Arsenic and fluoride co-enrichment of groundwater in the loess areas and associated human health risks:A case study of Dali County in the Guanzhong Basin

This study aims to reveal the occurrence and origin of typical groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area of the Guanzhong Basin—a Neogene faulted basin.Key findings are as follows:(1)Groundwater samples with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations collected from the loess area and the terraces of the Weihe River accounted for 26%and 30%,respectively,of the total samples,with primary hydrochemical type identified as HCO_(3)-Na.The karst and sand areas exhibit relatively high groundwater quality,serving as preferred sources for water supply.It is recommended that local governments fully harness groundwater in these areas;(2)groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the loess area and the alluvial plain of rivers in Dali County is primarily distributed within the Guanzhong Basin,which represents the drainage zone of groundwater;(3)arsenic and fluoride in groundwater originate principally from natural and anthropogenic sources;(4)the human health risk assessments reveal that long-term intake of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations pose cancer or non-cancer risks,which are more serious to kids compared to adults.This study provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of groundwater with high arsenic and fluoride concentrations in loess areas.

Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health and Adaptation Strategies in South China

This study reviews the impacts of climate change on human health and presents corresponding adaptation strategies in South China. The daily mean surface air temperatures above or below 26.4~C increase the death risk for people in Guangzhou, especially the elderly are vulnerable to variations in temperature. Heat waves can cause insomnia, fatigue, clinical exacerbation, or death from heatstroke etc., while cold spells show increases in patients with fractures. During a cold spell period, the rates of both on-site emergency rescues and non-implementable rescues increase, and the risk of non-accidental deaths and respiratory disease deaths significantly rise as well. Both time series of hazy days and ozone concentrations have significant positive correlations with the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Both malaria and dengue fever reach higher altitudes and mountainous areas due to climate warming. Climate change is likely to bring stronger heat waves in the future, thereby increasing heat wave-related illnesses and deaths, particularly in the metropolitan areas of the Pearl River Delta. The projected increase of consecutive cold days in Guangdong province and parts of northern Guangxi province will affect residents＇ health in the future. The rising temperature exaggerates ozone pollution, but it is not clear whether climate change is aggravating or mitigating haze pollution. The transmission potential of malaria in South China will increase by 39%-140% and the transmission season will extend by 1 2 months with an air temperature increase of 1-2~C. By 2050, most areas in Hainan province are projected to convert from non-endemic dengue into endemic dengue areas. The aging population will cause more vulnerable people. To mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on human health, sound and scientific adaptation strategies must be adopted in advance, such as strengthening the surveillance of epidemic diseases in potential transmission areas, conducting timely weather forecasting for human health, evaluating health vulnerability to climate change, improving environmental and health education, and strengthening hazard management and the cooperation between meteorological and health departments.

Ecosystem health: ecological sustainability target of strategic environment assessment

Strategic environment assessment (SEA) and ecosystem health are two new ideas on environmental management. On the basis of reviewing some relevant literature, this paper made discussions on the ecological sustainability target of SEA, the content of ecosystem health as well as the interrelations between SEA and ecosystem health. For a good SEA, its ecological sustainability principles should be provided with distinct content and a general assessment system. A framework for ecosystem health assessment was established according to the content of ecosystem health, and combined into SEA as SEA抯 ecological sustainability target, we can effectively guide decision-makers to make suitable indigenous means and local solutions. , The basic principles and procedure of SEA for ecosystem health are also discussed in the paper.

Judicial Typification of Human Rights Protection Amid Climate Risks:Legal Analysis and Path Choice

In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.

Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Landfill Gas at Sharra Landfill, Tirana--Albania

Urban waste management and particularly dumpsites represents one of the most significant problems tot the long term protection of public health and environment in Albania. All waste management options, including landfilling, involve an element of risk to human health. This article addresses the question, if sources of emissions from Sharra landfill lead theoretically to public exposures exceeding health criteria？ This question is approached using an exposure pathway analysis framework, which link a source of one or more harmful pollutants at a site with a human receptor that inhales the pollutant. The risk posed to human health from HCHO （formaldehyde） and dioxin is estimated for on-site and off-site receptors in Sharra landfill. For on-site receptors, the average risk to get harm through the inhalation pathway from HCHO is in the range of 20 times to 300 times greater than allowed risk value, while for off-site receptors the average risk is in the range of 10 times to 180 times greater. While for dioxin the risk is in the range from 50 to 600 for on-site receptors and 10 to 35 for off-site receptors, times greater than often allowed risk.

