Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Restoration and reconstruction of the degraded Tarim River ecosystem is an important challenge. A goal of an ecological water conveyance project is to protect and restore the natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tadm River by transferring water from Bosten Lake, through the river channel, to the lower reaches. This study describes the changes in groundwater depth during the water transfer and the respondence of riparian vegetation to alterations in groundwater levels. The results indicate that groundwater depth along the Tarim River channel has a significant spatial-temporal component. Groundwater levels closest to the river channel show the most immediate and pronounced changes as a response to water transfer while those further away respond more slowly, although the observed change appears to be longer in duration. With a rise in the groundwater level, natural vegetation responded with higher growth rates, biomass and biodiversity. These favorable changes show that it is feasible to protect and restore the degraded natural vegetation by raising the groundwater depth. Plant communities are likely to reflect the hysteresis phenomenon, requiting higher water levels to initiate and stimulate desired growth than what may be needed to maintain the plant community. Because different species have different ecologies, including different root depths and densities and water needs, their response to increasing water availability will be spatially and temporally heterogenous. The response of vegetation is also influenced by microtopography and watering style. This paper discusses strategies for the protection and restoration of the degraded vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and provides information to complement ongoing theoretical research into ecological restoration in add or semi-arid ecosystems.

Vitality variation and population structure of a riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,NW China

Since 2000, the Chinese government has implemented emergency water diversion measures to restore the damaged riparian forest ecosystem with dominant tree species Euphrat poplar(Populus euphratica Oliv.)at the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In the present study, comparative analysis of variations in the vitality of P. euphratica trees were made using 2005 and 2010 data to illustrate the revitalization process of riparian forest. Poplar trees within 300 m of the riverbed were positively revitalized, while the vitality of trees farther than 300 m from the river decreased. Population structure was studied to demonstrate the development of poplar community. In the first belt, the class structure for the diameter at breast height(DBH) of P. euphratica fit a logistic model, and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th belt curve fittings were close to a Gaussian model; in other plots they were bimodal. Cluster analysis of the composition of the DBH class of poplar trees demonstrated that those within 16–36 cm DBH were the most abundant(58.49% of total) in study area, under 16 cm of DBH were second(31.36%), and trees >40 cm DBH were the least abundant(10.15%). More than 80% of the trees were young and medium-sized, which means that the poplar forest community in the vicinity of the lower Tarim River is at a stable developmental stage. The abundance of juvenile trees of P. euphratica in the first and second measuring belts was 12.13% in 2005 and increased to 25.52% in 2010, which means that the emergency water transfer had a positive impact on the generation of young P. euphratica trees in the vicinity of the river.

Evaluation of oasis stability in the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Oasis stability in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was assessed at the landscape scale（including changes in landscape pattern and land use in the oasis） and at the regional scale（including the cold-island effect and NDVI of the oasis） based on the methods of landscape ecology,GIS and Remote Sensing（RS）.Thematic Mapping（TM） remote sensing images from 1990,2000 and 2009 were employed along with the related meteorological and hydrological data pertaining to the reclamation area of the oasis in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.The results indicated that landscape heterogeneity and oasis complexity increased between 1990 and 2000.The comprehensive index of the degree of land use,the average index of the cold-island effect,NDVI value and oasis stability all decreased.However,the change trends in the indices referred to above were opposite between 2000 and 2009,and oasis stability was enhanced to some extent.

REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION RESEARCH OF WATER POWER AT THE INITIAL EXPLOITING STAGE IN THE LOWER REACHES OF YALONG RIVER

There are abundant water power resources in the Yalong River which are suitable for the large hydroelectric engineering. But a reliability study should be made for the valley which liable to frequent earthquakes. The color infrared aerophotos, multi-spectral photography and thermal infrared scanning had been specially done besides MSS image, processing. Researches on remote sensing applications to engineering geology, hydrogeology, deformation of neo-tectonics, Iandslide, mud-rock flow, ecological environment and geographical information system had been carried out by more than 20 research units.

