A Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for Simultaneous Detection of Thoracic Pathology through Image Classification

Thoracic diseases pose significant risks to an individual's chest health and are among the most perilous medical diseases. They can impact either one or both lungs, which leads to a severe impairment of a person’s ability to breathe normally. Some notable examples of such diseases encompass pneumonia, lung cancer, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Consequently, early and precise detection of these diseases is paramount during the diagnostic process. Traditionally, the primary methods employed for the detection involve the use of X-ray imaging or computed tomography (CT) scans. Nevertheless, due to the scarcity of proficient radiologists and the inherent similarities between these diseases, the accuracy of detection can be compromised, leading to imprecise or erroneous results. To address this challenge, scientists have turned to computer-based solutions, aiming for swift and accurate diagnoses. The primary objective of this study is to develop two machine learning models, utilizing single-task and multi-task learning frameworks, to enhance classification accuracy. Within the multi-task learning architecture, two principal approaches exist soft parameter sharing and hard parameter sharing. Consequently, this research adopts a multi-task deep learning approach that leverages CNNs to achieve improved classification performance for the specified tasks. These tasks, focusing on pneumonia and COVID-19, are processed and learned simultaneously within a multi-task model. To assess the effectiveness of the trained model, it is rigorously validated using three different real-world datasets for training and testing.

Machine learning with active pharmaceutical ingredient/polymer interaction mechanism:Prediction for complex phase behaviors of pharmaceuticals and formulations

The high throughput prediction of the thermodynamic phase behavior of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)with pharmaceutically relevant excipients remains a major scientific challenge in the screening of pharmaceutical formulations.In this work,a developed machine-learning model efficiently predicts the solubility of APIs in polymers by learning the phase equilibrium principle and using a few molecular descriptors.Under the few-shot learning framework,thermodynamic theory(perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory)was used for data augmentation,and computational chemistry was applied for molecular descriptors'screening.The results showed that the developed machine-learning model can predict the API-polymer phase diagram accurately,broaden the solubility data of APIs in polymers,and reproduce the relationship between API solubility and the interaction mechanisms between API and polymer successfully,which provided efficient guidance for the development of pharmaceutical formulations.

Vision-based multi-level synthetical evaluation of seismic damage for RC structural components: a multi-task learning approach

Recent studies for computer vision and deep learning-based,post-earthquake inspections on RC structures mainly perform well for specific tasks,while the trained models must be fine-tuned and re-trained when facing new tasks and datasets,which is inevitably time-consuming.This study proposes a multi-task learning approach that simultaneously accomplishes the semantic segmentation of seven-type structural components,three-type seismic damage,and four-type deterioration states.The proposed method contains a CNN-based encoder-decoder backbone subnetwork with skip-connection modules and a multi-head,task-specific recognition subnetwork.The backbone subnetwork is designed to extract multi-level features of post-earthquake RC structures.The multi-head,task-specific recognition subnetwork consists of three individual self-attention pipelines,each of which utilizes extracted multi-level features from the backbone network as a mutual guidance for the individual segmentation task.A synthetical loss function is designed with real-time adaptive coefficients to balance multi-task losses and focus on the most unstably fluctuating one.Ablation experiments and comparative studies are further conducted to demonstrate their effectiveness and necessity.The results show that the proposed method can simultaneously recognize different structural components,seismic damage,and deterioration states,and that the overall performance of the three-task learning models gains general improvement when compared to all single-task and dual-task models.

