Frontier Progress of Landscape Character Assessment in China

The role of Landscape Character Assessment(LCA)at the level of territorial landscape governance spans both natural and social sciences.By analyzing the development history,research distribution,methods and applications of cutting-edge cases of LCA in China,the following conclusions are drawn:①the LCA research in China originated earlier than that in Europe,but has not yet been systematically applied to the implementation of urban and rural planning at all levels;②the fundamental theory of LCA in China has been well constructed,with three main research directions:technologyled,assessment-led,and assessment combined with other theories;③the development of LCA in rural areas is more mature than in urban areas,but the progress of research is uneven across regions;④the current research presents significant“bottom-up”academic characteristics,and there is an urgent need for government decision-making authorities and academia to jointly promote a“top-down”standardized governance mechanism to comprehensively promote the modernization of territorial landscape governance.

A High Efficiency Hardware Implementation of S-Boxes Based on Composite Field for Advanced Encryption Standard

The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.

Discussion on the Supervision of Oceanic Standards Implementation in China

To guarantee the future viability of ocean-based activity in China,standardizationis vital.Supervision of Oceanic Standards Implementation is one of the main tasks of thisstandardization and this paper both defines oceanic standards implementation supervision aswell as explaining its significance.The present situation is also examined and advice on howto improve this supervision is offered.

Assessment and Implementation Intention of Circular Agriculture in Jiangsu Province with a Case of 20 Farmers' Professional Cooperatives in Huai'an City

Circular agriculture is of practical significance for Jiangsu agriculture. The research conducted quantitative analysis on circular agriculture in Jiangsu by estab- lishing assessment index system of circular agriculture development, In 2013, most indices of Jiangsu circular agriculture kept higher than national levels, but many problems exist such as excessive uses of chemical fertilizer, pesticide and mulch. Therefore, it is effective for advancing circular agriculture in Jiangsu to stabilize gov- emment fiscal support and broaden financing channels.

Quality assessment of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantification of six major ingredients using a single reference standard combined with HPLC fingerprint analysis

Chrysanthemum indicum Flower is usually consumed as functional food. This paper described an improved total quality assessment method for Chrysanthemum indicum Flower by simultaneous quantitation using a single standard to determine multi-components method combined with high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis. Six main components of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower including two flavonoids and four phenolic acids were simultaneously quantified using linarin as the internal reference standard. The method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and stability.The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of thirty three batches of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower samples. Under the same chromatographic conditions, fingerprint analysis in combination with Similarity analysis and principal component analysis was performed to identify the samples from different regions. In general, an effective assessment using a single standard to determinate multi-components method combined with fingerprint analysis make the reliable qualitation and quantitation analysis of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower available.

The Reliability of Assessment of Ki-67 Expression on Core Needle Biopsy and the Surgical Specimens of Invasive Breast Cancer: Comparison of Local Pathologists’ Assessment and Central Review

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of Ki-67 expression on core needle biopsy (CNB) and the surgical specimens of invasive breast cancer. We examined the concordance rate of Ki-67 expressions, hormone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status from a CNB with from a surgery in invasive breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on a clinical database of patients who underwent surgery for early breast cancer. Of these, 193 patients who underwent CNB before the surgery were enrolled. A cut-off value of 20% was used for Ki-67-positive criteria. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 were examined and compared with that of Ki-67. To evaluate discordance between the pathologists’ earlier assessments, we re-examined Ki-67 expression among the Ki-67 discordant group in a central laboratory. Results: The concordance rate for Ki-67 expression between the two specimen types was 77.7%, which was significantly lower than that for ER, PgR, and HER2 expression (95.9%, 88.1%, and 91.6%, respectively). The concordance rate for re-examined Ki-67 expression among the Ki-67 discordant group improved to 93.8% and was not significantly different from that for the other receptors. Conclusion: The concordance rate for Ki-67 expression between biopsy and surgical specimens was significantly lower than that for ER, PgR, and HER2 expressions, but re-examination of Ki-67 expression in a central laboratory revealed no significant difference among the receptors, suggesting the need for standard pathological assessment of Ki-67 expression for clinical use as a predictive marker of breast cancer.

Research on the Weight of Index for the Assessment Standard for Green Store Building

Assessment standard for green store building of national standard has been compiled. The index has been given by experts' subjective assignment based on experience. Analytic hierarchy process has been used,making questionnaires of experts,using pairwise comparison and calculating the weight of each index. The weight of index in assessment would not only make quantitative evaluation on the whole situation of green store buildings,but also provide the foundation for compilation and revision.

Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） Adoption on Key Financial Ratios＂ The Case of the Czech Republic

This contribution analyzes the impact of new International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） reporting rules on financial ratios prepared in the Czech companies. Using a sample of 16 Czech firms, we attempt to measure the scope and size of the differences in the selected set of financial ratios as calculated with data reported according to the traditional Czech accounting standards （CAS） and under the IFRS provisions. Our study discovers that there are important differences resulting from the two reporting formats. Our research comes to a conclusion that translation of Czech statements to IFRS may cause changes in the values of financial indicators without relationship to the real change in the firms＇ value, performance, and stability. Even though the findings were not statistically significant, the indicative results of our measurements disclosed an important fact that the transition to IFRS could cause deterioration of key indicators and thereby could impact on the overall rating of companies. One needs to be cautious with generalization due to the small sample size.

Assessment of the effectiveness of standardized infusion devices for healthcare management

Since standardization is an important safety measure in healthcare systems, it is essential to systematically assess the effects of introducing new and increasingly complex medical equip-ment, such as infusion devices. In this study, we compared the effects of standardized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-free closed-system integrated infusion devices with conventional infusion de-vices. Specifically, we assessed the safety, work efficiency, user-friendliness, and cost effec-tiveness of these devices. Compared with con-ventional infusion devices, integrated PVC-free infusion devices were more expensive to pur-chase and dispose, but were safer and more user-friendly and efficient. Although it would be preferable to use standardized infusion devices in all hospital departments, their cost may limit their application to departments that use high-risk treatments, where they would be most beneficial.

Assessment of Hydrological Drought Using the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSFI): A Case Study of the Tien Yen River Basin of Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam

Probabilistic assessment of drought plays an important role in providing valuable information for evaluating water resources systems under drought conditions, and bivariate copulas are effective and efficient for the probabilistic assessment of drought based on joint distributions and/or joint return periods of drought characteristics. In this study, hydrological drought events and their characteristics (including duration and severity) in the Tien Yen River Basin of Quang Ninh province are detected using the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSFI). The BB8Copula is selected as the best-fit copula for hydrological drought duration and severity. Joint probabilities and joint return periods of drought duration and severity in the cases “and” and “or” are calculated based on the BB8Copula, which are employed for drought assessment. The results show that the drought events with 1-season or cross-quarter duration were more popular than others;joint probabilities and joint return periods of the detected drought events from 1962 to 2009, ranged from 0.2% to 92.2% and from 0.782 years to 315.414 years, respectively, in the case “and”, and ranged from 3.8% to 99.6% and from 0.724 years to 18.785 years, respectively, in the case “or”.

The Implementation of GB/T 19000 Promotes the Advancement of the Management Level of the Leather Industry

Focusing on the economic development of its leather industry,Xinji City in the center ofHebei Province adheres to the scientific concept of development,strives to explore new ideas for industrialdevelopment,and makes tireless efforts to implement the GB/T19000 Quality Managementand Quality Assurance.This deepens the standardization of the leather industry and improves thelevel of enterprise management,serving both the economy and the enterprises.

Implementing the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement: A Case Study of the Vhembe West District, South Africa

This qualitative study was undertaken to investigate how district officials implemented Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement in the Vhembe West District in South Africa.Interview data were collected and used for themes identification.The study identified the following challenges that the district officials experienced as they performed their duties:insufficient resources,lack of finances to buy learning and teaching support materials,infrastructure failures,the district’s inadequate support to schools,shortage of district officials in certain disciplines,unclear roles,lack of collaboration,unavailability of followup visits,the shortage of computers for the district officials and teacher support materials,bribery and corruption of selling principalship posts,slow filling of district officials posts,and inappropriate skills for school management and leadership.The study concluded that qualified district officials should be appointed,ongoing support from the Department of Basic Education and provision of resources in ensuring smooth curriculum implementation is needed,and bribery and corruption should be stopped when school principal appointments are made.This study also concludes that the district officials should be continuously capacitated so that they should be able to meet curriculum challenges,and the Department of Basic Education should speed up the curriculum delivery by ensuring that the vacancies are filled up.

Significance of Implementing ISO9001 and ISO14001 Standards in Tourism Service Enterprises——the Practice at xin Long Tropical Plants Garden

As a China national comprehensive tropical plants garden, the Xin LongTropical Plants Garden undertakes multiple tasks of scientific research, species protection, popularscience education and tourism reception. Same as a global tropical plants garden, it also faces thestrategic tasks of reasonable utilization of biological resources and environmental protection,international exchange and international cooperation and upgrading the level of management. How toupgrade the level of services; how to provide the society with high quality tourism services; how toachieve both re-sources exploitation and environmental protection; how to match with theinternational practice; how to eliminate technical barrier of trade and ensure fair competition etc;all these are the problems of common concern of both domestic and foreign enterprises of tourismservice. The Xin Long Tropical Plants Garden has taken a trial implementation of ISO9001:2000 and18014001:1996 dual standard system since 2001 and passed the certification of CQM (ChinaCertification Center for Quality Mark) in 2002 and gained the certificate of IQNet, so set anexample in implementing standardized management for both domestic and foreign enterprises of tourismservice.

Benefits of Environmental Site Assessment Standards in China

1.Preface As the fast paced Chinese economy brings more and more direct and indirect affects into ourlives,environmental protection has become one ofthe most popular subjects of recent times.

