Impact of atmospheric turbulence on coherent beam combining for laser weapon systems

The performance of a laser weapon system based on coherent beam combining(CBC)depends on its propagation properties in the atmosphere.In this study,an analytical model based on partial coherent beam combining(PCBC)for assumed coherence coefficients between beams in a CBC lattice was developed.The Kolmogorov model of atmospheric turbulence and the Hufnagel-Valley model of C^(2)_(n) dependence on atmospheric parameters were implemented.Novel simplified metrics were proposed to assess the CBC performance.Several beam profiles(super-Gaussian,truncated Gaussian,etc.)and geometries were analyzed in terms of maximal intensity in the far field.An approximate formula for PCBC efficiency dependent on the Fried radius was proposed.The results of CBC modeling were compared to those of the Gaussian beam propagation model in a turbulent atmosphere.The dependence of CBC performance on the C^(2)_(n) parameter,range,and elevation angle was analyzed.It could be concluded that the application of CBC for medium and long range propagation is impractical without an effective adaptive optics system.

Characterization of a microsecond pulsed non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure Ar plasma using laser scattering and optical emission spectroscopy

A non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure argon(Ar)plasma excited by microsecond pulse is studied experimentally by laser scattering and optical emission spectroscopy(OES),and theoretically by collisional-radiative(CR)model.More specifically,the electron temperature and electron density of plasma are obtained directly by the laser Thomson scattering,the gas temperature is measured by laser Raman scattering,the optical emissions of excited Ar states of plasma are measured by OES.The laser scattering results show that the electron temperature is about 1 eV which is similar to that excited by 60 Hz AC power,but the gas temperature is as low as 300 K compared to about 700 K excited by 60 Hz AC power.It is shown that the microsecond pulsed power supply,rather than nanosecond ones,is short enough to reduce the gas temperature of atmospheric pressure plasma to near room temperature.The electron temperature and electron density are also obtained by CR model based on OES,and find that the intensities of the optical emission intensity lines of 727.41,811.73,841.08,842.83,852.44 and 912.86 nm of Ar can be used to characterize the behavior of electron density and electron temperature,it is very useful to quickly estimate the activity of the atmospheric pressure Ar plasma in many applications.

Measurement of CO,HCN,and NO productions in atmospheric reaction induced by femtosecond laser filament

It is proved that the chemical reaction induced by femtosecond laser filament in the atmosphere produces CO,HCN,and NO,and the production CO and HCN are observed for the first time.The concentrations of the products are measured by mid-infrared tunable laser absorption spectroscopy.In the reduced pressure air,the decomposition of CO_(2) is enhanced by vibration excitation induced by laser filament,resulting in the enhanced production of CO and HCN.At the same time,the CO and HCN generated from the atmosphere suffer rotation excitation induced by laser filament,enhancing their absorption spectra.It is found that NO,CO,and HCN accumulate to 134 ppm,80 ppm,and 1.6 ppm in sealed air after sufficient reaction time.The atmospheric chemical reaction induced by laser filament opens the way to changing the air composition while maintaining environmental benefits.

Portable Atmospheric Transfer of Microwave Signal Using Diode Laser with Timing Fluctuation Suppression

We demonstrate an atmospheric transfer of microwave signal over a 120 m outdoor free-space link using a compact diode laser with a timing fluctuation suppression technique.Timing fluctuation and Allan Deviation are both measured to characterize the instability of transferred frequency incurred during the transfer process.By transferring a 100 MHz microwave signal within 4500 s,the total root-mean-square(RMS)timing fluctuation was measured to be about 6 ps,with a fractional frequency instability on the order of 1×10-12 at 1 s,and order of 7×10-15 at 1000 s.This portable atmospheric frequency transfer scheme with timing fluctuation suppression can be used to distribute an atomic clock-based frequency over a free-space link.

Numerical simulation of super-continuum laser propagation in turbulent atmosphere

Considering the atmospheric extinction and turbulence effects,we investigate the propagation performances of supercontinuum laser sources in atmospheric turbulence statistically by using the numerical simulation method,and the differences in propagation properties between the super-continuum(SC)laser and its pump laser are also analyzed.It is found that the propagation characteristics of super-continuum laser are almost similar to those of the pump laser.The degradation of source coherence degree may cause the relative beam spreading and scintillation indexes to decrease at different propagation distances or different turbulence strengths.The root-mean-square value of beam wandering is insensitive to the variation of source correlation length,and less aperture averaging occurs when the laser source becomes less coherent.Additionally,from the point of view of beam wandering,the SC laser has no advantage over the pump laser.Although the pump laser can bring about a bigger aperture average,the SC laser has a lower scintillation which may be due to the multiple wavelength homogenization effects on intensity fluctuations.This would be the most important virtue of the SC laser that can be utilized to improve the performance of laser engineering.

