Impact of setting distinct target blood glucose levels on endogenous insulin suppression and pharmacodynamics of insulin preparations

BACKGROUND Insulin therapy plays a crucial role in managing diabetes.Regulatory guidelines mandate assessing the pharmacokinetics(PK)and pharmacodynamics(PD)of new insulin formulations with euglycemic clamp techniques before entry into the market.Typically,blood glucose(BG)levels are maintained at 5%below baseline to suppress endogenous insulin secretion in healthy volunteers.However,in scenarios where BG baseline is relatively low,maintaining it at 5%below baseline can increase hypoglycemic risk.Consequently,we adjusted to maintain it at 2.5%below a baseline of<4.00 mmol/L.It remains uncertain whether this adjustment impacts endogenous insulin inhibition or the PD of study insulin.AIM To evaluate and compare the PD and C-peptide status using two different target BG setting methods.METHODS Data came from euglycemic clamp trials assessing the PK/PD of insulin aspart(IAsp)in healthy participants.Target BG was set at 2.5%below baseline for those with a basal BG of<4.00 mmol/L(group A),and at 5%below baseline for others(group B).The area under the curve(AUC)of IAsp(AUC_(IAsp,0-8 h))and GIR from 0 to 8 hours(AUCGIR,0-8 h)was used to characterize the PK and PD of IAsp,respectively.The C-peptide reduction and PK/PD of IAsp were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Out of 135 subjects,15 were assigned to group A and 120 to group B;however,group B exhibited higher basal Cpeptide(1.59±0.36 vs 1.32±0.42 ng/mL,P=0.006).Following propensity score matching to adjust for basal Cpeptide differences,71 subjects(15 in group A and 56 in group B)were analyzed.No significant differences were observed in demographics,IAsp dosage,or clamp quality.Group B showed significantly higher baseline(4.35±0.21 vs 3.91±0.09 mmol/L,P<0.001),target(4.13±0.20 vs 3.81±0.08 mmol/L,P<0.001),and clamped(4.10±0.17 vs 3.80±0.06 mmol/L,P<0.001)BG levels.Both groups exhibited comparable C-peptide suppression(32.5%±10.0%vs 35.6%±12.1%,P=0.370)and similar IAsp activity(AUCGIR,0-8 h:1433±400 vs 1440±397 mg/kg,P=0.952)under nearly equivalent IAsp exposure(AUC_(IAsp,0-8 h):566±51 vs 571±85 ng/mL×h,P=0.840).CONCLUSION Maintaining BG at 2.5%below a baseline of<4.00 mmol/L did not compromise the endogenous insulin suppression nor alter the observed pharmacodynamic effects of the study insulin.

Total flavonoids of Astragalus membranaceus protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis through SLC7A11/GPX-4 signaling pathway

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a common neurodegenerative disorder with no cure.Astragalus membranaceus is used in Chinese culture as a food supplement to boost immunity.The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of total flavonoids extracted from A.membranaceus(TFA)and their protective mechanisms.TFA offered neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)in the mouse model of Parkinsonism,by improving behavior performance in the gait analysis and pole test,and inhibiting the decline of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)positive neurons and TH protein expression in substantia nigra of mice.TFA also prevented 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP+)induced neurotoxicity in SHSY5Y cells,by increasing GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio,and reducing reactive oxygen species.In addition,the neuroprotective effects of TFA were associated with its ability to restore MPTP/MPP+induced downregulation of SLC7A11 and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX-4).In conclusion,we demonstrated that TFA exerted significant neuroprotection against MPTP/MPP+induced neurodegeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis through the regulation of SLC7A11/GPX-4 axis,suggesting the use of TFA as a possible food supplement in the prevention of PD.