Does the Environmental Gain of Switching to the Healthy New Nordic Diet Outweigh the Increased Consumer Cost？

The new Nordic diet （NND） was designed by gastronomic, nutritional and environmental specialists to be a palatable, healthy and sustainable diet containing 30%-40% less meat than the average Danish diet （ADD）, ≥ 75% organics, and more locally grown wholegrain products, nuts, fruit and vegetables. In this study, the NND was based on economic modelling to represent a ＂realistic NND bought by Danish consumers＂. The objective was to investigate whether the ADD-to-NND diet-shift has environmental consequences that outweigh the increased consumer cost of the diet-shift. The diet-shift reduced the three most important environmental impacts by 16%-22%, mainly caused by reduced meat content. The surcharge to consumers of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was ∈216/capita/year. In monetary terms, the savings related to the environmental impact of the diet-shift were ∈151/capita/year. 70% of the increased consumer cost of the ADD-to-NND diet-shift was countered by the reduced socioeconomic advantage associated with the reduced environmental impact of the NND.

Study on Risk Assessment Method of Informal Landfill

At present,there are a large number of informal landfills to be treated all over the country. Under the condition of limited treatment funds,it is necessary to prioritize the treatment of informal landfills. In this paper,the pollution risk of waste dump,surrounding soil,groundwater and surface water is analyzed,and a set of comprehensive risk assessment method system of informal landfill is established,which could provide reference for decision making department deciding landfill disposal.

Climate Change in Southwest China during 1961–2010:Impacts and Adaptation

Due to climate change, the regional agro-climatic conditions in Southwest China have undergone changes. The heat sources for the growth of crops have been improved. The number of days with temperatures steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ （two criteria） have increased during 1960-2010. The area suitable for multiple cropping has increased; the growth period has shortened; the climatic potential productivity has declined; the pest damage has worsened. During 1986-2010, the desired cooling degree days in Southwest China has increased at 38.9℃ d per decade. Forest fires and pests have increased. The area of meadow and wetlands has decreased. Heterogeneous invasion has intensified; endangered animal and plant species have increased. The tourism landscape has been damaged.＇ The risk of human health has increased. In the 21st century, with the increase of temperature and precipitation, the number of days with temperature steadily above 10℃ and the accumulated temperature will continue to increase, most notably in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The area of intercropping will expand; multiple cropping will move to higher altitudes. The impacts of agro- meteorological disasters, pests and diseases will intensify. The summer cooling energy consumption continues to increase; energy supply will show larger variability; the gap between energy supply and demand will be widened. The phenology will keep on changing, and the habitat will be worsening. Biological population will move northward and to higher altitudes. Some species are at risk of extinction. Negative effects on health will increase.

Environmental and human health impact assessment of major interior wall decorative materials

Despite the growing interest in green products in the interior wall decorative material market,knowledge gaps exist because determining which product is more environmental and user friendly than the others is difficult.This work assesses the environmental and human health profiles of interior latex and wallpape匸Two interior latex products of different raw material ratios and one nonwoven wallpaper product are considered.The environmental impact assessment follows life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology and applies Building Environmental Performance Analysis System(BEPAS).The human health impact is based on impact-pathway chain and is performed using Building Health Impact Analysis System(BHIAS).The assessment scope,associated emissions,and territorial scope of various emissions are defined to facilitate comparison study of interior wall decorative products.The impacts are classified into 15 categories belonging to three safeguard areas:ecological environment,natural resources,and human health.The impacts of categories are calculated and monetized using willingness to pay(WTP)and disability-adjusted life year(DALY)and summarized as an integrated external cost of environmental and human health impacts.Assessment results reveal that the integrated impact of interior latex is lower than that of non-woven wallpaper,and the interior latex of low quality causes low life cycle integrated impact.The most impacted categories are global warming,respiratory effects,and water consumption.Hotspots of product manufacturing are recognized to promote green product design.