A quantitative assessment on groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches,Northwest China

Based on monitored data from 840 samples, we assessed the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches combining classical statistics and geostatistics. Results show that total dissolved solids （TDS） is significantly correlated with other related ions, such as Na＋, Mg2＋, Ca2-, C1- and K＋. TDS and underground water level have characteristics of spatial autocorrelation, both of which present the isotropic characteristic and con- form to the spherical model in each year from 2001-2009. TDS is basically greater than 1 g/L but less than 2 g/L in the Tarim River lower reaches, which indicates that salt stagnation pollution is more serious. The most serious salinization （3 g/L 〈 TDS _〈 35 g/L） contaminated area is mainly in the middle and lower part of the study area.

Division of Ecosystem Sensitivity of Natural Landscape in Lower Reaches of Tarim River

By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape classification map was promoted by using GIS technique and landscape ecology theory. Finally landscape classification maps of the five years would be converted into gray scale images which would be used for overlay analysis, and based on this, landscape ecosystem sensitive zone had been identified. The result showed that the extremely sensitive zone took up 10.18% of the study area and sensitive zone occupied 17.95% of the study area. Ecological system of natural landscape in the lower reaches of Tarim River was superior to ecological system of artificial landscape in terms of resistance to wind, dust, salt and drought. Study on division of ecosystem sensitivity area of natural landscape not only provided scientific reference for the formulation of regional policies to prevent and treat ecological environmental problems, but also was beneficial for people to identify treatment focus of ecological environmental problems in different regions and propose countermeasures ameliorating regional ecological environment.

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas:A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

在 Tarim Riverare 的中间、更低的活动范围的河走廊区域在 Ruoqiang 从 Qara 水库 inYuli 县沿着河节由传统的绿走廊统治了到泰泰马·莱克县，它在 Tarim 河分水岭在社会、经济的发展起一个重要作用与一极其重要的生态的功能。对水路垂直的缓冲区地区从水路在 5-kminterval 开始沿着两个河边被定义(10 km 更宽) 用缓冲区地区分析的方法。每个缓冲区地区的风景模式索引被计算，并且主要风景模式的索引被分析以便在风景和补丁层次上揭示放射的效果和河走廊的特征。放射的宽度通常是在学习区域的 30 km 的结果表演，和罐头直到在潜水艇的 50-70 km -- 区域 FG1 因为学习区域位于二排水盆，与在他们之间的一个生态的空隙的地区。树林和沼泽地的 Thelandscapes 通常在 10 km 缓冲区地区以内被散布(它意味着缓冲区地区是离开水路的 5 km；一样此后) 沿着两个河边。而且，缓冲区地区越靠近到水路，补丁密度和最大的补丁索引是越多 higher。在为学习区域的生态、环境的新生，河走廊的生态的效果的程度必须充分被考虑，并且工程必须科学地并且讲道理地被计划并且设计。

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

被 mesophytes 种类主要统治的河边的森林的出现和发展与表面水仔细联系。因为到过去的 5 十年年里的 Tarim 河的更低的活动范围没有水分泌物，河边的森林严重地降级。在 2002 和 2003 的 Yingsu， Argan 和 Luobuzhuang 的监视数据的基于的在分析，效果再装 ofwater 被讨论。再装水的工程忽视事实控制在露面，而是对植被的地下水影响的焦点上开拓殖民地于的 Populus euphratica 的过程，这正在泛滥。泛滥的控制背离河边的森林开发的固有的法律，河边的森林的自然新生因此被检查。地下水上的河边的植物的反应范围高举极其狭窄、很河边的社区没被优化。因为 theirphysio 生态的特征被忽略，主导的种类的幼苗都没在充满区域被发现。然而，在溪流的附近的植被变化仅仅在浅地下水上反映 mesophytes 种类的需求为河边的植物的幼苗建立提供合适的产地的 water-re-chargingfails。再装 presentwater 计划是困难的认识到植被恢复。

Evapotranspiration and its main controlling mechanism over the desert riparian forests in the lower Tarim River Basin