Multidimensional screening of Astragalus membranaceus small molecules to mitigate carbon ion radiation-induced bystander effects

Existing studies have shown that Astragalus membranaceus(AM)and its active ingredients astragalus polysaccharides,oninon,and astragalus methyl glycosides can attenuate X-ray radiation-induced injury.However,there are no studies on how isoliquiritigenin(ISL)attenuate the bystander effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)induced by carbon ion radiation therapy for lung cancer.This study aimed to investigate the AM-derived small molecule ISL to enhance radiotherapy sensitivity by attenuating the carbon ion radiation-induced bystander effect(RIBE)in BMSCs to elucidate its mechanism of action.In this study,we established a C57BL/6 mouse lung cancer transplantation tumor model in vivo and a co-culture model of A549 cells and BMSCs in vitro,and the models were successfully treated with carbon ions.In further work,we used flow cytometry,immunofluorescence,Western blot,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),inhibitor,short hairpin RNA(shRNA),Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8),and other methods to illustrate the mechanism.In the next experiments,we found that ISL combined with carbon ion radiotherapy had a significant anti-tumor effect and protected BMSCs from radiation damage.The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of ISL in enhancing the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to radiotherapy and attenuating RIBE in both in vitro and in vivo settings.Traditional Chinese medicine combined with radiation therapy is a promising and innovative treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.These results establish a theoretical foundation for further clinical development of ISL as a potential radiosensitizer option.

Gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of Panax notoginseng saponins and its role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut microbiota,and thus affect the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological effects.To date,studies concering gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of PNS have not been reviewed systematically.Herein,we outline the metabolic profiles of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota,as well as its role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the basis of reported data.The metabolic pathways of primary saponins are proposed,and step-by-step deglycosylation is found to be the primary degradation pathways of PNS mediated by gut microbiota.Specific microorganisms and enzymes involved in the metabolic processes were summarized.Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the metabolism of PNS,affects the pharmacokinetic profiles,and produces a series of active metabolites.These metabolites were documented to play an essential role in the efficacy of the parent compounds.Future studies should focus on strengthening the real-world evidence,defining the interaction between gut microbiota and PNS,and developing the strategy for modulating gut microbiota to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of PNS.These information would be useful for further research and clinical application of PNS.

To explore the mechanism of Fuyang Jiebiao granules against viral pneumonia based on network pharmacology and pharmacodynamics

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Fuyang Jiebiao granule(FYJBKL)in the treatment of viral pneumonia.Methods:Firstly,a network model was constructed using network pharmacology to study the target expression sites of FYJBKL viral pneumonia,so as to determine the main targets and important signal transduction pathways for the treatment of viral pneumonia.Secondly,the main components of the drug and the main target are docked.Then,the fever,sweating and inflammation rat models were established to explore the antipyretic,sweating and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of FYJBKL.Finally,the contents of IL-17,IL-1β,TNF-αand IL-6 in blood samples of rats were analyzed by ELISA method,and the morphological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining.Results:Quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,etc.,and the main mechanism targets are IL-17,IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6 and so on.Thirty signal pathways were identified by KEGG enrichment analysis,including interleukin-17 signaling pathway(IL-17 signaling pathway),human cytomegalovirus infection pathway(human cytomegalovirus infection),Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection pathway(Kaposi's sarcoma-as-sociated herpesvirus infection)and so on.After the study of molecular docking,we found that the contact efficiency between active substances and possible key targets is good.The high and middle concentration groups of FYJBKL significantly decreased the expression of IL-17,IL-1β,TNF-αand IL-6 in the blood of rats with inflammation(P<0.05).FYJBKL significantly reduced the foot swelling induced by egg white and inhibited the increase of body temperature induced by yeast in rats(P<0.05).HE staining showed that FYJBKL improved pulmonary fibrosis and inflammatory exudation to varying degrees.Conclusion:The effects of FuyangJiebiao granules on the related signal pathways of anti-virus,anti-immune and anti-inflammation as well as biological and cellular processes may be caused by the binding of quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol and other active ingredients to their shared targets.Fuyang Jiebiao granules can improve the related symptoms caused by viral pneumonia,and its mechanism may be related to the activities of TNF,IL-17,IL-6 and other related channels,which are multiple targets of inflammation regulation.

Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.administered by dissolving microneedles achieves systemic therapeutic effects at low doses Author links open overlay panel

Objective:To determine the main components of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge(A.membranaceus,Huang Qi),Astragaloside IV(AIV)and Astragalus polysaccharides(AP),to characterize their properties,evaluate their in vivo efficacy,and to analyze drug diffusion using dissolving microneedle(DMN)technology in vivo.Methods: Respectively,AIV-and AP-loaded DMNs comprising chitosan(CTS)and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)were prepared via dual-mold forming.Their morphology,mechanical properties,in vivo solubility,and skin irritation characteristics were tested.In vivo efficacy was assessed in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice,in vivo diffusion of AIV and AP by DMNs and conventional methods was compared,and the rheological properties of AIV-CTS-PVA and AP-CTS-PVA mixtures were measured.Results: Subcutaneous dissolution and absorption of AIV-CTS-PVA and AP-CTS-PVA microneedles(MNs)at low doses(50%–17%of intraperitoneal AIV injection and 12%–4%of intravenous AP injection)reduced the spleen index and acid phosphatase activity in immunosuppressed mouse models,increased the thymus index,and achieved equivalent or better systemic therapeutic effects.Compared with injections,AIV and AP achieved controllable solid-liquid conversion through delivery with CTS-PVA MNs,resulting in highly localized aggregation within 48 h,reducing the initial explosive effect of the drug,and achieving stable and slow drug release.Conclusion: The present study enhances our understanding of the efficacy and remote effects of drug-loaded DMNs from a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)perspective,thereby promoting the development of precise and efficient delivery of TCM and further expanding the drug-loading range and application scenarios for DMNs.

Recent efficacy and long-term survival of Astragalus polysaccharide combined with gemcitabine and S-1 in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with a rapid progression rate and a high susceptibility to infiltration and metastasis.Astragalus polysaccharide(APS),a pure Chinese medicine preparation primarily made from the traditional Chinese herb Astragalus,plays a positive role in the treatment of many malignant tumors.AIM To explore the recent efficacy of APS combined with gemcitabine plus tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium capsule(S-1)(GS)regimen in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and assess its effect on the immune function and long-term survival of patients.METHODS A total of 97 patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and received GS chemotherapy at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University(Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)from March 2021 to December 2021 were included in the retrospective analysis.Among them,41 patients received APS combined with GS chemotherapy,and 56 patients received GS chemotherapy only.The recent efficacy,immune function,adverse reactions,and long-term survival were compared among these patients.RESULTS After 4 cycles of treatment,the objective response rate of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS was 51.22%,and the disease control rate(DCR)was 56.10%,higher than those of patients receiving the monotherapy with GS alone(30.36%and 35.71%,respectively).Besides,the percentages of CD3+T cells(50.18%±9.57%)and CD4+T cells(31.52%±5.33%)in the peripheral blood of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS were higher compared with those treated with GS regimen alone[(44.06%±8.55%)and(26.01%±7.83%),respectively].Additionally,the incidences of leukopenia,thrombocytopenia,and fatigue in patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS were significantly lower than those in patients receiving the monotherapy of GS alone(17.07%,9.76%,31.71%vs 37.50%,28.57%,60.71%).Moreover,the median survival time of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS was 394 days,significantly longer than that of patients receiving the mono-therapy of GS alone(339 days)(hazard ratio:0.66;95%CI:0.45-0.99;P=0.036).All these differences were statistically si-gnificant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combined therapy of APS and GS improved the recent efficacy and long-term survival of patients with pancreatic cancer and alleviated chemotherapy-induced immune suppression and adverse reactions.

Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics study of the effect of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease.The Astragalus-Coptis drug pair is frequently employed in the management of DKD.However,the precise molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect remains elusive.AIM To investigate the synergistic effects of multiple active ingredients in the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on DKD through multiple targets and pathways.METHODS The ingredients of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair were collected and screened using the TCMSP database and the SwissADME platform.The targets were predicted using the SwissTargetPrediction database,while the DKD differential gene expression analysis was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.DKD targets were acquired from the GeneCards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database,and DisGeNET databases,with common targets identified through the Venny platform.The protein-protein interaction network and the“disease-active ingredient-target”network of the common targets were constructed utilizing the STRING database and Cytoscape software,followed by the analysis of the interaction relationships and further screening of key targets and core active ingredients.Gene Ontology(GO)function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichments were performed using the DAVID database.The tissue and organ distributions of key targets were evaluated.PyMOL and AutoDock software validate the molecular docking between the core ingredients and key targets.Finally,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations were conducted to simulate the optimal complex formed by interactions between core ingredients and key target proteins.RESULTS A total of 27 active ingredients and 512 potential targets of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair were identified.There were 273 common targets between DKD and the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair.Through protein-protein interaction network topology analysis,we identified 9 core active ingredients and 10 key targets.GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that Astragalus-Coptis drug pair treatment for DKD involves various biological processes,including protein phosphorylation,negative regulation of apoptosis,inflammatory response,and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.These pathways are mainly associated with the advanced glycation end products(AGE)-receptor for AGE products signaling pathway in diabetic complications,as well as the Lipid and atherosclerosis.Molecular docking and MD simulations demonstrated high affinity and stability between the core active ingredients and key targets.Notably,the quercetin-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT1)and quercetin-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)protein complexes exhibited exceptional stability.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DKD treatment with the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair involves multiple ingredients,targets,and signaling pathways.We propose a novel approach for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on DKD.Furthermore,we suggest that quercetin is the most potent active ingredient and specifically targets AKT1 and TNF,providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of pharmacologically active ingredients and elucidating their molecular mechanisms in DKD treatment.

A Preliminary Phylogenetic Study of the Subgenus Pogonophace ( Astragalus ) in China Based on ITS Sequence Data

The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) (including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2) of Caragana roborovskyi and eight species of subgenus Pogonophace ( Astragalus) were sequenced, and analyzed together with other ITS data (from GenBank) of 48 species representing Astragalus and 12 related genera. The results of phylogenctic analyses suggest that the subgenus Pogonophace is not a monophyletic group. Sect. Sesbanella (Astragalus hoantchy and A. dshimensis) and other species of Pogonophace are nested within different major clades in the phylogenetic tree. The species of sections Bibracteola, Phyllolobium and Trichostylus compose a monophyletic group with a close relationship to subtribe Coluteinae instead of Astragalus. Astragalus tribulifolius and A. tanguticus might be a vicariant species pair as inferred by the ITS data.

ISOFLAVONES FROM ASTRAGALUS MEMBRANACEUS

Two new isoflavones (8, 3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, odoratin-7-0-[3-D-glu-copyranoside) and four known isoflavones (formononetin, 7,3'-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, calycosin, calycosin-7-0-(3-D-glucopyranoside) were isolated from the roots of Astragalus mem-branaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. Their structures were established by spectral analysis.

Genetic Variability of Astragalus sinicus L. Based on ISSR Markers

Genetic relationships among 22 accessions of Astragalus sinicus L. col ect-ed from different provinces of China were analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. The results showed that 10 highly reproducible ISSR fragments a-mong 40 primers were screened. Using these primers, a total of 684 ISSR frag-ments from 500 to 3 000 bp were amplified, and 59.2% of them showed polymor-phic by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic （UPGMA） analysis. It revealed that the 22 accessions had a similarity range from 0.63 to 0.95, and existed biolog-ical diversities. Based on cluster and principal coordinate analyses, al accessions could be divided into four distinct groups.

Study on Pollinating Insects of Astragalus membranaceus (Ficsh) Bunge

[Objective The aim was to study species and pollinating characters of Astragalus membranaceus(Ficsh)Bunge pollinating insects and lay a theory foundation for the breeding of Astragalus membranaceus(Ficsh)Bunge.[Method] With Astragalus membranaceus(Ficsh)Bunge as research object,the species of pollinating insect and pollination behavior were investigated.[Result] There were 16 pollinating insect species,among which,Bombus ignitus,Bombus lucoru,Apis sp.,Betasyrphus serarius(wiedemann)and Colias erate(Esper)we...

