prediction.In addition,the spatial distribution of the green manure was acquired,which indicated that green manure mainly located in the orchards of the middle and southern regions of Dahuashan,the western and southern regions of Wangxinzhuang,the middle region of Shandongzhuang,the eastern region of Pinggu and the middle region of Xiagezhuang under scenario 1.Green manure planting under scenario 2 occurred in orchards in the middle region of Wangxinzhuang,and croplands in most regions of Daxingzhuang,southern Pinggu,northern Xiagezhuang and most of Mafang.The spatially explicit results allowed for the assessment of the benefits of these changes based on different economic and ecological indicators.The economic and ecological gains of scenarios 1 and 2 were 175691 900 and143000 300 CNY,respectively,which indicated that the first scenario was more beneficial for promoting the same area of green manure.These results can facilitate policies of promoting green manure and guide the extensive use of green manure in local agricultural production in suitable ways.展开更多
An assessment index model was established to evaulate the benefit of the Three-Gorges Reservoir migration through the analytical hierarchy process. Totally 43 indicators were selected to assess the impact of migration...An assessment index model was established to evaulate the benefit of the Three-Gorges Reservoir migration through the analytical hierarchy process. Totally 43 indicators were selected to assess the impact of migration on the economic, social and ecological environmental aspects of the migration communities, with the data of the indicators of the years 1992, 1998, 2002 which represented the period of premigration, the end of the first phase migration and the end of the second phase migration, respectively. The evaluation matrix is sufficiently consistent, with a consistency ratio CR equal to 0.086 3. The assessment turned out a benefit value for the economic subsystem in the year 2004 larger than triple the value in the year 1992, indicating a remarkable economic growth in the Reservoir area. The constantly increasing value for the social subsystem reflects the stable social situations. There is a slight decline in the assessment outcome of the ecological subsystem for the year 1998, which implies enviromental conservation was given insufficient importance during that period. On the whole, the implementation of the migration project is favorable to the Reservoir region, as confirmed by the stably increasing overall evaluation value from 42.22% in 1992 to 68.81% in 2002. However, there is still much room to improve from the status quo to the target criteria.展开更多
The Hobq Desert is the seventh largest desert in China. Since 1988, the effects of ecological management in Hobq Desert have been obvious and a typical desertification control model developed gradually, which is well ...The Hobq Desert is the seventh largest desert in China. Since 1988, the effects of ecological management in Hobq Desert have been obvious and a typical desertification control model developed gradually, which is well known as the "Hobq model". It is important to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the "Hobq model", but this has not been addressed in previous studies. Thus, we established an index system to comprehensively evaluate the benefits of the "Hobq model", using an analytic hierarchy process method from 1988 to 2013. The results show the following: ecological benefits of the "Hobq model" had a positive trend, but with fluctuations during 2008 and 2009; economic benefits increased by 74% and the maximum value occurred in 2013; and social benefits increased steadily, but with fluctuations in 2010 and 2011. The social benefits were higher than ecological and economic benefits in the same period. Trends in overall benefits of the "Hobq model" were similar to changes in ecological benefits, which increased each year.展开更多
Assessment of the disastrous weather warning service benefit has important guidance significance for improving meteorological forecast capability and meteorological service level. Meanwhile, it is also weak link of th...Assessment of the disastrous weather warning service benefit has important guidance significance for improving meteorological forecast capability and meteorological service level. Meanwhile, it is also weak link of the current meteorological work. Took Beibei District of Chongqing as an example, by analyzing issuance of the rainstorm warning signal from 2008 to now, its disastrous weather warning service benefit was evaluated. Result showed that assessment of the disastrous weather warning service benefit should be studied from forecast accuracy, forecast timeliness, forecast coverage and disaster prevention capability.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment (FSA). In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried o...The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment (FSA). In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm (Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt) is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis (CBA), a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.展开更多