Evapotranspiration(ET) and its controlling mechanism over the desert riparian forests in arid regions are the important scientific basis for the water resources managements of the lower reaches of the inland rivers of China. Nearly three years of continuous measurements of surface ET, soil water content at different depths and groundwater table over a typical Tamarix spp. stand and a typical Populus euphratica stand were conducted in the lower reach of the Tarim River. The ET seasonal trends in the growing season were controlled by plant phenology, and ET in non-growing season was weak. The diurnal variations of ET resulting from the comprehensive effects of all atmospheric factors were significantly related with reference ET. The spatial pattern of ET was determined by vegetation LAI, more vegetation coverage, more ET amount. Groundwater is the water source of surface ET, and the soil water in shallow layers hardly took part in the water exchange in the groundwatersoil-plant-air system. The temporal processes of ET over the Tamarix stand and the Populus stand were similar, but the water consumption of the well-grown Populus euphratica was higher than that of the well-grown Tamarix spp. Further analysis indicates that plant transpiration accounts for most of the surface ET, with soil evaporation weak and negligible; groundwater table is a crucial factor influencing ET over the desert riparian forests, groundwater influences the processes and amounts of ET by controlling the growth and spatial distribution of desert riparian forests; quantifying the water stress of desert riparian forests using groundwater table is more appropriate, rather than soil water content. Based on the understanding of ET and water movements in the groundwater-soil-plant-air system, a generalized framework expressing the water cycling and its key controlling mechanism in the lower reaches of the inland rivers of China is described, and a simple model to estimate water requirements of the desert riparian forests is presented.

基于生物量的塔里木河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica)生态服务价值评估

胡杨是塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林的重要组成部分,研究塔里木河下游胡杨生物量及生态服务价值变化特征,可以为塔里木河下游生态输水的效益评估提供科学依据。以塔里木河下游胡杨为研究对象,采用实地调查采样与遥感解译分析相结合的方法,评估了不同年份胡杨地上生物量特征,并结合遥感方法提取不同年份胡杨面积,估算了不同年份胡杨的生态服务价值。结果表明:(1)胡杨主要分布在离河道0—700 m的范围内,此范围内的生物量占总生物量的90%以上;在离河道700 m以外,胡杨的生物量不足10%。英苏断面胡杨平均生物量最高,阿拉干断面次之,依干不及麻与喀尔达依断面胡杨生物量较低。(2)2000年,胡杨单位面积平均生态服务价值为78.96元/hm^2,2010年为177.14元/hm^2,2016年为313.55元/hm^2;胡杨总服务价值在2000年为43.24×10~4元,2010年为93.00×10~4元,2016年为184.27×10~4元。(3)2016年胡杨的有形服务价值为22.74×10~4元,无形服务价值为161.53×10~4元,胡杨的无形生态服务价值为有形生态服务价值的7.1倍。生态输水对胡杨生物量与服务价值具有显著的影响,输水效益十分显著。

基于Landsat 8 OLI影像的塔里木河下游河岸林叶面积指数反演

叶面积指数（Leaf Area Index,LAI）是描述植物冠层结构特征的重要参数,也是研究植物冠层表面物质和能量交换必不可少的参数。根据在塔里木河下游河岸林地利用LAI-2250实测的LAI数据,比较Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据提取的几种常规植被指数估算LAI的能力,建立LAI估算模型,并利用实测数据对模拟结果进行精度验证,生成塔里木河下游LAI分布图。结果表明：（1）各植被指数（Vegetation Indexes,VIs）与LAI均具有一定的相关性,对于不同的植被指数,二次多项式回归模型相关性均最高;（2）在不区分植被类型的样本分析中,大气阻抗植被指数（Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index,ARVI）与实测LAI具有最高的相关性;（3）分别针对柽柳林和胡杨林样本分析,判定系数R^2和反演精度均具有不同程度的提高,对应的最适植被指数分别为归一化植被指数（Normalized Differential Vegetation Index,NDVI）和ARVI;（4）塔里木河下游河岸植被LAI有3个高值区：大西海子水库附近、下游中部和尾闾湖台特玛湖附近。全区LAI值主要分布在0~1.5之间,均值为0.361。该研究结果为遥感提取塔里木河下游河岸林带高空间分辨率的叶面积指数数据提供了数据支持和方法支撑。

深入研究近代日本在长江中下游地区调查的重要意义和重大价值

2022年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“日本在长江中下游地区调查资料整理与研究(1895—1945)”以1895—1945年间日本在长江中下游地区调查资料整理、运用以及资料的史学价值为主要研究对象,并根据日本调查机构团体特质和种类,选取代表日本政府、军方、外交、特殊会社及民间社团的五个调查机构团体——日本驻华领事馆、军方情报机构、兴亚院、满铁、东亚同文会,由此设计五个子课题开展研究。项目不仅重视理论研究,而且注重理论指导实践,在坚持唯物史观的基础上,对教育引导广大群众正确认识日本侵华史和中日关系史问题,牢记历史教训、珍爱世界和平、树立正确历史观具有重要意义。