Adaptability Comparison of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus) Varieties for Double-rice Cropping System in Hunan

Five Chinese milk vetch（Astragalus sinicus） varieties were selected to make a comparison in order to screen effective varieties which could suit for the double-rice cropping system of Hunan Province. The results showed that the growth period of Xiangzi 2 is shorter than that of Xiangfei 2, Xiangfei 3 and Yujiangdaye,and is similar to that of Xinyang Chinese milk vetch. The full-bloom stage of Xiangzi 2 is also similar to Xinyang variety and obviously earlier than that of the other three varieties. The fresh grass yield of Xiangzi 2 in full-bloom stage is 23 842.5kg/hm^2, which increases by 39.9% compared with Xinyang variety. Nitrogen content in the fresh grass of Xiangzi 2 is higher than that of the other four varieties. In conclusion, Xiangzi 2 is an extremely early-blossoming and early-maturing Chinese milk vetch variety with moderate fresh grass yield, high nutrient contents, stable characters and wide adaptability. So, Xiangzi 2 is suitable for planting in double-rice cropping region in Hunan Province and other same latitude regions which have similar ecological conditions.

沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall cv.)单细胞培养再生植株

切取沙打旺无菌苗下胚轴接入固体M5培养基(MS+0.2 mg/1生物素+1 mg/1泛酸钙+1 mg/1 2,4-D+0.7 mg/1 BA+0.2 mg/l NAA)上形成愈伤组织,选用褐绿相间的愈伤组织放入液体CM2培养基(M5+1.3 g/l“1640”)中振荡暗培养。每隔15天换一次液,经过4次换液,用400目网过滤得到大量单细胞。取出单细胞进行双层静止暗培养,每隔7—10天加一次液,一个半月形成小块愈伤组织。然后转入固体M5培养基中增殖,20天形成大块愈伤组织,再转入分化培养基MF2(M5去掉2,4-D)中,一个月左右分化出苗,将苗转入生根培养基,长成完整植株。

重离子及电子辐照沙打旺(Astragalus Adsurgens Pall)干种子的辐射生物学效应

本文采用80MeV/u12C6+和50keV的电子辐照沙打旺干种子,研究沙打旺干种子不同注量的辐照生物学效应,检测其生理生化指标。结果表明:无论是碳离子辐照还是电子辐照,发芽势都随注量的增加先升高后降低,发芽率都随注量增加逐渐降低。其次,碳离子辐照样品,其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性变化随注量增加先升高后降低,即存在一个峰值,过氧化氢酶(CAT)在高于5×106ions/cm2注量的离子辐照中其活性基本不发生变化;不同注量的电子辐照,样品的CAT、SOD、GSH-Px活性都是先升高后降低。第三,无论是碳离子辐照还是电子辐照样品的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化不显著,与注量的变化没有明显的相关性。总而言之,本工作发现碳离子及电子辐照样品,其多个生理生化指标均随注量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,但GSH变化对碳离子或电子辐照都不敏感。

Effects of Astragalus Powder on Serum Lipid and Body Fat Content of Fast Large-scale Quality Chickens

[ Objective] To study the effects of astragalus powder on serum lipids and body fat contents of fast large-scale quality chickens, and thus provide a theoretical basis for its application in poultry production,[ Method ] All the 180 1-day-old healthy Liangfeng chickens were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 was the control group, fed with basal diet; group 2, group 3 and group 4 were fed with basal diet added with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% astragalus powder, respectively; group 5 and group 6 were separately fed with basal diet added with 1.0% and 1.25% astragalus pow- der, but the astragalus powder was used for 10 d and then was forbidden for 10 d in turn during the whole experiment. The content of triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TCHO）, high-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol （ HDL-C）, and low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol （LDL-C） were respectively determined when the chickens were 35-day-old and 63-day-old, while the percentage of abdominal fat （PAF） as well as intramuscular fat （IMF） and subcutaneous fat ply （SFP） was measured when the chickens were 63-day-old. [ Result] In 35-day-old chickens, the levels of TCHO were sig- nificantly or very significantly lower in group 3, group 4, and group 6 than in control group （ P 〈0.05 or 0.01 ） ; the levels of LDL-C significantly lower in group 3 and group 6 （ P〈0. 05） ; the level of HDL-C significantly higher in group 5 （P〈0.05）. In 63-day-old chickens, the levels of TCHO and LDL-C were significantly or very significantly lower in group 3, group 4, and group 5 than in control group （ P 〈 0.05 or 0.01 ） while the levels of HDL-C were significantly higher in these groups; the PAF was significantly lower in group 3 （ P 〈 0.05）. [ Condasion] Astragalus powder should re- duce the levels of TG, TCHO and LDL-C, promote HDL-C content, and also play a certain regulative role in deposition of abdominal fat.

膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bunge)组织培养再生体系的建立

本研究以膜荚黄芪的子叶、下胚轴、幼茎、幼叶为外植体,诱导愈伤组织及再生芽,建立膜荚黄芪组织培养再生体系。结果表明,子叶是最佳的外植体。在6-BA与2,4-D或NAA培养基组合中,以MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L为最佳的愈伤组织及芽诱导培养基。黄芪再生植株较难生根,在IAA、IBA和NAA激素培养基组合中,以1/2MS+IBA 2.0mg/L或1/2MS+IBA 1.0mg/L+NAA 1.0mg/L为最佳的试管苗生根培养基,生根率50%左右。

Study on Tissue Culture and Radiation Mutation of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus(Bge.) Hsiao

[Objective] The research aimed to study the tissue culture technology and callus induction by radiation mutation of A. membranaceus Bge. [ Method ] With the different parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus （ Bge. ） Hsiao aseptic seedling as explants （ leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls） induced callus, and cotyledon and hypocotyls taken by the method of radiation mutation were studied. [ Result]The results showed that the three explants had relatively high callus induced rate in the medium which respectively made up of MS ＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L ＋ NAA2.0 mg/L, LS ＋6-BA2.0 mg/L ＋NAA0.1 mg/L, MS ＋ 6-BA2.0 rng/L ＋ NAA2.0 rag/L; the optimum mutation time of hypocotyls and cotyledons was 15 minutes; the growth of the callus induced from hypocotyls would be better as the mutation time increased, but when it reached a certain time the growth would be weaken, the induction rate also would be reduced. [ Conclusion] This study will provide the scientific reference in tissue culture and mutation breeding of A. membranaceus Bge.

细叶黄芪(Astragalus tenuis)单细胞培养高频率再生植株

本研究建立了一套适合于细叶黄芪单细胞悬浮培养的良好系统.在该培养系统中,细叶黄芪单细胞高频率地再生了完整植株.由细叶黄芪种子无菌苗茎段诱导产生的愈伤组织建立了细胞悬浮系.从悬浮系分离的单细胞悬浮培养2～3天开始分裂,35天形成大量的小愈伤组织.小愈伤组织继续悬浮培养即可不断地分化出大量幼芽.愈伤组织在固体分化培养基上的分化率为100％.目前已获得了大量的再生植株.本文还就2,4—D对细叶黄芪和细胞培养的影响进行了讨论.

Cellulase Extraction and Gas Chromatography Detection Technology of Swainsonine from Astragalus strictusin in Tibet

Locoweed is a poisonous plant wildly distributed in most areas of the world,which causes livestock poisoning or death with serious economic loss.The Astragalus strictus belongs to a species of Iocoweed.It is mainly distributed in Tibet of China and is a serious hazard to the local livestock industry.The objective of this study is extracting and purifying condition of Swainsonine from Astragalus strictus with the cellulase extraction method.An optimum extracting technology of SW from Astragalus strictus was investigated through the orthogonal experiment under the cellulose assistance conditions,and then the content of swainsonine was analyzed with gas chromatography （GC） method.The optimized extraction conditions were as follow：The crushed mesh is 40; solid-liquid ratio is 1∶40 （g/ml）; enzyme dosage is 3.5％; enzymatic time is 3 h.Under the above conditions,the extraction percentage of the swainsonine was 0.003 941％.The conditions for extracting swainsonine with cellulase extraction method are mild,it is easy to utilize industrial production.It is benefit for producing swainsonine from Astragalus strictus.