A systematic review of the impacts of exposure to micro-and nano-plastics on human tissue accumulation and health

Micro-and nano-plastics(MNPs)pollution has become a pressing global environmental issue,with growing concerns regarding its impact on human health.However,evidence on the effects of MNPs on human health remains limited.This paper reviews the three routes of human exposure to MNPs,which include ingestion,inhalation,and dermal contact.It further discusses the potential routes of translocation of MNPs in human lungs,intestines,and skin,analyses the potential impact of MNPs on the homeostasis of human organ systems,and provides an outlook on future research priorities for MNPs in human health.There is growing evidence that MNPs are present in human tissues or fluids.Lab studies,including in vivo animal models and in vitro human-derived cell cultures,revealed that MNPs exposure could negatively affect human health.MNPs exposure could cause oxidative stress,cytotoxicity,disruption of internal barriers like the intestinal,the air–blood and the placental barrier,tissue damage,as well as immune homeostasis imbalance,endocrine disruption,and reproductive and developmental toxicity.Limitedly available epidemiological studies suggest that disorders like lung nodules,asthma,and blood thrombus might be caused or exacerbated by MNPs exposure.However,direct evidence for the effects of MNPs on human health is still scarce,and future research in this area is needed to provide quantitative support for assessing the risk of MNPs to human health.

美国场地土壤筛选值研究及其对中国土壤环境基准研究的启示

土壤环境基准是土壤环境标准和土壤环境保护的基础。美国是世界上最早关注污染场地保护并开展土壤污染风险管控的国家之一,并形成了较为完善的体系,但我国在这方面还处于起步阶段。为此,本文以美国为例,综述其在土壤筛选值(SSLs)方面的研究,通过分析美国在土壤污染防治方面的法律法规和技术规范,系统梳理美国在SSLs方面的研究成果,从直接摄入、皮肤吸收、摄入污染地下水、吸入室外挥发物与颗粒物和蒸汽侵入5个方面阐述美国基于人体健康风险的SSLs制定的理论方法。在此基础上,为我国土壤环境基准研究提出了几点建议:进一步加强我国土壤环境基准研究工作,立足我国国情开展土壤环境基准研究,加强本土化参数研究和土壤环境基准研究规范化,以及协同开展土壤地下水环境基准研究,以期为我国土壤环境基准研究与制定提供参考。

基于生态系统健康指标的环境影响评价方法探讨

本文探讨了基于生态系统健康指标的环境影响评价方法,通过分析生态系统的健康状况,可以更全面地评估人类活动对环境的潜在影响;综述了现有的环境影响评价框架,并探讨了如何结合生态系统健康指标来提高评估的准确性和可靠性,此项研究可为环境管理和政策制定提供重要的参考依据。

河道堤防与涵闸管理可持续发展研究

河道堤防和涵闸在水资源管理中扮演着重要角色,既用于防洪、蓄水,又用于供水、农田灌溉。为保障河道堤防与涵闸的可持续发展,探讨了其功能、可持续性原则、评估方法以及管理技术和策略。强调了环境影响评估、生态系统健康评估和可持续性指标的重要性,同时提出了创新工程方法、高效维护策略、洪水预警系统和减少灾害措施等关键管理技术和策略,以确保河道堤防与涵闸管理的可持续发展。

地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究

人的健康与地质环境息息相关,地质环境对人群健康的影响一直以来备受环境、地质、医学等多学科领域研究者的关注。在环境健康影响评估方面,已有的研究注重从化学物质或工程建设等单一视角对健康风险进行评估,而从地球系统角度综合评估地质环境健康影响的研究尚不多见。本文提出从环境地球化学、区域地质背景、气候状况及人为活动强度等多维度出发,开展基于复合视角的地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究。本文建立了地质健康指数(GHI)评价方法,该方法按照GHI得分情况,将区域地质环境的健康适宜性分为优(85分及以上)、良(75~85)、一般(60~75)、较差(50~60)和差五个等级,分别代表区域地质环境处于极适宜、适宜、较适宜、可能适宜与不适宜人群健康的状况。本文以浙江省安吉与龙游两县为例,对GHI法的应用进行了案例分析。GHI法评价结果显示,两地在“气候状况”、“地质背景”与“人类活动强度”等三个分指数上得分相当,而在“环境地球化学”分指数上存在较大分异。这是因为安吉富硒土地农产品在富硒的同时重金属超标严重,而龙游富硒土地则无此类现象。两地GHI总指数得分显示,安吉地质环境的人群健康适宜性处于“良”级(78.16分),而龙游则处于“优”级(85.50分)。调查发现,两地居民健康状况差异不大,居民平均预期寿命均优于全国平均水平,说明虽然安吉地质环境存在高Cd、Ni的地球化学特征,但富硒环境起到了一定弥补作用,使得安吉整体上仍处于“适宜”人群健康的水平。GHI评价方法能够从总体上考虑与人群健康相关的地质环境要素,客观反映区域地质环境的健康适宜性状况,评价结果可以为合理利用有益健康的地质资源,以及规避不利健康的地质风险提供指导。