Convective Storm VIL and Lightning Nowcasting Using Satellite and Weather Radar Measurements Based on Multi-Task Learning Models

Convective storms and lightning are among the most important weather phenomena that are challenging to forecast.In this study,a novel multi-task learning(MTL)encoder-decoder U-net neural network was developed to forecast convective storms and lightning with lead times for up to 90 min,using GOES-16 geostationary satellite infrared brightness temperatures(IRBTs),lightning flashes from Geostationary Lightning Mapper(GLM),and vertically integrated liquid(VIL)from Next Generation Weather Radar(NEXRAD).To cope with the heavily skewed distribution of lightning data,a spatiotemporal exponent-weighted loss function and log-transformed lightning normalization approach were developed.The effects of MTL,single-task learning(STL),and IRBTs as auxiliary input features on convection and lightning nowcasting were investigated.The results showed that normalizing the heavily skew-distributed lightning data along with a log-transformation dramatically outperforms the min-max normalization method for nowcasting an intense lightning event.The MTL model significantly outperformed the STL model for both lightning nowcasting and VIL nowcasting,particularly for intense lightning events.The MTL also helped delay the lightning forecast performance decay with the lead times.Furthermore,incorporating satellite IRBTs as auxiliary input features substantially improved lightning nowcasting,but produced little difference in VIL forecasting.Finally,the MTL model performed better for forecasting both lightning and the VIL of organized convective storms than for isolated cells.

The Entity Relationship Extraction Method Using Improved RoBERTa and Multi-Task Learning

There is a growing amount of data uploaded to the internet every day and it is important to understand the volume of those data to find a better scheme to process them.However,the volume of internet data is beyond the processing capabilities of the current internet infrastructure.Therefore,engineering works using technology to organize and analyze information and extract useful information are interesting in both industry and academia.The goal of this paper is to explore the entity relationship based on deep learning,introduce semantic knowledge by using the prepared language model,develop an advanced entity relationship information extraction method by combining Robustly Optimized BERT Approach(RoBERTa)and multi-task learning,and combine the intelligent characters in the field of linguistic,called Robustly Optimized BERT Approach+Multi-Task Learning(RoBERTa+MTL).To improve the effectiveness of model interaction,multi-task teaching is used to implement the observation information of auxiliary tasks.Experimental results show that our method has achieved an accuracy of 88.95 entity relationship extraction,and a further it has achieved 86.35%of accuracy after being combined with multi-task learning.

Multi-Task Learning Model with Data Augmentation for Arabic Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis

Aspect-based sentiment analysis(ABSA)is a fine-grained process.Its fundamental subtasks are aspect termextraction(ATE)and aspect polarity classification(APC),and these subtasks are dependent and closely related.However,most existing works on Arabic ABSA content separately address them,assume that aspect terms are preidentified,or use a pipeline model.Pipeline solutions design different models for each task,and the output from the ATE model is used as the input to the APC model,which may result in error propagation among different steps because APC is affected by ATE error.These methods are impractical for real-world scenarios where the ATE task is the base task for APC,and its result impacts the accuracy of APC.Thus,in this study,we focused on a multi-task learning model for Arabic ATE and APC in which the model is jointly trained on two subtasks simultaneously in a singlemodel.This paper integrates themulti-task model,namely Local Cotext Foucse-Aspect Term Extraction and Polarity classification(LCF-ATEPC)and Arabic Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers(AraBERT)as a shred layer for Arabic contextual text representation.The LCF-ATEPC model is based on a multi-head selfattention and local context focus mechanism(LCF)to capture the interactive information between an aspect and its context.Moreover,data augmentation techniques are proposed based on state-of-the-art augmentation techniques(word embedding substitution with constraints and contextual embedding(AraBERT))to increase the diversity of the training dataset.This paper examined the effect of data augmentation on the multi-task model for Arabic ABSA.Extensive experiments were conducted on the original and combined datasets(merging the original and augmented datasets).Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Multi-task model outperformed existing APC techniques.Superior results were obtained by AraBERT and LCF-ATEPC with fusion layer(AR-LCF-ATEPC-Fusion)and the proposed data augmentation word embedding-based method(FastText)on the combined dataset.