石羊河下游几种典型荒漠植物盐碱地造林适应性研究

为提高石羊河下游盐碱地植被恢复与利用能力,选择梭梭、白刺、柽柳、霸王、泡泡刺、铃铛刺、红砂、黑果枸杞、沙木蓼、塔落木羊柴10种典型荒漠植物为研究对象,在盐碱地采取锯沫+作物碎小秸秆混合物物理覆盖和阻隔法,康地宝、小分子肽氨基酸化学土壤改良剂浇灌法等措施造林,观察几种典型荒漠植物在盐碱地的造林效果。结果表明:1)未处理(对照CK)土壤造林红砂成活率(83.33%)最高,依次顺序为梭梭>铃铛刺>白刺、泡泡刺>黑果枸杞>霸王>沙木蓼>柽柳>塔落木羊柴;栽植穴表层覆盖和底层铺设20 cm锯沫+作物碎小秸秆混合物两个处理各树种成活率保存率存在差异性,相对其他处理成活率和保存率更好,梭梭、白刺、红砂、黑果枸杞、沙木蓼、铃铛刺、泡泡刺7个树种成活率均≥71.43%,柽柳、霸王、塔落木羊柴3个树种成活率在58.33%~23.81%;2)经过3年生长,梭梭、白刺、红砂、黑果枸杞、铃铛刺、泡泡刺6个树种保存率均≥75.47%,相对较高,而柽柳、沙木蓼、塔落木羊柴保存率低,均≤33.30%;3)用康地宝15000倍液、小分子肽氨基酸10000倍液两种盐碱地改良剂单施处理,不同树种成活率和保存率差异性显著,梭梭、白刺、黑果枸杞、泡泡刺成活率均≥61.90%,保存率均≥61.90%,相对较好,两处理对同一树种成活率和保存率差异较大,化学改良剂处理土壤要根据树种,采取相应使用剂量配比;4)5个处理中梭梭、柽柳、铃铛刺、沙木蓼、泡泡刺新梢最大生长量均≥27.26 cm,白刺、黑果枸杞、霸王、塔落木羊柴、红砂新梢最大生长量均≤22.43 cm。综上所述,梭梭、铃铛刺、泡泡刺相对适合做为盐碱地造林的主栽树种,白刺、红砂、黑果枸杞、霸王宜作配置树种;柽柳、沙木蓼、塔落木羊柴在目前雨养条件下,特别是灌溉补水和土壤盐分淋洗的措施不够,不宜在盐碱地造林。

碳酸盐岩岩溶古河道发育特征与成因演化:以塔里木盆地塔河油田12区中——下奥陶统为例

为了明确塔里木盆地塔河油田12区中—下奥陶统顶面古河道的成因,利用地震剖面分析、地震属性提取等技术,结合钻井资料刻画了古地貌、古水系发育特征,定量描述古河道的河曲特征,并基于现代岩溶理论建立了古河道成因演化模式。结果表明:中—下奥陶统顶面古河道为“深切河曲”古岩溶地貌,深切河曲特征表现为河谷主要呈“V”字形,两侧河谷坡岸对称,谷壁陡峭,发育由于截弯取直形成的离堆山、天生桥等标志性地貌;中—下奥陶统顶面古河道发育“高弯曲率”河曲形态,深切河曲的单个河曲弯曲率C值都在2.20以上,平均值为4.27,SN向河曲带弯曲率C值为1.87,EW向河曲带的弯曲率C值为2.38;塔河油田12区中—下奥陶统顶面深切河曲经历志留系沉积期、自由河曲期、深切河曲期等3个演化阶段,其成因与华力西早期运动构造作用关系密切。

塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下胡杨水分利用来源研究

地下水和土壤水是干旱区荒漠植被生长的决定因子,荒漠植被的水分利用是干旱区生态水文过程的重要环节。为更好地了解荒漠植被对水分的利用,采用氢氧稳定同位素技术,结合贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR),解析不同地下水埋深下不同林龄胡杨的吸水来源。结果表明:(1)土壤水δ^(18)O和δD值随土壤深度的增加而减小,随离岸距离的增加而增大;中龄胡杨木质部水δ^(18)O和δD值变化幅度最大,老龄胡杨次之,幼龄胡杨最小;地下水δ^(18)O和δD值随离岸距离的增加而减小。(2)不同地下水埋深不同林龄胡杨的最大吸水层位均为地下水,其次为深层土壤水,靠河岸的胡杨可以直接利用河水。地下水埋深为1.98~2.10m、1.95~2.21m、2.49~2.61m、3.51~3.73m、4.66~4.73m时,老龄胡杨对地下水的利用比例分别为18.4%、19.6%、17.8%、23.1%、21.9%,中龄胡杨为16.7%、17.6%、16.7%、21.4%、21.6%,幼龄胡杨为16.0%、16.6%、19.9%(埋深2.49~2.61 m和4.66~4.73 m样地无幼苗)。(3)地下水埋深随离岸距离的增加而增大;土壤含水量和土壤盐度随离岸距离的增加而减小,随土壤深度的增加而增大;胡杨对水源的利用比例随土壤含水量和盐度的增加而增大。探究不同地下水埋深下胡杨水分利用来源,为塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林的生态恢复提供理论支撑。

塔里木河下游植被覆盖度图谱分析

基于GEE(google earth engine)平台结合像元二分模型估算了植被覆盖度,并以此构建了地学信息图谱体系。应用该体系对塔里木河下游进行植被覆盖度时空变化特征分析。得出以下结论:塔里木河下游植被覆盖结构以极低植被覆盖为主,占研究区总面积的80%以上;植被覆盖变化图谱中最明显的是极低植被覆盖与其他植被覆盖类型之间的转换,其次是低植被覆盖与其他植被覆盖类型之间的转换;植被覆盖涨落势图谱中涨势最大的分别是低植被覆盖和中植被覆盖,落势最大的是极低植被覆盖;植被覆盖变化模式图谱以稳定不变型为主,后期变化型占比大于前期变化型。整体来看,2000—2022年塔里木河下游生态环境逐渐改善,植被变化情况越来越好。

台特玛湖适宜水面与水量维持初步研究

开展台特玛湖适宜规模与水量维持研究,对于提升流域水资源综合利用效率、促进塔里木河流域生态文明建设,实现人-水-生态和谐具有重要意义。该文基于塔里木河下游水文与遥感监测资料,通过分析台特玛湖湖区水面及湖区生态环境变化特点,构建了湖区水面面积、植被覆盖度及植被面积的关系模型,求解实现生态保护目标的湖区适宜水面规模与生态水量。研究结果表明:基于历史资料与生态安全分析,台特玛湖适宜水面面积规模为30~110 km^(2);当台特玛湖水面为110km^(2)时,对应植被面积为232 km^(2),植被覆盖度为15.1%,可保障湖区天然植被面积、质量达到优良状态,此时塔里木河、车尔臣河入湖水量约为6 400万m^(3);综合考虑天然植被需水、河道基流、地下水补充及河道蒸发等因素,在维持塔里木河与台特玛湖水力联系情况下,塔里木河下游生态需水量为2.48亿m^(3)/a。研究成果为塔里木河流域生态保护及修复工作提供了技术参考。

河水漫溢对荒漠河岸林植物群落生态特征的影响

从河水漫溢干扰对塔里木河下游植物群落物种多样性的影响以及对天然植被恢复作用上开展了分析和研究,结果表明:(1)输水前塔里木河下游仅见9科13属17种植物,但输水后漫溢区出现了12科26属34种植物,其中的18种植物是非漫溢区未曾发现的;(2)从样地植被调查计算的多样性指数看,漫溢区物种的多样性和丰富度比非漫溢区有明显增加;(3)从漫溢后一定时间内植物群落中不同物种的重要值看,漫溢后1年生草本植物迅速萌发,而多年生草本由于根系和繁殖上的优势逐渐在群落中占据优势;(4)由于胡杨、柽柳等植物在多次漫溢条件下易于萌发,因此多次漫溢后这些乔、灌木植物逐渐占据群落中的优势地位;(5)在漫溢过程中由于微地形改变了漫溢干扰的强度因此漫溢后微地形差异造成地表生态特征出现明显的差异;(6)通过讨论,漫溢干扰对塔里木河下游这样一个严重受损生态系统恢复的作用十分明显,但是这一作用的体现是与输水后下游生态水文过程完整性的恢复相联系的。