研究南水北调东线一期工程通水以来受水区生态环境效益的演变态势,对南水北调后续工程高质量建设、加快构建国家水网以及促进工程综合效益发挥有决策参考作用。以定性定量相结合的方式分析东线一期工程在优化水资源配置、保障饮水安全...研究南水北调东线一期工程通水以来受水区生态环境效益的演变态势,对南水北调后续工程高质量建设、加快构建国家水网以及促进工程综合效益发挥有决策参考作用。以定性定量相结合的方式分析东线一期工程在优化水资源配置、保障饮水安全、复苏河湖生态环境和畅通南北经济循环等方面的作用,进而结合层次分析法,从直接效益和间接效益2个方面,筛选构建东线一期工程受水区生态环境效益评价指标体系,主要包括工程年供水量、水质改善度、生态补水量、地下水压采量、地下水水位、水域面积、绿地面积和涵养水源等,并采用VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)多准则妥协解排序方法对南水北调东线一期工程通水以来即2013-2022年受水区生态环境效益演变态势进行分析。结果表明:南水北调东线一期工程通水的10年以来,受水区的生态环境整体复苏效果明显,近3年排序值保持在0.8以上;受降水偏枯进而影响地下水开采量和地下水水位等因素影响,2019年间接生态环境效益下降29.2%,之后迅速恢复并保持稳定。在分析直接效益和间接效益演变的基础上,从工程提质增效、提高工程水质状况以及完善体制机制建设等方面提出东线一期工程进一步促进受水区生态环境持续改善的策略和建议,以期为东线工程及受水区生态环境保护及高质量发展相关研究、决策制定等提供参考。展开更多
文摘Though an additional railway investment will result in very complex uifluenceon the whole economic-socinl system, an assessing system comes to be set up inthis thesis. It not only shows the seope and direction of the assessment ofrailway investment projects, but indicates a new assessment theory coming intobeins. lii view of the transfer benefit of railway investinent projects being themain part of their external benefit for our national economy, we paid specialattention to calculating the transfer benefit. Finally, a series of matheniaticalmodels throush which we can accurately figure out the transfer benefit of arailway investment project are presented.
文摘This paper assess the eco-environmental benefits that may come from the middle route project of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT) with principles and methods of eco-economics and planning reports of SNWT's middle route project. Some benefits were calculated in monetary units. To make sure that the results can be comparable with normal monetary indices, concrete assessment objects and the parameters are prudently selected according to the major characteristics of the project and its water import region. Primary assessment revealed that in different project construction stages, the benefit could be more than 13 07 billion RMB Yuan in 2010 and 19 79 billion RMB Yuan in 2030, respectively. The monetary value tends to increase with social-economic development. To realize these potential benefits, however, calls for more endeavors.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41171449,41301121)
文摘Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in the Loess Plateau,the primary patterns of cultivated land transfer in rural areas in the Loess Plateau were summarized according to the management subjects of cultivated land. According to the analyses of family income and expenses of a peasant household,the benefit of various patterns of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was analyzed,and the social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer were assessed. The results showed that cultivated land transfer had developed rapidly in the Loess Plateau,and 42. 5% of the investigated peasant households took part in cultivated land transfer. The benefit of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was obvious after cultivated land transfer. There were significant differences between various patterns of cultivated land transfer in the increase of farmers' income. The pattern driven by agricultural cooperatives increased farmers' income most obviously,and the annual family earnings per peasant household reached 12072. 99 yuan / a. The social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer conducted by peasant households spontaneously were very remarkable. The pattern led by leading enterprises promoted the large-scale operation of cultivated land greatly,but its benefit to increase farmers' income was limited. The comprehensive benefit of the pattern guided by the government was the most balanced. Geographic environment had decisive influences on the choose of patterns of cultivated land transfer in the Loess Plateau.
文摘This study evaluates the ecosystem service value of Qingdao Luhaifeng Sea Ranch artificial reef area through the established meta-analysis value transfer model,and the results show that the total value will be 150 million yuan in 2022.According to the regression results of the meta-analysis,the types of ecosystem services,the types of pasture sediment,the population density of the pasture area,and the economic level all have a significant impact on the wetland value.The model in this paper passes the validity test,and the conclusions are the same as many current empirical studies.This shows that the benefit transfer method meta-analysis can save assessment labor,time and capital,and the decision-makers can make judgments quickly.Meta-analysis is an effective and fast ex ante evaluation tool.The reliability of the value transfer method of meta-analysis largely depends on the quantity and quality of existing studies and the establishment of mathematical models.It is necessary to expand the number of literature searches.However,the current evaluation method of ecosystem services in China has just started,so the government needs to encourage research institutions to evaluate the value of ecosystem services to provide more effective and abundant research literature.