Study on Satellite-to-ground Laser Communications with Existence of Atmosphere

The laser beam used to establish a communication channel between satellite and ground segments has a small divergence angle and a tiny spot on the Earth's surface,which may lead to the fail of the system.So it's important to study the deflection of laser beam by the Earth's atmosphere and find a way to calibrate this error.Both theoretical analysis and real data processing method are used to obtain the mathematical model for divergence angle of laser communication beam and its correction function.Then the model has been applied to the data,which was used to describe the atmosphere state by traditional ground segments to obtain the critical elevation angle.According to the results of calculation,our conclusion will be that the correction should be done when the critical elevation happens.

LIF diagnostics of hydroxyl radical in a methanol containing atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

In this paper, a pulsed-dc CH;OH/Ar plasma jet generated at atmospheric pressure is studied by laser-induced fluorescence（LIF） and optical emission spectroscopy（OES）. A gas–liquid bubbler system is proposed to introduce the methanol vapor into the argon gas, and the CH3OH/Ar volume ratio is kept constant at about 0.1%. Discharge occurs in a 6-mm needle-to-ring gap in an atmospheric-pressure CH;OH/Ar mixture. The space-resolved distributions of OH LIF inside and outside the nozzle exhibit distinctly different behaviors. And, different production mechanisms of OH radicals in the needle-to-ring discharge gap and afterglow of plasma jet are discussed. Besides, the optical emission lines of carbonaceous species, such as CH, CN, and C;radicals, are identified in the CH;OH/Ar plasma jet. Finally, the influences of operating parameters（applied voltage magnitude, pulse frequency, pulsewidth） on the OH radical density are also presented and analyzed.

Transmission effects of high energy nanosecond lasers in laser-induced air plasma under different pressures

When a high energy nanosecond(ns)laser induces breakdown in the air,the plasma density generated in the rarefied atmosphere is much smaller than that at normal pressure.It is associated with a relatively lower absorption coefficient and reduces energy loss of the laser beam at low pressure.In this paper,the general transmission characterizations of a Joule level 10 ns 1064 nm focused laser beam are investigated both theoretically and experimentally under different pressures.The evolution of the electron density(n_(e)),the changes in electron temperature(T_(e))and the variation of laser intensity(I)are employed for numerical analyses in the simulation model.For experiments,four optical image transfer systems with focal length(f)of 200 mm are placed in a chamber and employed to focus the laser beam and produce plasmas at the focus.The results suggest that the transmittance increases obviously with the decreasing pressure and the plasma channels on the transmission path can be observed by the self-illumination.The simulation results agree well with the experimental data.The numerical model presents that the maximum n_e at the focus can reach 10^(19)cm^(-3),which is far below the critical density(n_(c)).As a result,the laser beam is not completely shielded by the plasmas.

Diagnostics of laser-induced plasma on carbon-based polymer material using atomic and molecular emission spectra

Time-integrated optical emission analysis of laser-induced plasma on Teflon is presented.Plasma was induced under atmospheric pressure air using transversely excited atmospheric CO_(2) laser pulses.Teflon is a C-based polymer that is,among other things,interesting as a substrate for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of liquid samples.This study aimed to determine the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining neutral and ionized C spectral lines and C2 and CN molecular band emission suitable for spectrochemical purposes.Evaluation of plasma parameters was done using several spectroscopic techniques.Stark profiles of appropriate C ionic lines were used to determine electron number density.The ratio of the integral intensity of ionic-to-atomic C spectral lines was used to determine the ionization temperature.A spectral emission of C2 Swan and CN violet bands system was used to determine the temperature of the colder,peripheral parts of plasma.We critically analyzed the use of molecular emission bands as a tool for plasma diagnostics and suggested methods for possible improvements.