《德清县生态环境保护“十四五”规划》健康影响评价

目的:通过健康影响评价,识别《德清县生态环境保护“十四五”规划》给公众健康可能带来的消极影响,提出针对性的改进措施。方法:利用德清县现有资料研究分析德清县生态环境现状,基于德尔菲专家咨询法开展《德清县生态环境保护“十四五”规划》健康影响评价。结果:本次健康影响评价工作为深度评价,评价深度选择平均分为(91.18±6.54)分,识别出的3个有害健康影响赞同性得分由大到小依次为:环保工程施工过程中给工作人员和居民造成安全事故,为(85.04±9.33)分;环保工程进行时对周围居民生活带来不便,为(78.00±9.46)分;推进生态环境保护综合行政执法队伍车辆配备的交通污染增加,为(72.04±10.34)分。结论:《德清县生态环境保护“十四五”规划》将进一步完善、优化和改善生态环境。同时,德清县在进行规划及实施规划的过程中应当考虑生态环境建设对施工安全、人居生活的影响。

环境影响评价中卫生防护距离设置的探讨

文章结合在环境影响评价工作中的经验,对国家行业卫生防护距离标准以及《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》中推荐的企业卫生防护距离计算方法中存在的问题提出了一些看法。建议在工作中应考虑项目生产规模、污染物性质、污染源有效高度、建设地点地形等多方面因素,结合实际情况设置合理的卫生防护距离。

基于健康风险评估的垃圾焚烧电厂选址研究

模拟研究某拟建垃圾焚烧电厂排放的重金属汞、镉、铅以及二噁英类特征污染物对大气环境的影响和人群暴露的健康风险,进行项目选址方案的比选,探索健康风险评估在垃圾焚烧类建设项目选址中的应用.结果显示,选址方案B中各污染物最大地面浓度的占标率均低于方案A,从环境容量允许性角度考虑,选址方案B优于方案A;两种方案排放污染物的人群暴露健康风险均在可接受的范围内,但方案B的较高风险分布区域周围无环境敏感点,方案A的较高风险分布区域与敏感点的距离较近,从人群健康风险角度考虑,选址方案B也优于方案A.综合考虑两种选址方案比选结果,本研究最终推荐选址为方案B.结果表明,人群暴露的健康风险评估可作为垃圾焚烧类建设项目选址的重要依据.

直流输电线路合成电场控制指标问题分析

合成电场是高压直流输电线路的特有现象,也是直流输电线路重要的环境控制指标之一。在直流输电线路建设中,需要将其控制在合理范围内,以满足环境保护要求。为此,结合我国目前直流输电工程合成电场的环境影响评价需求以及相关标准,借鉴国际相关的研究成果,针对我国在处理交、直流线路平行架设或共用走廊时地面电场控制方法进行分析,并通过研究直流合成电场的特性,最终可以得到:静电场对人体健康不存在实质性的影响;交直流输电线路平行架设或共用走廊时,合成电场与工频电场不能加权考核。我国直流输电线路产生的直流合成电场的暂行控制指标是可行和有效的;目前针对直流输电线路并行或共用走廊时产生的工频电场和直流合成电场应分别测量评价。

沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的环境影响与健康风险评价

采集中国沈阳市区主要交通干道街道灰尘样品,在对其重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn环境影响分析的基础上,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对街道灰尘重金属的健康风险进行评估。结果表明:手—口接触行为是人体(儿童和成人)摄入街道灰尘重金属的最主要途径,其次为皮肤吸收和呼吸吸入。重金属对人体的非致癌风险表现为:Pb大于Cd大于Cu大于Zn,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害,且儿童的非致癌风险大于成人。重金属Cd目前尚未形成致癌风险,但其对儿童的潜在生态危害值得重视。

大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离区别及应用的探讨

针对2009年4月1日起实施的《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ2.2-2008)中所提出的"大气环境防护距离"的概念展开详细探讨。结合《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》(GB/T13201-91)中提出的"卫生防护距离",从定义、设置前提、计算方法的角度与"大气环境防护距离"进行对比分析,引用建设项目环境影响评价中的案例阐述这两者的主要区别,并对当前执行情况提出建议。