文摘In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.
基金funded by the United States Agency for International Development(USAID)supported by Tuberculosis Implementation Framework Agreement(TIFA),implemented through John Snow Research&Training Institute Inc(JSI).
文摘Background Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana(NPY)is a direct benefit transfer scheme of the Government of India introduced in 2018 to support the additional nutritional requirements of persons with TB(PwTB).Our recent nationwide evaluation of implementation and utilization of NPY using programmatic data of PwTB from nine randomly selected Indian states,reported a 70%coverage and high median delay in benefit credit.We undertook a qualitative study between January and July 2023,to understand the detailed implementation process of NPY and explore the enablers and barriers to effective implementation and utilization of the NPY scheme.Methods We followed a grounded theory approach to inductively develop theoretical explanations for social phenomena through data generated from multiple sources.We conducted 36 in-depth interviews of national,district and field-level staff of the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme(NTEP)and NPY beneficiaries from 30 districts across nine states of India,selected using theoretical sampling.An analytical framework developed through inductive coding of a set of six interviews,guided the coding of the subsequent interviews.Categories and themes emerged through constant comparison and the data collection continued until theoretical saturation.Results Stakeholders perceived NPY as a beneficial initiative.Strong political commitment from the state administration,mainstreaming of NTEP work with the district public healthcare delivery system,availability of good geographic and internet connectivity and state-specific grievance redressal mechanisms and innovations were identified as enablers of implementation.However,the complex,multi-level benefit approval process,difficulties in accessing banking services,perceived inadequacy of benefits and overworked human resources in the NTEP were identified as barriers to implementation and utilization.Conclusion The optimal utilization of NPY is enabled by strong political commitment and challenged by its lengthy implementation process and delayed disbursal of benefits.We recommend greater operational simplicity in NPY implementation,integrating NTEP activities with the public health system to reduce the burden on the program staff,and revising the benefit amount more equitably.
基金funded by the National Nature Science of Foundation of China(No.81172675)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2012CB720804)
文摘Objective To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach. Methods Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury (MeHg), and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach. Results Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario (no intake) and alternative scenario (intake of specific species of 200 g/week) were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain. Conclusion The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest,China(20110300501-01)the Special Fund for First-Class University (4572-18101510)
文摘Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980 s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers.The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in more attention to green manure.Human intervention and policy-oriented behaviors likely have large impacts on promoting green manure planting.However,little information is available regarding on where,at what rates,and in which ways(i.e.,intercropping green manure in orchards or rotating green manure in cropland) to develop green manure and what benefits could be gained by incorporating green manure in fields at the county scale.This paper presents the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent(CLUE-S) model,which is specifically developed for the simulation of land use changes originally,to predict spatial distribution of green manure in cropland and orchards in 2020 in Pinggu District located in Beijing,China.Four types of land use for planting or not planting green manure were classified and the future land use dynamics(mainly croplands and orchards) were considered in the prediction.Two scenarios were used to predict the spatial distribution of green manure based on data from 2011:The promotion of green manure planting in orchards(scenario 1) and the promotion of simultaneous green manure planting in orchards and croplands(scenario 2).The predictions were generally accurate based on the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) and Kappa indices,which validated the effectiveness of the CLUE-S model in the prediction.In addition,the spatial distribution of the green manure was acquired,which indicated that green manure mainly located in the orchards of the middle and southern regions of Dahuashan,the western and southern regions of Wangxinzhuang,the middle region of Shandongzhuang,the eastern region of Pinggu and the middle region of Xiagezhuang under scenario 1.Green manure planting under scenario 2 occurred in orchards in the middle region of Wangxinzhuang,and croplands in most regions of Daxingzhuang,southern Pinggu,northern Xiagezhuang and most of Mafang.The spatially explicit results allowed for the assessment of the benefits of these changes based on different economic and ecological indicators.The economic and ecological gains of scenarios 1 and 2 were 175691 900 and143000 300 CNY,respectively,which indicated that the first scenario was more beneficial for promoting the same area of green manure.These results can facilitate policies of promoting green manure and guide the extensive use of green manure in local agricultural production in suitable ways.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China under the Grant No. 10471159.