激光束光斑漂移反演大气湍流各向异性实验研究

设计了两束正交激光束光斑漂移的实时影像记录系统,进行了一系列的激光束大气传输外场实验,对比研究大气湍流环境下两正交方向激光束的光斑漂移,反演研究大气湍流的各向异性。实验结果表明,近地面大气湍流具有各向异性且表现为:一、与风向相关,当激光传输路径与风向夹角很小时,其垂直和水平方向的光斑漂移量会出现较大的差异,当激光传输路径与风向正交时,其垂直和水平方向光斑漂移量基本一致。二、与实时气温相关,表现为两正交激光束的光斑漂移量统计值在垂直和水平方向的四个分量中的不均匀分配,且气温降低会使不均匀分配的强度增加。分析研究成果,本文提出大气湍流各向异性强度指数A的概念,该指数的大小可以综合性的表征大气湍流各向异性特征及其强度。

基于随机调制实现光信道测量样本去相关分析

从大气光信道中可以提取两个合法通信方用来加密其传输的机密信息的公共密钥。首先,为了打破湍流引起的光学波动的相关时间对每秒提取的不相关光信道测量样本的数量限制,提出了为合法通信双方配备随机调制的方法,并针对其实现测量样本去相关性进行了理论分析;其次,利用OptiSystem软件仿真分析了大气光信道水平路径传输距离为1 km,中湍流,调制方式为幅度调制条件下,合法通信方在无调制、单调制、双调制三种不同调制的情况下对光信道测量样本自相关性的影响。针对单调制的情形,分析了不同大气光信道传输系数相干时间、伪随机码生成速率、传输距离和信噪比对光信道测量样本自相关性的影响。结果表明,对比无调制情况,在相同采样间隔内,观测到的光信道测量样本的测量数据变化次数增多;同时施加随机调制的发射光信号,在小于湍流引起的光学波动的相关时间的采样间隔下,观测到的光信道测量样本,在滞后100个样本的延迟时间后的自相关性,从无调制情况下的0.676降低到单调制情况下的0.083和双调制情况下的0.035。

环境对大型激光陀螺仪的影响研究综述

基于萨格纳克效应的大型激光陀螺仪被认为是精确监测地球自转的合适传感器,可用于潜在的地面科学研究和重大工程应用,如世界时UT1精密测量,地球固体潮观测、旋转地震波探测、广义相对论预言引力磁效应等领域。激光陀螺的灵敏度随环形腔尺寸增大而提高,其运行的长期稳定性受环境变化的影响。本文从激光陀螺仪工作原理出发,梳理了温度、倾斜、气压和风等环境变化对大型激光陀螺仪灵敏度和稳定度的影响,分析说明监测环境因素变化对其输出的萨格纳克频差修正和处置方法,为提高大型激光陀螺仪应用性能提供相关指导。

光丝诱导大气等离子体化学反应生成的一氧化氮测量

大气等离子体会诱导化学反应,一氧化氮(NO)是大气化学反应的主要产物之一,对其大气浓度的准确测量有助于揭示其大气化学反应机理并优化大气等离子体应用。在静态密闭反应池中,利用脉冲宽度35 fs、工作波长800 nm的脉冲激光生成光丝等离子体并诱导大气化学反应,进而采用中红外激光吸收光谱技术,实时测量了NO浓度随空气气压、反应时间的变化。在不同气压下,NO浓度随反应时间的增加而增加直至保持稳定,但NO达到稳定浓度所需要的反应时间随空气气压增加而延长。受到三体复合反应的影响,NO的累积体积比浓度从低气压时的400×10^(-6)以上减小到常压时(一个大气压)的120×10^(-6)左右。

颗粒级配对选区激光烧结打印结合常压固相烧结制备碳化硅陶瓷性能的影响

SiC陶瓷因其独特的热学、电学性能及优异的力学性能,被广泛应用于航空航天、核能、化工、半导体等国防与工业重大领域,但是传统的成型方法无法满足大尺寸复杂构件的制备需求。选区激光烧结(SLS)打印具有无需支撑、材料利用率高、加工效率高等优势,能高效成型复杂陶瓷结构零部件。本研究采用颗粒级配SiC的方法,系统研究了冷等静压(CIP)、前驱体浸渍热解(PIP)、CIP结合PIP后常压固相烧结等工艺对级配和中位径82μm未级配体系SiC陶瓷的影响。研究发现,级配粉末成型坯体的体积密度和抗弯强度比未级配坯体均提升了20%以上,级配体系CIP后常压固相烧结体的相对致密度达到了90%以上,实现了致密化烧结,而未级配体系烧结体的相对致密度仅为89%,这是由颗粒级配后坯体的堆积密度提升所致,且级配烧结体的抗弯强度(136.8 MPa)比未级配(99.4 MPa)提升了37%以上。采用多次重复PIP结合常压固相烧结的方法制备高致密的SiC陶瓷,发现SLS打印成型的坯体经四次PIP后致密度可达到CIP堆积致密的效果,但四次PIP后常压固相烧结体的体积密度仅为2.29 g/cm^(3),抗弯强度为59.6 MPa。