Multi-Task Deep Learning with Task Attention for Post-Click Conversion Rate Prediction

Online advertising has gained much attention on various platforms as a hugely lucrative market.In promoting content and advertisements in real life,the acquisition of user target actions is usually a multi-step process,such as impres-sion→click→conversion,which means the process from the delivery of the recommended item to the user’s click to the final conversion.Due to data sparsity or sample selection bias,it is difficult for the trained model to achieve the business goal of the target campaign.Multi-task learning,a classical solution to this pro-blem,aims to generalize better on the original task given several related tasks by exploiting the knowledge between tasks to share the same feature and label space.Adaptively learned task relations bring better performance to make full use of the correlation between tasks.We train a general model capable of captur-ing the relationships between various tasks on all existing active tasks from a meta-learning perspective.In addition,this paper proposes a Multi-task Attention Network(MAN)to identify commonalities and differences between tasks in the feature space.The model performance is improved by explicitly learning the stacking of task relationships in the label space.To illustrate the effectiveness of our method,experiments are conducted on Alibaba Click and Conversion Pre-diction(Ali-CCP)dataset.Experimental results show that the method outperforms the state-of-the-art multi-task learning methods.

A General Linguistic Steganalysis Framework Using Multi-Task Learning

Prevailing linguistic steganalysis approaches focus on learning sensitive features to distinguish a particular category of steganographic texts from non-steganographic texts,by performing binary classification.While it remains an unsolved problem and poses a significant threat to the security of cyberspace when various categories of non-steganographic or steganographic texts coexist.In this paper,we propose a general linguistic steganalysis framework named LS-MTL,which introduces the idea of multi-task learning to deal with the classification of various categories of steganographic and non-steganographic texts.LS-MTL captures sensitive linguistic features from multiple related linguistic steganalysis tasks and can concurrently handle diverse tasks with a constructed model.In the proposed framework,convolutional neural networks(CNNs)are utilized as private base models to extract sensitive features for each steganalysis task.Besides,a shared CNN is built to capture potential interaction information and share linguistic features among all tasks.Finally,LS-MTL incorporates the private and shared sensitive features to identify the detected text as steganographic or non-steganographic.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework LS-MTL outperforms the baseline in the multi-category linguistic steganalysis task,while average Acc,Pre,and Rec are increased by 0.5%,1.4%,and 0.4%,respectively.More ablation experimental results show that LS-MTL with the shared module has robust generalization capability and achieves good detection performance even in the case of spare data.

Optimal Synchronization Control of Heterogeneous Asymmetric Input-Constrained Unknown Nonlinear MASs via Reinforcement Learning

The asymmetric input-constrained optimal synchronization problem of heterogeneous unknown nonlinear multiagent systems(MASs)is considered in the paper.Intuitively,a state-space transformation is performed such that satisfaction of symmetric input constraints for the transformed system guarantees satisfaction of asymmetric input constraints for the original system.Then,considering that the leader’s information is not available to every follower,a novel distributed observer is designed to estimate the leader’s state using only exchange of information among neighboring followers.After that,a network of augmented systems is constructed by combining observers and followers dynamics.A nonquadratic cost function is then leveraged for each augmented system(agent)for which its optimization satisfies input constraints and its corresponding constrained Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB)equation is solved in a data-based fashion.More specifically,a data-based off-policy reinforcement learning(RL)algorithm is presented to learn the solution to the constrained HJB equation without requiring the complete knowledge of the agents’dynamics.Convergence of the improved RL algorithm to the solution to the constrained HJB equation is also demonstrated.Finally,the correctness and validity of the theoretical results are demonstrated by a simulation example.

Multi-tasking to Address Diversity in Language Learning

With focus now placed on the learner, more attention is given to his learning style, multiple intelligence and developing learning strategies to enable him to make sense of and use of the target language appropriately in varied contexts and with different uses of the language. To attain this, the teacher is tasked with designing, monitoring and processing language learning activities for students to carry out and in the process learn by doing and reflecting on the learning process they went through as they interacted socially with each other. This paper describes a task named"The Fishbowl Technique"and found to be effective in large ESL classes in the secondary level in the Philippines.