文摘An assessment index model was established to evaulate the benefit of the Three-Gorges Reservoir migration through the analytical hierarchy process. Totally 43 indicators were selected to assess the impact of migration on the economic, social and ecological environmental aspects of the migration communities, with the data of the indicators of the years 1992, 1998, 2002 which represented the period of premigration, the end of the first phase migration and the end of the second phase migration, respectively. The evaluation matrix is sufficiently consistent, with a consistency ratio CR equal to 0.086 3. The assessment turned out a benefit value for the economic subsystem in the year 2004 larger than triple the value in the year 1992, indicating a remarkable economic growth in the Reservoir area. The constantly increasing value for the social subsystem reflects the stable social situations. There is a slight decline in the assessment outcome of the ecological subsystem for the year 1998, which implies enviromental conservation was given insufficient importance during that period. On the whole, the implementation of the migration project is favorable to the Reservoir region, as confirmed by the stably increasing overall evaluation value from 42.22% in 1992 to 68.81% in 2002. However, there is still much room to improve from the status quo to the target criteria.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0500909)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(Grant No.2015BAC06B01)
文摘The Hobq Desert is the seventh largest desert in China. Since 1988, the effects of ecological management in Hobq Desert have been obvious and a typical desertification control model developed gradually, which is well known as the "Hobq model". It is important to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the "Hobq model", but this has not been addressed in previous studies. Thus, we established an index system to comprehensively evaluate the benefits of the "Hobq model", using an analytic hierarchy process method from 1988 to 2013. The results show the following: ecological benefits of the "Hobq model" had a positive trend, but with fluctuations during 2008 and 2009; economic benefits increased by 74% and the maximum value occurred in 2013; and social benefits increased steadily, but with fluctuations in 2010 and 2011. The social benefits were higher than ecological and economic benefits in the same period. Trends in overall benefits of the "Hobq model" were similar to changes in ecological benefits, which increased each year.
文摘Assessment of the disastrous weather warning service benefit has important guidance significance for improving meteorological forecast capability and meteorological service level. Meanwhile, it is also weak link of the current meteorological work. Took Beibei District of Chongqing as an example, by analyzing issuance of the rainstorm warning signal from 2008 to now, its disastrous weather warning service benefit was evaluated. Result showed that assessment of the disastrous weather warning service benefit should be studied from forecast accuracy, forecast timeliness, forecast coverage and disaster prevention capability.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment (FSA). In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm (Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt) is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis (CBA), a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.
文摘研究南水北调东线一期工程通水以来受水区生态环境效益的演变态势,对南水北调后续工程高质量建设、加快构建国家水网以及促进工程综合效益发挥有决策参考作用。以定性定量相结合的方式分析东线一期工程在优化水资源配置、保障饮水安全、复苏河湖生态环境和畅通南北经济循环等方面的作用,进而结合层次分析法,从直接效益和间接效益2个方面,筛选构建东线一期工程受水区生态环境效益评价指标体系,主要包括工程年供水量、水质改善度、生态补水量、地下水压采量、地下水水位、水域面积、绿地面积和涵养水源等,并采用VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)多准则妥协解排序方法对南水北调东线一期工程通水以来即2013-2022年受水区生态环境效益演变态势进行分析。结果表明:南水北调东线一期工程通水的10年以来,受水区的生态环境整体复苏效果明显,近3年排序值保持在0.8以上;受降水偏枯进而影响地下水开采量和地下水水位等因素影响,2019年间接生态环境效益下降29.2%,之后迅速恢复并保持稳定。在分析直接效益和间接效益演变的基础上,从工程提质增效、提高工程水质状况以及完善体制机制建设等方面提出东线一期工程进一步促进受水区生态环境持续改善的策略和建议,以期为东线工程及受水区生态环境保护及高质量发展相关研究、决策制定等提供参考。