激光传输大气湍流效应复域仿真模拟方法研究

针对光场所受到的湍流畸变影响,提出了一种模拟激光传输大气湍流效应的新方法,利用大气湍流效应的统计学特性,实现了激光传输大气湍流效应在幅度域和相位域两个维度的联合模拟,且该方法适用于弱、中、强三种湍流情况。基于可描述不同湍流强度下光场幅度畸变的两种统计模型,采用随机微分方法得到光波幅度变化序列,光波幅度变化序列模拟结果与理论计算结果在不同湍流强度下均较好地吻合,拟合系数均大于0.9767;基于低频次谐波补偿的功率谱反演方法,采用三阶贝塞尔函数随机曲线设计生成时变相位屏对大气湍流效应中的相位畸变进行模拟。在不同湍流强度下,采用高斯光束作为光源,通过对时变相位屏移动过程中接收光斑强度进行归一化统计,模拟结果表明,所构建的大气湍流效应复域仿真模型模拟的效果与实际大气湍流畸变过程吻合。

大气压非平衡等离子体诊断:电场诱导二次谐波

电场诱导二次谐波作为一种非侵入式、时间分辨率高达纳秒甚至飞秒量级的测量方法在大气压非平衡等离子的电场诊断中得到广泛关注。基于二次谐波产生的原理,对其适用性进行了讨论。针对纳秒和飞秒激光器在该应用中的特点,搭建了对应的诊断系统。通过使用纳秒激光器测量电场,获得了更高的时间分辨率,并通过平行板电极产生的均匀电场对系统进行标定,获得二次谐波信号强度与电场强度平方的定量关系。基于该定量关系,最终获得大气压等离子体不同位置的瞬态电场。

激光在动态大气湍流中的传播特性研究

激光束在大气中传播的过程中会受到大气湍流的影响,导致光斑发生畸变,影响光束质量,并且在真实情况下湍流是随着时间变化的。本文针对这一问题,基于傅里叶变换的谱反演法建立了湍流相位屏模型,并根据湍流冻结法获得动态相位屏,开展了激光在不同强度的动态大气湍流中传输的仿真研究。仿真结果表明:对于相同的激光束,在相同时间内的光斑畸变随着大气湍流强度的增加而增加,并且接收到的功率密度整体上减小,起伏增加。

大气相干激光通信的中断概率和信道容量研究

针对大气相干激光通信常受到信道衰减、大气湍流和指向误差等效应影响的问题,分析在这些复合效应下的大气信道的衰落分布模型,求出中断概率和信道容量的闭合解。研究得出,一方面,虽然指向误差恶化了相干激光通信系统的中断性能和信道容量,但是通过将指向精度控制在ξ=1.4量级可明显降低其影响;另一方面,虽然高阶数的自适应光学补偿能更好地抑制大气湍流引入的光相位畸变,但是较低阶数(J=3)的自适应光学补偿可明显改善中断概率和信道容量。为了实现高可靠、大容量的大气相干激光通信,在系统设计时需联合考虑低阶自适应光学补偿和高精度光束指向、跟踪。

小样本机器学习的激光传输效能评估方法

为解决激光大气传输外场试验数据集中特征量不足的小样本问题,通过多层相位屏算法构建了激光大气传输模型,获取了4000多组仿真数据,与332组近红外激光大气传输外场试验数据组成机器学习训练数据集。将大气参数、传输距离等作为输入项,4种到靶光斑的光场评价因子作为输出项,利用随机森林算法训练光场评价因子预测模型,实现激光大气传输效能评估,并利用202组实测外场数据对模型有效性进行验证。研究结果表明,随机森林算法构建的模型R2系数在0.89以上,可以较好地拟合输入与输出之间的多元回归关系;模型预测结果与真实试验结果的平均相对误差在10%以下,预测精度较高。研究结果可为机器学习算法在激光传输效能评估中的应用提供一定的科学依据,为激光大气传输效能评估提供一定的技术支撑。