Nuclear mass based on the multi-task learning neural network method

The global nuclear mass based on the macroscopic-microscopic model was studied by applying a newly designed multi-task learning artificial neural network(MTL-ANN). First, the reported nuclear binding energies of 2095 nuclei(Z ≥ 8, N ≥ 8) released in the latest Atomic Mass Evaluation AME2020 and the deviations between the fitting result of the liquid drop model(LDM)and data from AME2020 for each nucleus were obtained.To compensate for the deviations and investigate the possible ignored physics in the LDM, the MTL-ANN method was introduced in the model. Compared to the single-task learning(STL) method, this new network has a powerful ability to simultaneously learn multi-nuclear properties,such as the binding energies and single neutron and proton separation energies. Moreover, it is highly effective in reducing the risk of overfitting and achieving better predictions. Consequently, good predictions can be obtained using this nuclear mass model for both the training and validation datasets and for the testing dataset. In detail, the global root mean square(RMS) of the binding energy is effectively reduced from approximately 2.4 MeV of LDM to the current 0.2 MeV, and the RMS of Sn, Spcan also reach approximately 0.2 MeV. Moreover, compared to STL, for the training and validation sets, 3-9% improvement can be achieved with the binding energy, and 20-30% improvement for S_(n), S_(p);for the testing sets, the reduction in deviations can even reach 30-40%, which significantly illustrates the advantage of the current MTL.

EM-Gaze:eye context correlation and metric learning for gaze estimation

In recent years,deep learning techniques have been used to estimate gaze-a significant task in computer vision and human-computer interaction.Previous studies have made significant achievements in predicting 2D or 3D gazes from monocular face images.This study presents a deep neural network for 2D gaze estimation on mobile devices.It achieves state-of-the-art 2D gaze point regression error,while significantly improving gaze classification error on quadrant divisions of the display.To this end,an efficient attention-based module that correlates and fuses the left and right eye contextual features is first proposed to improve gaze point regression performance.Subsequently,through a unified perspective for gaze estimation,metric learning for gaze classification on quadrant divisions is incorporated as additional supervision.Consequently,both gaze point regression and quadrant classification perfor-mances are improved.The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing gaze-estima-tion methods on the GazeCapture and MPIIFaceGaze datasets.

Design space exploration of neural network accelerator based on transfer learning

With the increasing demand of computational power in artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms,dedicated accelerators have become a necessity.However,the complexity of hardware architectures,vast design search space,and complex tasks of accelerators have posed significant challenges.Tra-ditional search methods can become prohibitively slow if the search space continues to be expanded.A design space exploration(DSE)method is proposed based on transfer learning,which reduces the time for repeated training and uses multi-task models for different tasks on the same processor.The proposed method accurately predicts the latency and energy consumption associated with neural net-work accelerator design parameters,enabling faster identification of optimal outcomes compared with traditional methods.And compared with other DSE methods by using multilayer perceptron(MLP),the required training time is shorter.Comparative experiments with other methods demonstrate that the proposed method improves the efficiency of DSE without compromising the accuracy of the re-sults.

Modelling a Learning-Based Dynamic Tree Routing Model for Wireless Mesh Access Networks

Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks(WMAN)of Mobile ad-hoc Networks(MANETs)is due mesh routers’transmission range.It is depicted as significant research challenges that pose during the design of network protocol in wireless networks.Based on the extensive review,it is noted that the substantial link percentage is symmetric,i.e.,many links are unidirectional.It is identified that the synchronous acknowledgement reliability is higher than the asynchronous message.Therefore,the process of establishing bidirectional link quality through asynchronous beacons underrates the link reliability of asym-metric links.It paves the way to exploit an investigation on asymmetric links to enhance network functions through link estimation.Here,a novel Learning-based Dynamic Tree routing(LDTR)model is proposed to improve network performance and delay.For the evaluation of delay measures,asymmetric link,interference,probability of transmission failure is evaluated.The proportion of energy consumed is used for monitoring energy conditions based on the total energy capacity.This learning model is a productive way for resolving the routing issues over the network model during uncertainty.The asymmetric path is chosen to achieve exploitation and exploration iteratively.The learning-based Dynamic Tree routing model is utilized to resolve the multi-objective routing problem.Here,the simulation is done with MATLAB 2020a simulation environment and path with energy-efficiency and lesser E2E delay is evaluated and compared with existing approaches like the Dyna-Q-network model(DQN),asymmetric MAC model(AMAC),and cooperative asymmetric MAC model(CAMAC)model.The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated LDTR model attains superior network performance compared to others.The average energy consump-tion is 250 J,packet energy consumption is 6.5 J,PRR is 50 bits/sec,95%PDR,average delay percentage is 20%.

Serial structure multi-task learning method for predicting reservoir parameters

Buiding data-driven models using machine learning methods has gradually become a common approach for studying reservoir parameters.Among these methods,deep learning methods are highly effective.From the perspective of multi-task learning,this paper uses six types of logging data—acoustic logging(AC),gamma ray(GR),compensated neutron porosity(CNL),density(DEN),deep and shallow lateral resistivity(LLD)and shallow lateral resistivity(LLS)—that are inputs and three reservoir parameters that are outputs to build a porosity saturation permeability network(PSP-Net)that can predict porosity,saturation,and permeability values simultaneously.These logging data are obtained from 108 training wells in a medium₋low permeability oilfield block in the western district of China.PSP-Net method adopts a serial structure to realize transfer learning of reservoir-parameter characteristics.Compared with other existing methods at the stage of academic exploration to simulating industrial applications,the proposed method overcomes the disadvantages inherent in single-task learning reservoir-parameter prediction models,including easily overfitting and heavy model-training workload.Additionally,the proposed method demonstrates good anti-overfitting and generalization capabilities,integrating professional knowledge and experience.In 37 test wells,compared with the existing method,the proposed method exhibited an average error reduction of 10.44%,27.79%,and 28.83%from porosity,saturation,permeability calculation.The prediction and actual permeabilities are within one order of magnitude.The training on PSP-Net are simpler and more convenient than other single-task learning methods discussed in this paper.Furthermore,the findings of this paper can help in the re-examination of old oilfield wells and the completion of logging data.

MMLUP: Multi-Source & Multi-Task Learning for User Profiles in Social Network

With the rapid development of the mobile Internet,users generate massive data in different forms in social network every day,and different characteristics of users are reflected by these social media data.How to integrate multiple heterogeneous information and establish user profiles from multiple perspectives plays an important role in providing personalized services,marketing,and recommendation systems.In this paper,we propose Multi-source&Multi-task Learning for User Profiles in Social Network which integrates multiple social data sources and contains a multi-task learning framework to simultaneously predict various attributes of a user.Firstly,we design their own feature extraction models for multiple heterogeneous data sources.Secondly,we design a shared layer to fuse multiple heterogeneous data sources as general shared representation for multi-task learning.Thirdly,we design each task’s own unique presentation layer for discriminant output of specific-task.Finally,we design a weighted loss function to improve the learning efficiency and prediction accuracy of each task.Our experimental results on more than 5000 Sina Weibo users demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art baselines for inferring gender,age and region of social media users.