Desirability of a standard notation for fisheries assessment

The worldwide increase of the publications concerning the assessment of marine renewable living resources is highlighting long-standing problems with symbols and annotations. Starting from the symbols presented within the classic fisheries masterpieces produced, mainly in the fifty of the last century, a first “Milestone” list was organised. Thereafter, the pertinent literature was (not exhaustively) browsed in order to integrate this Milestone list on the base of a set of decisional criteria. The present contribution consists in using the Latin letters as well established symbols for the corresponding parameters, leaving free to specific use (with few historical exceptions) the Greek letters in view to open a discussion among all the fisheries scientists and bodies in order to move towards a common language and better communication standards.

Enrichment conditions and distribution characteristics of lacustrine medium-to-high maturity shale oil in China

Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.

Strategies for accurate response assessment of radiochromic film using flatbed scanner for beam quality assurance

Radiochromic film is a useful tool for beam quality assurance, but accurate response assessment of the film is still a problem. In this study, the response uncertainties of HDV2 film were investigated using a flatbed scanner from both the scanning settings and interscan variability. Scanning settings are fixed conditions for scanning, including scanning resolution and focus setting.In this study, multipeak distributions of pixel values were found under some dots-per-inch values, which should be avoided, and the optimal setting of 2000 dpi without this problem was selected. By changing the focus setting, the relative standard deviation of pixel values was reduced by 36–50%. The influence of the interscan variability induced by three factors was investigated, including the outside illumination intensity, film homogeneity, and operating temperature. Scanning the film before and after irradiation at the same position was recommended. Moreover, the suitable operating temperature range for the scanner was found to be 15–24 °C, which results in stable film responses. Regarding the studied factors, correction methods and strategies were proposed, and the accurate response assessment of HDV2 film was realized. Finally, a standard operating procedure for response assessment of films was introduced. It can help other researchers study more scanners, films, and particle types.

Failure Assessment of Aero-engine Support Structure due to Blade-off

Aero-engine blade-off event could cause serious malfunction and endanger flight safety,which is an important issue widely concerned for a long period.This paper presents a comprehensive review on the regulation requirements,the major research methods and status at home and abroad.Firstly,the relevant certification regulations and standards about aero-engine structure safety due to blade-off event were overviewed and the research gaps between the abroad and the domestic were compared.Then,the simulation and experimental methodologies on aero-engine supporting structures undertake abnormal load due to blade-off event were discussed as major issue.Finally,the safety certification verification technology system for aero-engine support structures during blade-off event was proposed.

Current trends in outcome studies for children with hearing loss and the need to establish a comprehensive framework of measuring outcomes in children with hearing loss in China

Since the 1970s, outcome studies for children with hearing loss expanded from focusing on assessing auditory awareness and speech perception skills to evaluating language and speech development. Since the early 2000s, the multi-center large scale research systematically studied outcomes in the areas of auditory awareness, speech-perception, language development, speech development, educational achievements, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. These studies advocated the establishment of baseline and regular follow-up evaluations with a comprehensive framework centered on language development. Recent research interests also include understanding the vast differences in outcomes for children with hearing loss, understanding the relationships between neurocognitive development and language acquisition in children with hearing loss, and using outcome studies to guide evidence-based clinical practice. After the establishment of standardized Mandarin language assessments, outcomes research in China's Mainland has the potential to expand beyond auditory awareness and speech perception studies.

Assessing Empathy in Anesthesia Residents with the Chinese Version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy: A Pilot Standardized Patient Program

Objectives To validate the reliability of the Chinese version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy(CARE)in physician-standardized patient(SP)encounter.We also tried to examine the agreement between video-based ratings and in-room ratings,as well as the agreement between the faculty ratings and SP ratings.Methods The CARE was translated into Chinese.Forty-eight anesthesia residents were recruited to make preoperative interview in SP-counter.Performance of each resident was graded by in-room raters,video raters and SP raters.Consistency between different raters was examined.Results The Chinese-CARE measure demonstrated high scale reliability with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.95 and high consistency in the in-room ratings in intraclass correlation(coefficient=0.888,P<0.001).Despite a good consistency in intraclass correlation,video ratings were significantly higher than in-room ratings(39.6±7.1 vs.24.0±10.0,P<0.001),and Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that the pass/fail rate was significantly higher based on video ratings than based on in-room ratings(45/48 vs.22/48,P<0.001).SP ratings had a moderate consistency with in-room faculty ratings(coefficient=0..568,P<0.001),and there was no significant difference between the pass/fail rates based on the in-room ratings and SP ratings(22/48vs.28/48,P=0.12).Conclusions The Chinese-CARE measure is reliable in the assessment of empathy during preoperative anesthesia interview.In-room and video ratings are not equivalent,while SP may provide a feasible alternative for the faculty rater in the assessment of communication skills with an appropriate measure.