Prediction of multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge movement in density-limit disruptive plasmas on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak using random forest

Multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge(MARFE) movement which can cause density limit disruption is often encountered during high density operation on many tokamaks. Therefore, identifying and predicting MARFE movement is meaningful to mitigate or avoid density limit disruption for the steady-state high-density plasma operation. A machine learning method named random forest(RF) has been used to predict the MARFE movement based on the density ramp-up experiment in the 2022’s first campaign of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST). The RF model shows that besides Greenwald fraction which is the ratio of plasma density and Greenwald density limit, dβp/dt,H98and d Wmhd/dt are relatively important parameters for MARFE-movement prediction. Applying the RF model on test discharges, the test results show that the successful alarm rate for MARFE movement causing density limit disruption reaches ~ 85% with a minimum alarm time of ~ 40 ms and mean alarm time of ~ 700 ms. At the same time, the false alarm rate for non-disruptive and non-density-limit disruptive discharges can be kept below 5%. These results provide a reference to the prediction of MARFE movement in high density plasmas, which can help the avoidance or mitigation of density limit disruption in future fusion reactors.

Trace-Norm Regularized Multi-Task Learning for Sea State Bias Estimation

Sea state bias(SSB)is an important component of errors for the radar altimeter measurements of sea surface height(SSH).However,existing SSB estimation methods are almost all based on single-task learning(STL),where one model is built on the data from only one radar altimeter.In this paper,taking account of the data from multiple radar altimeters available,we introduced a multi-task learning method,called trace-norm regularized multi-task learning(TNR-MTL),for SSB estimation.Corresponding to each individual task,TNR-MLT involves only three parameters.Hence,it is easy to implement.More importantly,the convergence of TNR-MLT is theoretically guaranteed.Compared with the commonly used STL models,TNR-MTL can effectively utilize the shared information between data from multiple altimeters.During the training of TNR-MTL,we used the JASON-2 and JASON-3 cycle data to solve two correlated SSB estimation tasks.Then the optimal model was selected to estimate SSB on the JASON-2 and the HY-270-71 cycle intersection data.For the JSAON-2 cycle intersection data,the corrected variance(M)has been reduced by 0.60 cm^2 compared to the geophysical data records(GDR);while for the HY-2 cycle intersection data,M has been reduced by 1.30 cm^2 compared to GDR.Therefore,TNR-MTL is proved to be effective for the SSB estimation tasks.

Spatio-Temporal Cellular Network Traffic Prediction Using Multi-Task Deep Learning for AI-Enabled 6G

Spatio-temporal cellular network traffic prediction at wide-area level plays an important role in resource reconfiguration,traffic scheduling and intrusion detection,thus potentially supporting connected intelligence of the sixth generation of mobile communications technology(6G).However,the existing studies just focus on the spatio-temporal modeling of traffic data of single network service,such as short message,call,or Internet.It is not conducive to accurate prediction of traffic data,characterised by diverse network service,spatio-temporality and supersize volume.To address this issue,a novel multi-task deep learning framework is developed for citywide cellular network traffic prediction.Functionally,this framework mainly consists of a dual modular feature sharing layer and a multi-task learning layer(DMFS-MT).The former aims at mining long-term spatio-temporal dependencies and local spatio-temporal fluctuation trends in data,respectively,via a new combination of convolutional gated recurrent unit(ConvGRU)and 3-dimensional convolutional neural network(3D-CNN).For the latter,each task is performed for predicting service-specific traffic data based on a fully connected network.On the real-world Telecom Italia dataset,simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal through prediction performance measure,spatial pattern comparison and statistical distribution verification.

Multi-Task Learning for Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment

Recently, several deep learning models have been successfully proposed and have been applied to solve different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models solve the problem based on single-task supervised learning and do not consider the correlation between the tasks. Based on this observation, in this paper, we implemented a multi-task learning model to joint learn two related NLP tasks simultaneously and conducted experiments to evaluate if learning these tasks jointly can improve the system performance compared with learning them individually. In addition, a comparison of our model with the state-of-the-art learning models, including multi-task learning, transfer learning, unsupervised learning and feature based traditional machine learning models is presented. This paper aims to 1) show the advantage of multi-task learning over single-task learning in training related NLP tasks, 2) illustrate the influence of various encoding structures to the proposed single- and multi-task learning models, and 3) compare the performance between multi-task learning and other learning models in literature on textual entailment task and semantic relatedness task.